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Kuruluşundan Bugüne Kuzey Kore’nin Dış Politikasında Değişim: Tarihsel Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 479 - 499, 01.08.2023

Kerem Kılıçdaroğlu Emre Demir

https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1255902

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Charles Hermann’ın dış politikada değişim modeli kullanılarak Kuzey Kore’nin kuruluşundan bugüne dış politikasında yaşanan değişim incelemektedir. Hermann’ın modelinden yola çıkarak Kuzey Kore’nin dış politikasındaki değişim incelendiğinde ülkenin farklı dönemlerde iki aşamada politika değişikliği yaşadığı görülmektedir. İlk aşama, Kuzey Kore’nin Soğuk Savaş dönemindeki ittifak tercihlerinden oluşmaktadır. İkinci aşama ise, Soğuk Savaş sonrası süreçte Kuzey Kore lideri olan Kim Jong-il’in “Önce Ordu” politikası ile başlattığı ve babasının ardından görevi devralan Kim Jong-un “paralel kalkınma” politikası ile sürdürdüğü program değişiklikleridir. Bu çerçevede bu çalışma, Kuzey Kore’nin bu iki aşamadaki değişiklikleri neden ve nasıl gerçekleştirdiğini incelemektedir.

Keywords

Kuzey Kore Dış Politika Değişimi Cuçe (Özgüven) İdeolojisi Songun (Önce Ordu) Politikası Byungjin (Paralel Kalkınma) Politikası

References

  • Ahn, Y. (1996), North Korea’s Monolithic System and Policy Competition, Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.
  • Aoki, N. (2021), “A Decade of the Kim Jong Un Doctrine”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/21/north-korea-kim-jong-un-doctrine-decade-10-years/, (Erişim: 21.10.2022).
  • Armstrong, C. K. (2013), Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World 1950–1992, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Branigan, T. (2013), “North Korea Executes Kim Jong-un’s Uncle as ‘Traitor’”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/north-korea-executes-kim-jong-un-uncle-jang-song-thaek, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Çelik, H. (2020), “Trump Dönemi ABD’nin Kuzey Kore ve Güney Kore Politikası”, Küresel Politikalar ve Bölgesel Dönüşümler, (Ed. F. Köksoy). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi: 27-43.
  • Çelik, H. ve Türkel, S. S. (2021), “Kore Yarımadası’nda Nükleer Silahsızlanma Çabaları: Altılı Görüşmeler Örneği”, Türkiye’de Kore Çalışmaları – II, (Ed. M. E. Gökmen ve A. M. Dündar). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları: 7-32.
  • Cha, V. (2000), “Engaging North Korea Credibly”, Survival, Vol. 42, No: 136-155.
  • Cha, V.; Kang, D. (2003), Nuclear North Korea: A Debate on Engagement Strategies, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Chance, D. (2013), “Kim Jong-un, North Korean Leader, Calls Nuclear Weapons a ‘Reliable War Deterrent’”, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kim-jong-un-north-korea-nuclear-weapons-speech_n_2996212, (Erişim: 15.10.2022).
  • Chung, E. (2013), “Long-stalled six-party talks on North Korea's nuclear program: Positions of countries involved”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 25, No. 1: 1-15.
  • Chung, Y. C. (2007), “The Suryong System as the Institution of Collectivist Development”, Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1: 43-74.
  • Cotton, J. (2007), “North Korea and the six-party process: Is a multilateral resolution of the nuclear issue still possible?”, FASI, Vol. 3, No 1: 27-44.
  • David-West, A. (2011), “Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan” Korean Studies, Vol. 35: 93-121.
  • Green, M. (2022), “North Korean Missile Tests”, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/north-korean-missile-tests, (Erişim: 25.10.2022).
  • Hermann, C. F. (1990), “Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No, 1: 3-21.
  • Isozaki, A. (2019), “North Korea Revamps Its Constitution”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/north-korea-revamps-its-constitution/, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Jo, D. (2021), “Kim Jong Un’s Economic Opening and Reform: Opportunities, Constraints and Prospects”, https://www.globalasia.org/v16no3/focus/kim-jong-uns-economic-opening-and-reform-opportunities-constraints-and-prospects_dongho-jo, (Erişim: 21.12.2022).
  • Kakışım, C. (2017). “Kuzey Kore’nin Resmi İdeolojisi Olarak Cuçe Öğretisi ve Kuzey Kore Dış Politikasına Etkileri”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 14, No. 56: 73-88.
  • Kang, D. (2010), “Status and Leadership on the Korean Peninsula”, Orbis, Vol. 54, No. 4: 546-564.
  • Kang, D. (2012), “They Think They’re Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea - A Review Essay”, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3: 142-171.
  • Kang, D. (2013), “The North Korean Issue, Park Geun-hye's Presidency, and the Possibility of Trust-Building on the Korean Peninsula”, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1: 1-21.
  • Kim, B. (2012), “Time to Balance Deterrence, Offense, and Defense? Rethinking South Korea's Strategy against the North Korean Nuclear Threat”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 2: 515-532.
  • Kim, D.; Yongseok, C. (2012), “The Impact of Domestic Politics on North Korea’s Foreign Policy”, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2: 61-84.
  • Kim, I. S. (1992), Kim Il-Sung: Reminiscences with the Century, Pyongyang: Chosun Nodongdang.
  • Kim, J. (2016), “Understanding the hermit kingdom as it is and as it is becoming: The past, present and future of North Korea”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 46, No. 1: 130–140.
  • Kim, M. (2016), “Why provoke? The Sino-US competition in East Asia and North Korea's strategic choice”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 39, No. 7: 979–998.
  • Kim, S. S. (2007), North Korean Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War World, US Army War College Press.
  • Kim, S. S. (2010), “North Korea's nuclear strategy and the interface between international and domestic politics”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 34, No. 1: 49–85.
  • Kim, S. C. (2006), North Korea under Kim Jong II: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance, Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Koga, K. (2009), “The Anatomy of North Korea’s Foreign Policy Formulation”, North Korean Review, Vol. 5, No. 2: 21-33.
  • Koh, B. C. (1991), “Pyongyang's Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change”, Korean Studies, Vol. 15: 1-14.
  • Koh, B. C. (1994), “Trends in North Korean Foreign Policy”, Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Vol. 13: 61-74.
  • Ku, Y. (2018a), “North Korean Economy”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 130-150.
  • Ku, Y. (2018b), “Inter-Korean Relations and Reunification”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 192-214.
  • Lankov, A. (2015), The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, G. (2003), “The political philosophy of Juche”, Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1: 105–112.
  • Lee, I. (2018), “North Korean Nuclear Crises”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 151-169.
  • Li, Y. (1972), Juche! The Speeches and Writings of Kim Il Sung, New York: Grossman Publishers.
  • Deane, M. (2005), “The Collapse of North Korea: A Prospect to Celebrate or Fear?”, https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/NorthKorea.pdf, (Erişim: 17.11.2022).
  • Macdonald, H. (2013), “Yongbyon's History Marked by Accidents and Human Experimentation”, https://www.nknews.org/2013/09/yongbyons-history-marked-by-accidents-andhuman-experimentation/, (Erişim: 17.10.2022).
  • Mack, A. (1993), “The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean Peninsula”, Asian Survey, Vol. 33, No. 4: 339-359.
  • Mansourov, A. Y. (1997), “North Korean Decision-Making Processes Regarding the Nuclear Issue at Early Stages of the Nuclear Game”, Peace and Security in East Asia, (Ed. Y. W. Khil, P. Hayes), New York: M.E. Sharpe: 220-239.
  • McEachern, P. (2019), “Centralizing North Korean Policymaking under Kim Jong Un”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 43, No. 1: 35-67.
  • Milani, M. (2021), “Inter-Korean Relations in the Era of Kim Jong Un”, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/inter-korean-relations-era-kim-jong-un-32742, (Erişim: 22.12.2022).
  • Moon, C. (2001), “The Kim Dae Jung Government's Peace Policy toward North Korea”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 25, No. 2: 177–198.
  • Moon, C. (2000), “North Korean Foreign Policy in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective”, North Korea and the World: Explaining Pyongyang’s Foreign Policy, (Ed. Byung Chul Koh), Seoul: Kyungnam University Press.
  • Myers, B. R. (2011), The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves — And Why It Matters, New York: Melville House Pub.
  • Oh, K., Hassig, R. C. (2000), North Korea through the Looking Glass, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Park, H. S. (2002), North Korea: The Politics of Unconventional Wisdom, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Park, H. (2005), Two Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria, Durham ve London: Duke University Press.
  • Rose, G. (1998), “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1: 144-172.
  • Scalapion, R. A.; Lee C. (1992), Communism in Korea, Part II: The Society, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Smith, J. (2019), “North Korea Changes Constitution to Solidify Kim Jong Un’s Role”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-north-korea-constitution-idUSKCN1VJ1JQ, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Şahin, G.; Şener, S. (2022), “Cuçe Öğretisi Doğrultusunda Kuzey Kore Nükleer Programı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 36, No. 1: 102-108.
  • Woo, J. (2018a), “South Korean Democratization”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 29-48.
  • Woo, J. (2018b). “North Korean Ideology and Politics”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon & New York: Routledge: 111-129.
  • Yamamoto, A. (2019), “Unpacking the Ontological Foundation of North Korea's Ambivalent Foreign Policy: Brinkmanship as Rationality”, Asian Politics and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3: 356-379.
  • Yongchun, L. (2015), “North Korea’s Guiding Ideology and Its Impact”, China and North Korea: Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, (Ed. C.P. Freeman), New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 225-240.

Change in North Korea’s Foreign Policy since Its Foundation: A Historical Review

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 479 - 499, 01.08.2023

Kerem Kılıçdaroğlu Emre Demir

https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1255902

Abstract

Based on Charles Hermann's model of foreign policy change, this study examines the change in North Korea's foreign policy since its establishment. When the change in North Korea's foreign policy is examined based on Hermann's model, it is seen that in different periods the country has undergone policy changes in two stages. The first stage consists of North Korea's alliance preferences during the Cold War. The second stage consists of the program changes that were started by Kim Jong-il, who became the leader of North Korea in the post-Cold War period, with the "Army First" policy and is continued with the "parallel development" policy of Kim Jong-un, who assumed the leadership after his father. In this context, this study examines why and how North Korea accomplished the first two stages of change.

Keywords

North Korea Foreign Policy Change Juche (Self-reliance) Strategy Songun (Military First) Policy Byungjin (Parallel Development) Policy

References

  • Ahn, Y. (1996), North Korea’s Monolithic System and Policy Competition, Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.
  • Aoki, N. (2021), “A Decade of the Kim Jong Un Doctrine”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/21/north-korea-kim-jong-un-doctrine-decade-10-years/, (Erişim: 21.10.2022).
  • Armstrong, C. K. (2013), Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World 1950–1992, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Branigan, T. (2013), “North Korea Executes Kim Jong-un’s Uncle as ‘Traitor’”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/north-korea-executes-kim-jong-un-uncle-jang-song-thaek, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Çelik, H. (2020), “Trump Dönemi ABD’nin Kuzey Kore ve Güney Kore Politikası”, Küresel Politikalar ve Bölgesel Dönüşümler, (Ed. F. Köksoy). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi: 27-43.
  • Çelik, H. ve Türkel, S. S. (2021), “Kore Yarımadası’nda Nükleer Silahsızlanma Çabaları: Altılı Görüşmeler Örneği”, Türkiye’de Kore Çalışmaları – II, (Ed. M. E. Gökmen ve A. M. Dündar). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları: 7-32.
  • Cha, V. (2000), “Engaging North Korea Credibly”, Survival, Vol. 42, No: 136-155.
  • Cha, V.; Kang, D. (2003), Nuclear North Korea: A Debate on Engagement Strategies, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Chance, D. (2013), “Kim Jong-un, North Korean Leader, Calls Nuclear Weapons a ‘Reliable War Deterrent’”, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kim-jong-un-north-korea-nuclear-weapons-speech_n_2996212, (Erişim: 15.10.2022).
  • Chung, E. (2013), “Long-stalled six-party talks on North Korea's nuclear program: Positions of countries involved”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 25, No. 1: 1-15.
  • Chung, Y. C. (2007), “The Suryong System as the Institution of Collectivist Development”, Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1: 43-74.
  • Cotton, J. (2007), “North Korea and the six-party process: Is a multilateral resolution of the nuclear issue still possible?”, FASI, Vol. 3, No 1: 27-44.
  • David-West, A. (2011), “Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan” Korean Studies, Vol. 35: 93-121.
  • Green, M. (2022), “North Korean Missile Tests”, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/north-korean-missile-tests, (Erişim: 25.10.2022).
  • Hermann, C. F. (1990), “Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No, 1: 3-21.
  • Isozaki, A. (2019), “North Korea Revamps Its Constitution”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/north-korea-revamps-its-constitution/, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Jo, D. (2021), “Kim Jong Un’s Economic Opening and Reform: Opportunities, Constraints and Prospects”, https://www.globalasia.org/v16no3/focus/kim-jong-uns-economic-opening-and-reform-opportunities-constraints-and-prospects_dongho-jo, (Erişim: 21.12.2022).
  • Kakışım, C. (2017). “Kuzey Kore’nin Resmi İdeolojisi Olarak Cuçe Öğretisi ve Kuzey Kore Dış Politikasına Etkileri”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 14, No. 56: 73-88.
  • Kang, D. (2010), “Status and Leadership on the Korean Peninsula”, Orbis, Vol. 54, No. 4: 546-564.
  • Kang, D. (2012), “They Think They’re Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea - A Review Essay”, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3: 142-171.
  • Kang, D. (2013), “The North Korean Issue, Park Geun-hye's Presidency, and the Possibility of Trust-Building on the Korean Peninsula”, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1: 1-21.
  • Kim, B. (2012), “Time to Balance Deterrence, Offense, and Defense? Rethinking South Korea's Strategy against the North Korean Nuclear Threat”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 2: 515-532.
  • Kim, D.; Yongseok, C. (2012), “The Impact of Domestic Politics on North Korea’s Foreign Policy”, International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2: 61-84.
  • Kim, I. S. (1992), Kim Il-Sung: Reminiscences with the Century, Pyongyang: Chosun Nodongdang.
  • Kim, J. (2016), “Understanding the hermit kingdom as it is and as it is becoming: The past, present and future of North Korea”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 46, No. 1: 130–140.
  • Kim, M. (2016), “Why provoke? The Sino-US competition in East Asia and North Korea's strategic choice”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 39, No. 7: 979–998.
  • Kim, S. S. (2007), North Korean Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War World, US Army War College Press.
  • Kim, S. S. (2010), “North Korea's nuclear strategy and the interface between international and domestic politics”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 34, No. 1: 49–85.
  • Kim, S. C. (2006), North Korea under Kim Jong II: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance, Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Koga, K. (2009), “The Anatomy of North Korea’s Foreign Policy Formulation”, North Korean Review, Vol. 5, No. 2: 21-33.
  • Koh, B. C. (1991), “Pyongyang's Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change”, Korean Studies, Vol. 15: 1-14.
  • Koh, B. C. (1994), “Trends in North Korean Foreign Policy”, Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Vol. 13: 61-74.
  • Ku, Y. (2018a), “North Korean Economy”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 130-150.
  • Ku, Y. (2018b), “Inter-Korean Relations and Reunification”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 192-214.
  • Lankov, A. (2015), The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, G. (2003), “The political philosophy of Juche”, Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1: 105–112.
  • Lee, I. (2018), “North Korean Nuclear Crises”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 151-169.
  • Li, Y. (1972), Juche! The Speeches and Writings of Kim Il Sung, New York: Grossman Publishers.
  • Deane, M. (2005), “The Collapse of North Korea: A Prospect to Celebrate or Fear?”, https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/NorthKorea.pdf, (Erişim: 17.11.2022).
  • Macdonald, H. (2013), “Yongbyon's History Marked by Accidents and Human Experimentation”, https://www.nknews.org/2013/09/yongbyons-history-marked-by-accidents-andhuman-experimentation/, (Erişim: 17.10.2022).
  • Mack, A. (1993), “The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean Peninsula”, Asian Survey, Vol. 33, No. 4: 339-359.
  • Mansourov, A. Y. (1997), “North Korean Decision-Making Processes Regarding the Nuclear Issue at Early Stages of the Nuclear Game”, Peace and Security in East Asia, (Ed. Y. W. Khil, P. Hayes), New York: M.E. Sharpe: 220-239.
  • McEachern, P. (2019), “Centralizing North Korean Policymaking under Kim Jong Un”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 43, No. 1: 35-67.
  • Milani, M. (2021), “Inter-Korean Relations in the Era of Kim Jong Un”, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/inter-korean-relations-era-kim-jong-un-32742, (Erişim: 22.12.2022).
  • Moon, C. (2001), “The Kim Dae Jung Government's Peace Policy toward North Korea”, Asian Perspective, Vol. 25, No. 2: 177–198.
  • Moon, C. (2000), “North Korean Foreign Policy in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective”, North Korea and the World: Explaining Pyongyang’s Foreign Policy, (Ed. Byung Chul Koh), Seoul: Kyungnam University Press.
  • Myers, B. R. (2011), The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves — And Why It Matters, New York: Melville House Pub.
  • Oh, K., Hassig, R. C. (2000), North Korea through the Looking Glass, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Park, H. S. (2002), North Korea: The Politics of Unconventional Wisdom, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Park, H. (2005), Two Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria, Durham ve London: Duke University Press.
  • Rose, G. (1998), “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1: 144-172.
  • Scalapion, R. A.; Lee C. (1992), Communism in Korea, Part II: The Society, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Smith, J. (2019), “North Korea Changes Constitution to Solidify Kim Jong Un’s Role”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-north-korea-constitution-idUSKCN1VJ1JQ, (Erişim: 14.12.2022).
  • Şahin, G.; Şener, S. (2022), “Cuçe Öğretisi Doğrultusunda Kuzey Kore Nükleer Programı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 36, No. 1: 102-108.
  • Woo, J. (2018a), “South Korean Democratization”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon ve New York: Routledge: 29-48.
  • Woo, J. (2018b). “North Korean Ideology and Politics”, Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations, (Ed. Y. Ku, I. Lee, J. Woo). Oxon & New York: Routledge: 111-129.
  • Yamamoto, A. (2019), “Unpacking the Ontological Foundation of North Korea's Ambivalent Foreign Policy: Brinkmanship as Rationality”, Asian Politics and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3: 356-379.
  • Yongchun, L. (2015), “North Korea’s Guiding Ideology and Its Impact”, China and North Korea: Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, (Ed. C.P. Freeman), New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 225-240.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kerem Kılıçdaroğlu 0000-0003-1688-6443

Emre Demir 0000-0002-9580-863X

Publication Date August 1, 2023
Submission Date February 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kılıçdaroğlu, K., & Demir, E. (2023). Kuruluşundan Bugüne Kuzey Kore’nin Dış Politikasında Değişim: Tarihsel Bir İnceleme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1255902
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