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Determinants of Gender Discrimination in Working Hours: The Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Method

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 45, 1014 - 1034, 29.12.2023

Mücella Bursal İsmail Şentürk

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the determinants of gender-based working hours discrimination in the Turkish labor market with the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition method by using the TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Survey data. The human capital variables (age group, marital status, education level, registration, working type, income, number of employees, occupation, and industry) were included in the explained part of the model; while the unexplained part of the model was labeled as discrimination. The findings of the study show that the coefficient of discrimination arising from the different treatment of women and men in the labor market is higher than the coefficient arising from human capital. It is found that the variables with the highest contribution to the coefficient of discrimination are marital status, working type, and education level, respectively. The findings show that there are differences and discrimination in working hours between women and men. Therefore, the importance of both social norms and labor market institutions in determining working hours is once again seen.

Keywords

Blinder-Oaxaca Gender discrimination labor market Turkey workıng hours

References

  • Akçomak, S. and Gürcihan, H. B. (2013). Türkiye işgücü piyasasında mesleklerin önemi: hizmetler sektörü istihdamı, işgücü ve ücret kutuplaşması. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Çalışma Tebliği, (2013), 21.
  • Astarlı, M. (2008). Türk iş hukukunda çalışma süreleri [Doktora Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Baybora, D. (2010). Çalışma yaşamında yaş ayrımcılığı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yaş ayrımcılığı düzenlemesi üzerine. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 24, 33-58.
  • Beccue, B. B. (1977). Determinants of the number of hours worked by the gainfully-employed married woman [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of Illinois.
  • Bell, L. A. and Freeman, R. B. (2001). The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany. Labour Economics, 8(2), 181-202.
  • Benham, L. (1971). The labor market for registered nurses: A three-equation model. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 53(3), 246‒252.
  • Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L. M. (2007). Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980–2000. Journal of Labor Economics, 25(3), 393-438.
  • Blinder, S. A. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436-455.
  • Boserup, E. (1970). Woman’s role in economic development. London: Allen & Unwin; New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Boserup, E. (1989). Inequality between the sexes. In Social Economics (ss. 165-170). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Bowles, S. and Park, Y. (2005). Emulation, inequality, and work hours: Was Thorsten Veblen right? The Economic Journal, 115(507), F397-F412.
  • Casarico, A., Profeta, P. and Pronzato, C. (2012). On the local labor market determinants of female university enrolment in European regions. Carlo Alberto Notebooks, (278).
  • Çelenk, S. (2010). Ayrımcılık ve medya. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, 211-228.
  • Cihanoğlu Gülen, G. (2020). International Labour Standards On Working Time- Hours of Work Implementations in the World and Turkey. Izmir Journal of Economics, 35(4), 741-757.
  • Cotton, J. (1988). On the decomposition of wage differentials. Review of Economics and Statistics, 70(2), 236-243.
  • Dinh, H., Strazdins, L. and Welsh, J. (2017). Hour-glass ceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities. Social Science & Medicine, 176, 42-51.
  • Dolton, P. (2017). Working hours: Past, present, and future. IZA World of Labor.
  • European Union (2003). Directive of the European Parliament and Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time. Official Journal of the European Union, 299, p. 9–19. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:299: 0009:0019:EN:PDF.
  • Erdut, Z. (2002). Avrupa Birliği’nde iş süresinin düzenlenmesi ve Türkiye. TÜHİS İş Hukuku ve İktisat Dergisi, 17, 4-5.
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N. and Lemieux, T. (2009). Occupational tasks and changes in the wage structure. http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/fortin.pdf.
  • Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ILO (1958). Hours of work, International Labour Conference Report VIII: Geneva.
  • ILO (2003). Time for equality at work: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work. http://www.ilo.org/declaration/Follow-up/Globalreports/lang--en/index.htm.
  • İnci, F. E. (2019). Working hours i̇n business law [Master Thesis]. Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • İş Kanunu (2003). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası 4857 nolu kanun. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 25134).
  • Jann B. (2008). The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. Stata Journal, 8(4), 453-479.
  • Johansson, M., Katz, K. and Nyman, H. (2005). Wage differentials and gender discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981–98. Acta Sociologica, 48(4), 341-364.
  • Karabıyık, I. (2012). Workıng Lıfe Women's Employment In Turkey. Marmara University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 32(1), 231-260.
  • Landivar, L. C. (2015). The gender gap in employment hours: do work-hour regulations matter? Work, employment and society, 29(4), 550-570.
  • Lavallée, E. and Roubaud, F. (2015). Does corruption matter for informal sector economic performance? Microdata evidence from SubSaharan Africa, (Eds.: J. P. Cling, S. Lagrée, M. Razafindrakoto, F. Roubaud). The Informal Economy in Developing Countries, s.179- 196, New York: Routledge.
  • McCall, L. (2000). Gender and the new inequality: Explaining the college/non-college wage gap. American Sociological Review, 65(2), 234-255.
  • McKay, J. C., Ahmad, A., Shaw, J. L., Rashid, F., Clancy, A., David, C. and Quiñonez, C. (2016). Gender differences and predictors of work hours in a sample of Ontario dentists. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 82(26), 1‒11.
  • Neumark D. (1988). Employers' discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. Journal of Human Resources, 23(3), 279-295.
  • Neumark, D. (2018). Experimental research on labor market discrimination. Journal of Economic Literature, 56(3), 799-866.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693-709.
  • Reimers, C. W. (1983). Labor market discrimination against hispanic and black men. Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(4), 570-579.
  • Şentürk, İ. and Demir, Ö. (2022). Gender Wage Gap In Turkey: A Threefold Blınder-Oaxaca Decomposıtıon. International Journal of Management, Economics, and Business, 18(1), 153-181.
  • Stier, H. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2003). Time to work: A comparative analysis of preferences for working hours. Work and Occupations, 30(3), 302-326.
  • Taşçı, H. M. and Darıcı, B. (2009). An Examınatıon Of Unemployment By Gender In Turkey Usıng Indıvıdual Level Data Under Alternatıve Defınıtıons Of Unemployment. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 8(28), 139-159.
  • van Hassel, D., van der Velden, L., de Bakker, D. and Batenburg, R. (2017). Age-related differences in working hours among male and female GPS: An SMS- based time use study. Human Resources for Health, 15(84), 1‒8.
  • Vassil, K., Eamets, R. and Mõtsmees, P. (2014). Socio-demographic model of the gender gap in expected and actual wages in Estonia. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 8604, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
  • Webber, G. and Williams, C. (2008). Part-time work and the gender division of labor. Qualitative Sociology, 31, 15-36.
  • Wellington, A. J. (1993). Changes in the male/female wage gap, 1976-85. The Journal of Human Resources, 28(2), 383-411.
  • Yenilmez, M. İ. (2019). Gender inequality in labor force participation in Turkey: Closing the gender gap? Journal of Management and Economics Studies,17(3), 40-51.

Çalışma Saatlerinde Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığının Belirleyicileri: Blinder-Oaxaca Ayrıştırma Yöntemi

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 45, 1014 - 1034, 29.12.2023

Mücella Bursal İsmail Şentürk

Abstract

Bu çalışma, TÜİK Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verilerini kullanarak, Türkiye işgücü piyasasında cinsiyete dayalı çalışma saatleri ayrımcılığının belirleyicilerini Blinder-Oaxaca Ayrıştırma yöntemiyle analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Modelin açıklanan bölümünde beşeri sermaye değişkenleri (yaş grubu, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi, kayıt, çalışma türü, gelir, çalışan sayısı, meslek ve sektör) yer almış; modelin açıklanamayan kısmı ise ayrımcılık olarak adlandırılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, işgücü piyasasında kadın ve erkeklere farklı muameleden kaynaklanan ayrımcılık katsayısının beşeri sermaye farklılığından kaynaklanan katsayısından daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrımcılık katsayısına en yüksek katkıyı sağlayan değişkenlerin sırasıyla medeni durum, çalışma şekli ve eğitim düzeyi olduğu bulunmuştur. Bulgular, çalışma saatlerinde kadınlar ve erkekler arasında farklılıklar ve ayrımcılık olduğunu göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla çalışma saatlerinin belirlenmesinde hem toplumsal normların hem de işgücü piyasası kurumlarının önemi bir kez daha görülmektedir.

Keywords

Blinder-Oaxaca Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı Çalışma Süreleri İşgücü Piyasası Türkiye

References

  • Akçomak, S. and Gürcihan, H. B. (2013). Türkiye işgücü piyasasında mesleklerin önemi: hizmetler sektörü istihdamı, işgücü ve ücret kutuplaşması. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Çalışma Tebliği, (2013), 21.
  • Astarlı, M. (2008). Türk iş hukukunda çalışma süreleri [Doktora Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Baybora, D. (2010). Çalışma yaşamında yaş ayrımcılığı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yaş ayrımcılığı düzenlemesi üzerine. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 24, 33-58.
  • Beccue, B. B. (1977). Determinants of the number of hours worked by the gainfully-employed married woman [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of Illinois.
  • Bell, L. A. and Freeman, R. B. (2001). The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany. Labour Economics, 8(2), 181-202.
  • Benham, L. (1971). The labor market for registered nurses: A three-equation model. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 53(3), 246‒252.
  • Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L. M. (2007). Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980–2000. Journal of Labor Economics, 25(3), 393-438.
  • Blinder, S. A. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436-455.
  • Boserup, E. (1970). Woman’s role in economic development. London: Allen & Unwin; New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Boserup, E. (1989). Inequality between the sexes. In Social Economics (ss. 165-170). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Bowles, S. and Park, Y. (2005). Emulation, inequality, and work hours: Was Thorsten Veblen right? The Economic Journal, 115(507), F397-F412.
  • Casarico, A., Profeta, P. and Pronzato, C. (2012). On the local labor market determinants of female university enrolment in European regions. Carlo Alberto Notebooks, (278).
  • Çelenk, S. (2010). Ayrımcılık ve medya. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, 211-228.
  • Cihanoğlu Gülen, G. (2020). International Labour Standards On Working Time- Hours of Work Implementations in the World and Turkey. Izmir Journal of Economics, 35(4), 741-757.
  • Cotton, J. (1988). On the decomposition of wage differentials. Review of Economics and Statistics, 70(2), 236-243.
  • Dinh, H., Strazdins, L. and Welsh, J. (2017). Hour-glass ceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities. Social Science & Medicine, 176, 42-51.
  • Dolton, P. (2017). Working hours: Past, present, and future. IZA World of Labor.
  • European Union (2003). Directive of the European Parliament and Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time. Official Journal of the European Union, 299, p. 9–19. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:299: 0009:0019:EN:PDF.
  • Erdut, Z. (2002). Avrupa Birliği’nde iş süresinin düzenlenmesi ve Türkiye. TÜHİS İş Hukuku ve İktisat Dergisi, 17, 4-5.
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N. and Lemieux, T. (2009). Occupational tasks and changes in the wage structure. http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/fortin.pdf.
  • Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ILO (1958). Hours of work, International Labour Conference Report VIII: Geneva.
  • ILO (2003). Time for equality at work: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work. http://www.ilo.org/declaration/Follow-up/Globalreports/lang--en/index.htm.
  • İnci, F. E. (2019). Working hours i̇n business law [Master Thesis]. Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • İş Kanunu (2003). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası 4857 nolu kanun. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 25134).
  • Jann B. (2008). The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. Stata Journal, 8(4), 453-479.
  • Johansson, M., Katz, K. and Nyman, H. (2005). Wage differentials and gender discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981–98. Acta Sociologica, 48(4), 341-364.
  • Karabıyık, I. (2012). Workıng Lıfe Women's Employment In Turkey. Marmara University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 32(1), 231-260.
  • Landivar, L. C. (2015). The gender gap in employment hours: do work-hour regulations matter? Work, employment and society, 29(4), 550-570.
  • Lavallée, E. and Roubaud, F. (2015). Does corruption matter for informal sector economic performance? Microdata evidence from SubSaharan Africa, (Eds.: J. P. Cling, S. Lagrée, M. Razafindrakoto, F. Roubaud). The Informal Economy in Developing Countries, s.179- 196, New York: Routledge.
  • McCall, L. (2000). Gender and the new inequality: Explaining the college/non-college wage gap. American Sociological Review, 65(2), 234-255.
  • McKay, J. C., Ahmad, A., Shaw, J. L., Rashid, F., Clancy, A., David, C. and Quiñonez, C. (2016). Gender differences and predictors of work hours in a sample of Ontario dentists. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 82(26), 1‒11.
  • Neumark D. (1988). Employers' discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. Journal of Human Resources, 23(3), 279-295.
  • Neumark, D. (2018). Experimental research on labor market discrimination. Journal of Economic Literature, 56(3), 799-866.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693-709.
  • Reimers, C. W. (1983). Labor market discrimination against hispanic and black men. Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(4), 570-579.
  • Şentürk, İ. and Demir, Ö. (2022). Gender Wage Gap In Turkey: A Threefold Blınder-Oaxaca Decomposıtıon. International Journal of Management, Economics, and Business, 18(1), 153-181.
  • Stier, H. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2003). Time to work: A comparative analysis of preferences for working hours. Work and Occupations, 30(3), 302-326.
  • Taşçı, H. M. and Darıcı, B. (2009). An Examınatıon Of Unemployment By Gender In Turkey Usıng Indıvıdual Level Data Under Alternatıve Defınıtıons Of Unemployment. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 8(28), 139-159.
  • van Hassel, D., van der Velden, L., de Bakker, D. and Batenburg, R. (2017). Age-related differences in working hours among male and female GPS: An SMS- based time use study. Human Resources for Health, 15(84), 1‒8.
  • Vassil, K., Eamets, R. and Mõtsmees, P. (2014). Socio-demographic model of the gender gap in expected and actual wages in Estonia. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 8604, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
  • Webber, G. and Williams, C. (2008). Part-time work and the gender division of labor. Qualitative Sociology, 31, 15-36.
  • Wellington, A. J. (1993). Changes in the male/female wage gap, 1976-85. The Journal of Human Resources, 28(2), 383-411.
  • Yenilmez, M. İ. (2019). Gender inequality in labor force participation in Turkey: Closing the gender gap? Journal of Management and Economics Studies,17(3), 40-51.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Microeconomic Theory, Microeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mücella Bursal 0000-0003-2744-355X

İsmail Şentürk

Early Pub Date December 29, 2023
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Bursal, M., & Şentürk, İ. (2023). Determinants of Gender Discrimination in Working Hours: The Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Method. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(45), 1014-1034.

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