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BAŞARILI YÖNETİCİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNE İLİŞKİN ALGILANAN CİNSİYET KALIPYARGILARININ ANALİZİ: KÜLTÜRLERARASI BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 333 - 356, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.923251

Abstract

İlgili yazındaki ilk dönem araştırmalarda, başarılı yöneticilik özellikleri ile ilişkili özelliklerin kadınlardan daha çok erkeklere atfedildiği görülmektedir. Başarılı yönetici özellikleri genelde erkeğe-özgü olarak ele alınmakta ve yönetici ise erkektir şeklinde kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ancak, yönetsel pozisyonlarda yer alan kadın sayısının artmasıyla birlikte yönetsel özelliklerin yalnızca erkeğe özgü olmadığı anlaşılmış ve cinsiyet rolleri ile yöneticilik özelliklerini araştıran çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Mevcut çalışmada başarılı yöneticilik özelliklerine ilişkin unsurların belirlenmesi ve yöneticilik özellikleri açısından kültürlerarası bağlamda cinsiyete dayalı farklılaşmanın var olup olmadığını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda araştırmada Schein (1973)’ın Betimleyici İndeksinin kullanılmıştır.. Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde kadın ve erkek katılımcılar açısından başarılı yönetici algısının kadına özgü özellikler ile örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Acker, J. (1990), “Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations”, Gender & Society, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 139-58.
  • Akın, A., ve Demirel, S. (2003). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kavramı ve Sağlığa Etkileri. CÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(4), 73-82.
  • Altıntaş Çınar, F.ve Aytaç Kavurmacı C. (2018); “Yöneticilik Özelliklerine İlişkin Algılanan Cinsiyet Kalıp Yargılarının Analizi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 73, No. 2, 2018, s. 527 – 543.
  • Altıntaş Çınar, F. ve Aytaç, Kavurmacı C. (2019); “Yönetimde Cinsiyet Temelli Rol Kalıp Yargıları: Schein’ın Betimleyici İndeksinin Test Edilmesi”, International Journal of Academic Value Studies (JAV Studies), Vol:5, Issue:1 (5th Year Special Issue), s. 199-208.
  • Altıntaş Çınar F. (2016), Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerinin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi, İş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı, 4.
  • Baykal, S. (1991), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Cinsiyet Rolleri İle İlgili Kalıp Yargılarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1 (2): 66-75.
  • Billing, Y.D. ve Alvesson, M. (2000). “Questioning The Notion Of Feminine Leadership: A Critical Perspective On The Gender Labeling”, Gender Work And Organization, 7(3): 144-157.
  • Booysen, L. A. ve Stella M. N. (2010). “Gender Role Stereotypes And Requisite Management Characteristics: The Case of South Africa”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25 (4): 285-300.
  • Calas, M.B. and Smircich, L. (1993), “Dangerous Liaisons: The Feminine-in-Management Meets Globalization”, Business Horizons, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 74-81.
  • Cann, A. ve Siegfried, W.D. (1990). “Gender Stereotypes and Dimensions of Effective Leader Behavior”, Sex Roles, 23(7): 413–419.
  • Cejka, M. A. ve Eagly, A. H. (1999). “Gender-Stereotypic İmages of Occupations Correspond To the Sex Segregation of Employment” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4): 413-423.
  • Chapman, J.B. (1975). “Comparison of Male and Female Leadership Styles”, Academy Of Management Journal, 18(3): 645–650.
  • Collinson, D., ve Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work & Organization, 1(1), 2-22.
  • Day, D.R. ve Stogdill, R.M. (1972). “Leader Behavior of Male and Female Supervisors: A Comparative Study”, Personnel Psychology, 25: 353–360.
  • Deaux, Kay. (1976) “Sex: A Perspective on the Attribution Process.” New Directions in Attribution Research 1: 335-352.
  • Diekman, A. ve Eagly, A. H. (2000), “Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of The Past, Present, and Future”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 (10): 1171-1188.
  • Dobbins, G. H. ve Platz, S. J. (1986). “Sex Differences İn Leadership: How Real Are They?” Academy Of Management Review, 11: 118–127.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders”, Psychological Review, 109: 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders”, Psychological Review, 109: 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J. ve Makhijani, M. G. (1995). “Gender And The Effectiveness Of Leaders: A Meta-Analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, 1117: 125-145.
  • Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G. ve Klonsky, B. G (1992). “Gender And The Evaluation Of Leaders: A Meta-Analysis” Psychological Bulletin, 111: 3-22.
  • Eagly, A.H. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Gardner, Robert (1994), “Stereotypes As Consensual Belief”, The Psychology Of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium, 7: 1-31.
  • Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (1999). “The Ambivalence toward Men Inventory”, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(3): 519-536.
  • Heilman, M. E. (1995). “Sex Stereotypes And Their Effects In The Workplace: What We Know And What We Don't Know”, Journal Of Social Behavior And Personality, 10 (4): 3.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). “Description And Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder”, Journal of Social Issues, 57: 657–674.
  • Heilman, M. E., Caryn J. B., Richard F. M. ve Michael C. S. (1989). “Has Anything Changed? Current Characterizations of Men, Women, and Managers”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (6): 935.
  • Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D. ve Tamkins, M.M. (2004) Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 416–427.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, (Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications).
  • House, Robert ve Ram Aditya (1997), “The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?”Journal of Management, 23 (3): 409-473.
  • Irby, B. J. ve Brown, G. (1995). “Constructing A Feminist – Inclusive Theory Of Leadership”, Annual Meeting Of The American Educational Research Association, 22 Nisan 1995, Ca, 1-10, San Francisco.
  • Kent, R. L. ve Moss, S. (1994). “Effects of Sex and Gender Role on Leader Emergence”, the Academy Of Management Journal, 37(5): 1335–1346.
  • Martin, P.Y. (1990), “Rethinking Feminist Organizations”, Gender and Society, Vol. 4 No. 2, 182-206.
  • Nieva, V. F.,ve Gutek, B. A. (1980). Sex effects on evaluation. Academy of management Review, 5(2), 267-276.
  • Oakley, J. (2000), “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding The Scarcity of Female Ceos”, Journal of Business Ethics, 27 (4): 321-334.
  • Powell, G. N., Butterfield, D. A. ve Parent, J. D. (2002). “Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?” Journal of Management, 28: 177–193.
  • Powell, G. N., Butterfield, D. A. ve Parent, J. D. (2002). “Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?” Journal of Management, 28: 177–193.
  • Schein, V. E. (1973). "The Relationship between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics", Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2): 95.
  • Schein, V. E. (1975). “Relationships between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics among Female Managers”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(3): 340.
  • Schein, V. E. ve Mueller R. (1992). “Sex Role Stereotyping and Requisite Management Characteristics: A Cross Cultural Look”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5): 439-447.
  • Schein, V. E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T. ve Liu, J. (1996). “Think Manager—Think Male: A Global Phenomenon?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 33–41.
  • Schein, V. E. (2001), “A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management”, Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4): 675-688.
  • Schein, V.E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T ve Liu, J. (1996), “Think Manager-Think Male: A Global Phenomenon?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17 (1): 33-41.
  • Sczesny, S. (2003). “A Closer Look Beneath The Surface: Various Facets of the Think-Manager–Think-Male Stereotype”, Sex Roles, 49(7-8): 353-363.
  • Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A. ve Sears, D. O. (2010). Sosyal Psikoloji, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Terborg, J.R. (1977). “Women in Management: A Research Review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 62: 647–664.

ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND GENDER STEREOTYPES: A CROSS CULTURAL COMPARISON

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 333 - 356, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.923251

Abstract

Previous research has shown that traits associated with successful business managers are generally more attributed to men than women. Successful manager characteristics are identified with male gender. So, it is conceptualized as manager is male. However, with the increase in the number of women in managerial positions, it was understood that managerial characteristics were not only male gender specific and studies investigating gender roles and managerial characteristics increased. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the perceptions of women and men about successful manager and determine whether there is a gender-based difference in the cross cultural context in terms of managerial characteristics. In this context, Schein Descriptive Index (1973) was used in the research. In terms of the results obtained, it has been determined that the perception of successful manager for female and male participants coincides with the characteristics specific to women.

References

  • Acker, J. (1990), “Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations”, Gender & Society, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 139-58.
  • Akın, A., ve Demirel, S. (2003). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kavramı ve Sağlığa Etkileri. CÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(4), 73-82.
  • Altıntaş Çınar, F.ve Aytaç Kavurmacı C. (2018); “Yöneticilik Özelliklerine İlişkin Algılanan Cinsiyet Kalıp Yargılarının Analizi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 73, No. 2, 2018, s. 527 – 543.
  • Altıntaş Çınar, F. ve Aytaç, Kavurmacı C. (2019); “Yönetimde Cinsiyet Temelli Rol Kalıp Yargıları: Schein’ın Betimleyici İndeksinin Test Edilmesi”, International Journal of Academic Value Studies (JAV Studies), Vol:5, Issue:1 (5th Year Special Issue), s. 199-208.
  • Altıntaş Çınar F. (2016), Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerinin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi, İş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı, 4.
  • Baykal, S. (1991), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Cinsiyet Rolleri İle İlgili Kalıp Yargılarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1 (2): 66-75.
  • Billing, Y.D. ve Alvesson, M. (2000). “Questioning The Notion Of Feminine Leadership: A Critical Perspective On The Gender Labeling”, Gender Work And Organization, 7(3): 144-157.
  • Booysen, L. A. ve Stella M. N. (2010). “Gender Role Stereotypes And Requisite Management Characteristics: The Case of South Africa”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25 (4): 285-300.
  • Calas, M.B. and Smircich, L. (1993), “Dangerous Liaisons: The Feminine-in-Management Meets Globalization”, Business Horizons, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 74-81.
  • Cann, A. ve Siegfried, W.D. (1990). “Gender Stereotypes and Dimensions of Effective Leader Behavior”, Sex Roles, 23(7): 413–419.
  • Cejka, M. A. ve Eagly, A. H. (1999). “Gender-Stereotypic İmages of Occupations Correspond To the Sex Segregation of Employment” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4): 413-423.
  • Chapman, J.B. (1975). “Comparison of Male and Female Leadership Styles”, Academy Of Management Journal, 18(3): 645–650.
  • Collinson, D., ve Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work & Organization, 1(1), 2-22.
  • Day, D.R. ve Stogdill, R.M. (1972). “Leader Behavior of Male and Female Supervisors: A Comparative Study”, Personnel Psychology, 25: 353–360.
  • Deaux, Kay. (1976) “Sex: A Perspective on the Attribution Process.” New Directions in Attribution Research 1: 335-352.
  • Diekman, A. ve Eagly, A. H. (2000), “Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of The Past, Present, and Future”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 (10): 1171-1188.
  • Dobbins, G. H. ve Platz, S. J. (1986). “Sex Differences İn Leadership: How Real Are They?” Academy Of Management Review, 11: 118–127.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders”, Psychological Review, 109: 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders”, Psychological Review, 109: 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J. ve Makhijani, M. G. (1995). “Gender And The Effectiveness Of Leaders: A Meta-Analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, 1117: 125-145.
  • Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G. ve Klonsky, B. G (1992). “Gender And The Evaluation Of Leaders: A Meta-Analysis” Psychological Bulletin, 111: 3-22.
  • Eagly, A.H. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Gardner, Robert (1994), “Stereotypes As Consensual Belief”, The Psychology Of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium, 7: 1-31.
  • Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (1999). “The Ambivalence toward Men Inventory”, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(3): 519-536.
  • Heilman, M. E. (1995). “Sex Stereotypes And Their Effects In The Workplace: What We Know And What We Don't Know”, Journal Of Social Behavior And Personality, 10 (4): 3.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). “Description And Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder”, Journal of Social Issues, 57: 657–674.
  • Heilman, M. E., Caryn J. B., Richard F. M. ve Michael C. S. (1989). “Has Anything Changed? Current Characterizations of Men, Women, and Managers”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (6): 935.
  • Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D. ve Tamkins, M.M. (2004) Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 416–427.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, (Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications).
  • House, Robert ve Ram Aditya (1997), “The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?”Journal of Management, 23 (3): 409-473.
  • Irby, B. J. ve Brown, G. (1995). “Constructing A Feminist – Inclusive Theory Of Leadership”, Annual Meeting Of The American Educational Research Association, 22 Nisan 1995, Ca, 1-10, San Francisco.
  • Kent, R. L. ve Moss, S. (1994). “Effects of Sex and Gender Role on Leader Emergence”, the Academy Of Management Journal, 37(5): 1335–1346.
  • Martin, P.Y. (1990), “Rethinking Feminist Organizations”, Gender and Society, Vol. 4 No. 2, 182-206.
  • Nieva, V. F.,ve Gutek, B. A. (1980). Sex effects on evaluation. Academy of management Review, 5(2), 267-276.
  • Oakley, J. (2000), “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding The Scarcity of Female Ceos”, Journal of Business Ethics, 27 (4): 321-334.
  • Powell, G. N., Butterfield, D. A. ve Parent, J. D. (2002). “Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?” Journal of Management, 28: 177–193.
  • Powell, G. N., Butterfield, D. A. ve Parent, J. D. (2002). “Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?” Journal of Management, 28: 177–193.
  • Schein, V. E. (1973). "The Relationship between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics", Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2): 95.
  • Schein, V. E. (1975). “Relationships between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics among Female Managers”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(3): 340.
  • Schein, V. E. ve Mueller R. (1992). “Sex Role Stereotyping and Requisite Management Characteristics: A Cross Cultural Look”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5): 439-447.
  • Schein, V. E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T. ve Liu, J. (1996). “Think Manager—Think Male: A Global Phenomenon?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 33–41.
  • Schein, V. E. (2001), “A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management”, Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4): 675-688.
  • Schein, V.E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T ve Liu, J. (1996), “Think Manager-Think Male: A Global Phenomenon?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17 (1): 33-41.
  • Sczesny, S. (2003). “A Closer Look Beneath The Surface: Various Facets of the Think-Manager–Think-Male Stereotype”, Sex Roles, 49(7-8): 353-363.
  • Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A. ve Sears, D. O. (2010). Sosyal Psikoloji, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Terborg, J.R. (1977). “Women in Management: A Research Review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 62: 647–664.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fathia Ali Ahmed This is me

Füsun Çınar Altıntaş

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date May 19, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ali Ahmed, F., & Çınar Altıntaş, F. (2021). BAŞARILI YÖNETİCİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNE İLİŞKİN ALGILANAN CİNSİYET KALIPYARGILARININ ANALİZİ: KÜLTÜRLERARASI BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 14(2), 333-356. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.923251

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