Research Article
Year 2024,
Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 1917 - 1932, 20.05.2024
Abstract
Badem meyvesi, tüketimi sürekli artan, ülkemiz için de öneme haiz, değerli bir tarım ürünüdür. Üç katmanından dıştaki insanlar tarafından tüketilmez ve başka endüstrilerde kullanılmaktadır. Kalan iki katman çekirdeği oluşturur. Çekirdeğin kabuğu ile içi neredeyse aynı ağırlığa sahiptir. İç kısım insanlar için değerli bir yemişken kabuk genellikle yakılarak, nadiren de öğütülerek kozmetik sektöründe veya filtrelerde kullanılmaktadır. Badem kabuğu gözenekli ve sert, lignoselülozik, yenilenebilir bir kaynaktır. Bu kaynağa sürdürülebilir, daha yüksek katma değer oluşturan, çevre etkisi daha düşük bir kullanım için yonga levha endüstrisi düşünülmüştür. Bu amaçla detaylı bir literatür taraması yapılmış ve akabinde badem kabuğu parçacıkları kullanılarak yonga levhalar üretilmiştir. Badem kabuğu parçacıklarının yonga levha içerisindeki ağırlıkça farklı oranları ile bir üretim seti oluşturulmuş, daha sonra levhaların yoğunluk değişiminin incelenebilmesi için farklı yoğunluklarda ikinci bir üretim yapılmıştır. Levhaların ısıl iletkenlikleri deneysel olarak belirlenmiştir. Levha yoğunluğu artışı ile ısıl iletkenlik değeri artmaktadır. Badem kabuğu oranı ise levha yoğunluklarına bağlı olarak farklı etkiler göstermektedir. Çalışmada en küçük ısıl iletkenlik değeri 0,07 W/m·K olarak elde edilirken en yüksek değer 0,19 W/m·K olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma sabit sıcaklık farkı ile gerçekleştirilmesine rağmen sıcaklık değerlerindeki artışa bağlı olarak ısıl iletkenlik değeri artmaktadır. En düşük ısıl iletkenlik 0,6 g/cm3 ve %60 badem kabuğu katkılı levha için elde edilmiştir.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Project Number
21201060 ve 22701003
Thanks
Bu çalışma, Anılcan Sarıkaya'nın yüksek lisans çalışmaları kapsamında üretilen verileri kullanmaktadır. Yazarlar çalışma sırasında altyapılarını kullandıkları Selçuk Üniversitesi, Düzce Üniversitesi ve Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi'ne teşekkürü bir borç bilir. Çalışmanın çeşitli safhalarında maddi desteği bulunan Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü proje numaraları, 21201060 ve 22701003'dır. Bu makalenin kavramsal kısımları Sertkaya vd. [3] ile ve ısıl iletkenlik deneyleri ile ilgili kısımları Sarıkaya vd. [18] ile daha önceden bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.
References
- Anonymous, USDA Logo U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2021a, Almonds, https://www.rma.usda.gov/Fact-Sheets/Davis-Regional-Office-Fact-Sheets/Almonds-2017-CA, 03 March 2021
- Anonymous, Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu - TUIK, 2021b, Metaveri – Bitki Üretim İstatistikleri – Badem, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=badem&dil=1, 03 March 2021
- Anonymous, Tarimsal Ekonomi ve Politika Gelistirme Enstitusu (TEPGE), 2021c, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasaları, https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Menu/27/Tarim-Urunleri-Piyasalari, 03 March 2021
- Barbu M. C., Sepperer T., Tudor E. M. and Petutschnigg A., 2020, Walnut and hazelnut shells: untapped industrial resources and their suitability in lignocellulosic composites, Applied Sciences, 10 (18), 6340.
- Büyükkaya, K., B. Güler, and M. Koru, Investigation of the thermal and mechanical properties of organic waste reinforced polyester composites. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2021. 45(2): p. 757-766.
- Canli, E. and H. Sepetcioglu. Determination of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites by Literature Models. in International Conference on Engineering Technologies (ICENTE'21). 2021. Konya, Turkey: Selcuk University.
- Celik S., 2017, Motorlu Testere Talaşının Yongalevha Üretiminde Değerlendirilmesi, Bartın Üniversitesi
- Ceviz, A., Developing of outside coating element isolated heat by using waste wood shavings (in Turkish - Atik Odun Talasi Kullanilarak Isi Yalitimli Dis Cephe Kaplama Elemaninin Gelistirilmesi), in Mechanical Engineering. 2008, Selcuk Üniversitesi: Konya, Turkey. p. 89.
- Chaudhary A. K., Gope P., Singh V., Suman A. and Verma A., 2014, Thermal analysis of epoxy based coconut fiber-almond shell particle reinforced biocomposites, Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology, 38 (2),
- Çolak S., Öztürk H., Demir A. and DEMİRKIR C., 2015, Yongalevha üretiminde kontrplak atiklarinin kullanilmasi, Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14 (2), 601-612.
- Das D., Bordoloi U., Muigai H. H. and Kalita P., 2020, A novel form stable PCM based bio composite material for solar thermal energy storage applications, Journal of Energy Storage, 30, 101403.
- Dayanıklıoğlu S., 2016, Yonga Sanayiciler Derneği, Levha Sektör Değerlendirmesi, İstanbul,
- Demirkır C. and Çolak S., 2011, Odun kökenli atiklarin levha endüstrisinde yeniden kullanim imkanlari, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (1), 41-50.
- Durmus M. T., 2002, Türkiye'de Yongalevha Endüstrisinde Talep Tahmini, Karadeniz Üniversitesi
- Franco A., 2007, An apparatus for the routine measurement of thermal conductivity of materials for building application based on a transient hot-wire method, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (14-15), 2495-2504.
- Güler C., 2015, Odun esasli kompozit malzeme üretiminde bazi yillik bitkilerin değerlendirilmesi, Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14 (2), 70-78.
- Gürü M., Atar M. and Yıldırım R., 2008, Production of polymer matrix composite particleboard from walnut shell and improvement of its requirements, Materials & Design, 29 (1), 284-287.
- Gürü M., Tekeli S. and Bilici İ., 2006, Manufacturing of urea–formaldehyde-based composite particleboard from almond shell, Materials and Design, 10 (27), 1148-1151.
- Ibáñez García A., Martínez García A. and Ferrándiz Bou S., 2020, Study of the Influence of the Almond Shell Variety on the Mechanical Properties of Starch-Based Polymer Biocomposites, Polymers, 12 (9), 2049.
- Jannot Y., Degiovanni A., Schick V. and Meulemans J., 2020a, Thermal diffusivity measurement of insulating materials at high temperature with a four-layer (4L) method, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 150, 106230.
- Jannot Y., Meulemans J., Schick V., Capp M. and Bargain I., 2020b, A comparative fluxmetric (CFM) method for apparent thermal conductivity measurement of insulating materials at high temperature, International Journal of Thermophysics, 41 (7), 1-15.
- Kajeiou M., Alem A., Mezghich S., Ahfir N.-D., Mignot M., Devouge-Boyer C. and Pantet A., 2020, Competitive and non-competitive zinc, copper and lead biosorption from aqueous solutions onto flax fibers, Chemosphere, 260, 127505.
- Kalaycioglu H., 1991, Sahil Çamı (Pinus pinaster) Odunlarının Yongalevha Üretiminde Kullanılması İmkanları, Orman Endüstri Müh. Böl. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi
- Koru, M. Determination of temperature based on thermal conductivities of open cell insulation materials by heat flow meter method (in Turkish - Acik hücreli yalitim malzemelerinin sicakliga bagli isil iletkenlik katsayilerinin isi akis olcer yontemiyle belirlenmesi). in 1st International Conference on EngLneeringTechnology and Applied Sciences. 2016. Afyon, Turkey: Afyon Kocatepe University.
- Koru, M., Determination of thermal conductivity of closed-cell insulation materials that depend on temperature and density. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2016. 41(11): p. 4337-4346.
- Lahoori M., Rosin-Paumier S., Stoltz G. and Jannot Y., 2021, Thermal conductivity of nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles: effect of stress and moisture, Geosynthetics International, 28 (2), 186-194.
- Liminana P., Garcia-Sanoguera D., Quiles-Carrillo L., Balart R. and Montanes N., 2018a, Development and characterization of environmentally friendly composites from poly (butylene succinate)(PBS) and almond shell flour with different compatibilizers, Composites Part B: Engineering, 144, 153-162.
- Liminana P., Quiles-Carrillo L., Boronat T., Balart R. and Montanes N., 2018b, The Effect of Varying Almond Shell Flour (ASF) Loading in Composites with Poly (Butylene Succinate (PBS) Matrix Compatibilized with Maleinized Linseed Oil (MLO), Materials, 11 (11), 2179.
- Liuzzi S., Rubino C., Stefanizzi P. and Martellotta F., 2020, Performance Characterization of Broad Band Sustainable Sound Absorbers Made of Almond Skins, Materials, 13 (23), 5474.
- McCaffrey Z., Torres L., Flynn S., Cao T., Chiou B.-S., Klamczynski A., Glenn G. and Orts W., 2018, Recycled polypropylene-polyethylene torrefied almond shell biocomposites, Industrial Crops and Products, 125, 425-432.
- Nazerian M., Dalirzadeh A. and Farrokhpayam S. R., 2015, Use of almond shell powder in modification of the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard, BioResources, 10 (1), 169-181.
- Pirayesh H. and Khazaeian A., 2012, Using almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) shell as a bio-waste resource in wood based composite, Composites Part B: Engineering, 43 (3), 1475-1479.
- Pirayesh H., Khanjanzadeh H. and Salari A., 2013, Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard, Composites Part B: Engineering, 45 (1), 858-863.
- Pope I., Hidalgo J. P., Osorio A., Maluk C. and Torero J. L., 2021a, Thermal behaviour of laminated bamboo structures under fire conditions, Fire and Materials, 45 (3), 321-330.
- Pope I., Hidalgo J. P. and Torero J. L., 2021b, A correction method for thermal disturbances induced by thermocouples in a low-conductivity charring material, Fire Safety Journal, 120, 103077.
- Savio, L., et al., Natural fibers insulation panels: an adaptive production, in Relating Systems Thinking and Design Symposium 2018: Turin, Italy.
- Sertkaya, A.A., et al. Almond shells for insulation purposes by particle board production. in 23rd Congress on Thermal Science and Technology with International Participation (ULIBTK 2021 - Uluslararasi Katilimli 23. Isi Bilimi ve Teknigi Kongresi). 2021. Gaziantep, Turkey: Isi Bilimi ve Teknigi Dernegi.
- Sevincli Y., 2014, Atık Lavanta Bitkisinden Üretilen Yongalevhanın Mekanik ve Fiziksel Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
- Taşdemir, M., Effects of olive pit and almond shell powder on polypropylene. Key Engineering Materials, 2017. 733: p. 65-68.
- Türkoğlu T., Baysal E., Ergun M. E., Toker H., Yüksel M. and Özçifci A., 2015, Orman ürünleri işletmelerinde odunsu atik yönetimi uygulamalarinin değerlendirilmesi, Selçuk-Teknik Dergisi, 14 (2), 517-529.
Production of almond shell containing particleboards and determination of their thermal conductivities
Abstract
Almond kernel, with a continuously increasing consumption, and is also important for our country, is a valuable agricultural product. Its production yields the hard shell as a by-product. The shell and the kernel have approximately the same weight. However, the shell is usually burned, or occasionally ground for use in the cosmetic industry or filters. Almond shell is a porous, hard, lignocellulosic, and a renewable resource. Particleboard industry is considered for sustainable, higher value-added, and environmentally lower-impact use of this resource. For this purpose, a detailed literature review was conducted, and the reviewed studies were compiled and summarized. The literature review reveals numerous studies on the re-evaluation of shells of hard-shell nuts as materials for various industrial sectors. However, studies on almond shells are limited in number. After the literature review and conceptualization stages, particleboards with different densities and almond shell contents were produced using almond shell particles. The thermal conductivities of the boards were determined experimentally. The thermal conductivity value increases with the increase in board density. The almond shell content, however, exhibits different effects depending on the board densities. The smallest thermal conductivity value obtained in the study was 0.07 W/m·K, while the highest value was found to be 0.19 W/m·K. Although the study was conducted with a constant temperature difference, the thermal conductivity value increases with increasing temperature values.
Project Number
21201060 ve 22701003
References
- Anonymous, USDA Logo U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2021a, Almonds, https://www.rma.usda.gov/Fact-Sheets/Davis-Regional-Office-Fact-Sheets/Almonds-2017-CA, 03 March 2021
- Anonymous, Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu - TUIK, 2021b, Metaveri – Bitki Üretim İstatistikleri – Badem, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=badem&dil=1, 03 March 2021
- Anonymous, Tarimsal Ekonomi ve Politika Gelistirme Enstitusu (TEPGE), 2021c, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasaları, https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Menu/27/Tarim-Urunleri-Piyasalari, 03 March 2021
- Barbu M. C., Sepperer T., Tudor E. M. and Petutschnigg A., 2020, Walnut and hazelnut shells: untapped industrial resources and their suitability in lignocellulosic composites, Applied Sciences, 10 (18), 6340.
- Büyükkaya, K., B. Güler, and M. Koru, Investigation of the thermal and mechanical properties of organic waste reinforced polyester composites. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2021. 45(2): p. 757-766.
- Canli, E. and H. Sepetcioglu. Determination of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites by Literature Models. in International Conference on Engineering Technologies (ICENTE'21). 2021. Konya, Turkey: Selcuk University.
- Celik S., 2017, Motorlu Testere Talaşının Yongalevha Üretiminde Değerlendirilmesi, Bartın Üniversitesi
- Ceviz, A., Developing of outside coating element isolated heat by using waste wood shavings (in Turkish - Atik Odun Talasi Kullanilarak Isi Yalitimli Dis Cephe Kaplama Elemaninin Gelistirilmesi), in Mechanical Engineering. 2008, Selcuk Üniversitesi: Konya, Turkey. p. 89.
- Chaudhary A. K., Gope P., Singh V., Suman A. and Verma A., 2014, Thermal analysis of epoxy based coconut fiber-almond shell particle reinforced biocomposites, Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology, 38 (2),
- Çolak S., Öztürk H., Demir A. and DEMİRKIR C., 2015, Yongalevha üretiminde kontrplak atiklarinin kullanilmasi, Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14 (2), 601-612.
- Das D., Bordoloi U., Muigai H. H. and Kalita P., 2020, A novel form stable PCM based bio composite material for solar thermal energy storage applications, Journal of Energy Storage, 30, 101403.
- Dayanıklıoğlu S., 2016, Yonga Sanayiciler Derneği, Levha Sektör Değerlendirmesi, İstanbul,
- Demirkır C. and Çolak S., 2011, Odun kökenli atiklarin levha endüstrisinde yeniden kullanim imkanlari, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (1), 41-50.
- Durmus M. T., 2002, Türkiye'de Yongalevha Endüstrisinde Talep Tahmini, Karadeniz Üniversitesi
- Franco A., 2007, An apparatus for the routine measurement of thermal conductivity of materials for building application based on a transient hot-wire method, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (14-15), 2495-2504.
- Güler C., 2015, Odun esasli kompozit malzeme üretiminde bazi yillik bitkilerin değerlendirilmesi, Selcuk University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14 (2), 70-78.
- Gürü M., Atar M. and Yıldırım R., 2008, Production of polymer matrix composite particleboard from walnut shell and improvement of its requirements, Materials & Design, 29 (1), 284-287.
- Gürü M., Tekeli S. and Bilici İ., 2006, Manufacturing of urea–formaldehyde-based composite particleboard from almond shell, Materials and Design, 10 (27), 1148-1151.
- Ibáñez García A., Martínez García A. and Ferrándiz Bou S., 2020, Study of the Influence of the Almond Shell Variety on the Mechanical Properties of Starch-Based Polymer Biocomposites, Polymers, 12 (9), 2049.
- Jannot Y., Degiovanni A., Schick V. and Meulemans J., 2020a, Thermal diffusivity measurement of insulating materials at high temperature with a four-layer (4L) method, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 150, 106230.
- Jannot Y., Meulemans J., Schick V., Capp M. and Bargain I., 2020b, A comparative fluxmetric (CFM) method for apparent thermal conductivity measurement of insulating materials at high temperature, International Journal of Thermophysics, 41 (7), 1-15.
- Kajeiou M., Alem A., Mezghich S., Ahfir N.-D., Mignot M., Devouge-Boyer C. and Pantet A., 2020, Competitive and non-competitive zinc, copper and lead biosorption from aqueous solutions onto flax fibers, Chemosphere, 260, 127505.
- Kalaycioglu H., 1991, Sahil Çamı (Pinus pinaster) Odunlarının Yongalevha Üretiminde Kullanılması İmkanları, Orman Endüstri Müh. Böl. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi
- Koru, M. Determination of temperature based on thermal conductivities of open cell insulation materials by heat flow meter method (in Turkish - Acik hücreli yalitim malzemelerinin sicakliga bagli isil iletkenlik katsayilerinin isi akis olcer yontemiyle belirlenmesi). in 1st International Conference on EngLneeringTechnology and Applied Sciences. 2016. Afyon, Turkey: Afyon Kocatepe University.
- Koru, M., Determination of thermal conductivity of closed-cell insulation materials that depend on temperature and density. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2016. 41(11): p. 4337-4346.
- Lahoori M., Rosin-Paumier S., Stoltz G. and Jannot Y., 2021, Thermal conductivity of nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles: effect of stress and moisture, Geosynthetics International, 28 (2), 186-194.
- Liminana P., Garcia-Sanoguera D., Quiles-Carrillo L., Balart R. and Montanes N., 2018a, Development and characterization of environmentally friendly composites from poly (butylene succinate)(PBS) and almond shell flour with different compatibilizers, Composites Part B: Engineering, 144, 153-162.
- Liminana P., Quiles-Carrillo L., Boronat T., Balart R. and Montanes N., 2018b, The Effect of Varying Almond Shell Flour (ASF) Loading in Composites with Poly (Butylene Succinate (PBS) Matrix Compatibilized with Maleinized Linseed Oil (MLO), Materials, 11 (11), 2179.
- Liuzzi S., Rubino C., Stefanizzi P. and Martellotta F., 2020, Performance Characterization of Broad Band Sustainable Sound Absorbers Made of Almond Skins, Materials, 13 (23), 5474.
- McCaffrey Z., Torres L., Flynn S., Cao T., Chiou B.-S., Klamczynski A., Glenn G. and Orts W., 2018, Recycled polypropylene-polyethylene torrefied almond shell biocomposites, Industrial Crops and Products, 125, 425-432.
- Nazerian M., Dalirzadeh A. and Farrokhpayam S. R., 2015, Use of almond shell powder in modification of the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard, BioResources, 10 (1), 169-181.
- Pirayesh H. and Khazaeian A., 2012, Using almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) shell as a bio-waste resource in wood based composite, Composites Part B: Engineering, 43 (3), 1475-1479.
- Pirayesh H., Khanjanzadeh H. and Salari A., 2013, Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard, Composites Part B: Engineering, 45 (1), 858-863.
- Pope I., Hidalgo J. P., Osorio A., Maluk C. and Torero J. L., 2021a, Thermal behaviour of laminated bamboo structures under fire conditions, Fire and Materials, 45 (3), 321-330.
- Pope I., Hidalgo J. P. and Torero J. L., 2021b, A correction method for thermal disturbances induced by thermocouples in a low-conductivity charring material, Fire Safety Journal, 120, 103077.
- Savio, L., et al., Natural fibers insulation panels: an adaptive production, in Relating Systems Thinking and Design Symposium 2018: Turin, Italy.
- Sertkaya, A.A., et al. Almond shells for insulation purposes by particle board production. in 23rd Congress on Thermal Science and Technology with International Participation (ULIBTK 2021 - Uluslararasi Katilimli 23. Isi Bilimi ve Teknigi Kongresi). 2021. Gaziantep, Turkey: Isi Bilimi ve Teknigi Dernegi.
- Sevincli Y., 2014, Atık Lavanta Bitkisinden Üretilen Yongalevhanın Mekanik ve Fiziksel Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
- Taşdemir, M., Effects of olive pit and almond shell powder on polypropylene. Key Engineering Materials, 2017. 733: p. 65-68.
- Türkoğlu T., Baysal E., Ergun M. E., Toker H., Yüksel M. and Özçifci A., 2015, Orman ürünleri işletmelerinde odunsu atik yönetimi uygulamalarinin değerlendirilmesi, Selçuk-Teknik Dergisi, 14 (2), 517-529.
There are 40 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 21201060 ve 22701003 |
| Early Pub Date | May 16, 2024 |
| Publication Date | May 20, 2024 |
| Submission Date | March 30, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | October 6, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 39 Issue: 3 |