Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS

Year 2017, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 93 - 115, 30.09.2017

Ceyda Kavurmacı Füsun Çınar Altıntaş

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.312041
Cited By: 3

Abstract











In this study, strategic decisions that are
characterized as unstructured, complex, and open-ended are addressed from the
perspective of cognitive elements that limit rationality. The main purpose of the
study is to understand how the cognitive heuristics and biases effect strategic
decisions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve managers and
the data were arranged and interpreted by means of descriptive analysis.
Findings suggest that participants use emphasis on the level of uncertainty,
intuitive adaptation, self-confidence and experience as a variable when using
cognitive heuristics and biases. In addition, the study found that participants
were heavily influenced by overconfidence, availability heuristic, confirmation
bias and hindsight bias, but attempts were made to avoid anchoring, frame
effect, and escalation of commitment. It is believed that the research is aimed
at an area that has not been studied extensively in the Turkish language and
contributes to the development of an explanatory approach to the strategic
decision making process.

Keywords

Strategic Decision Making High Level Manager Cognitive Heuristic Bias

References

  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R. ve Bayraktaroğlu, S. (2012) “Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri”, 7. Baskı, Sakarya, Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Anderson, C. R. ve Paine, F. T. (1975) “Managerial Perceptions And Strategic Behavior”, Academy Of Management Journal, 18(4): 811-823.
  • Barnes, J. H. (1984) “Cognitive Biases And Their Impact On Strategic Planning”, Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 129-137.
  • Basel, J. S. ve Brühl, R. (2013) “Rationality and dual process models of reasoning in managerial cognition and decision making”, European Management Journal, 31(6): 745-754.
  • Bateman, T. S. ve Schwenk, C. R. (1986) “Biases in Investor Decision Making: The Case of John DeLorean”, American Journal of Business, 1(2): 5-12.
  • Bukszar, E. (2003) “Does overconfidence lead to poor decisions? A comparison of decision making and judgment under uncertainty”, Journal of Business and Management, 9(1): 33.
  • Busenitz, L. W. ve Barney, J. B. (1997) “Differences Between Entrepreneurs And Managers In Large Organizations: Biases And Heuristics In Strategic Decision-Making”, Journal Of Business Venturing, 12(1): 9-30.
  • Chen, J. Q. ve Lee, S. M. (2003) “An exploratory cognitive DSS for strategic decision making”, Decision support systems, 36(2): 147-160.
  • Certo, S. T., Connelly, B. L. ve Tihanyi, L. (2008) “Managers And Their Not-So Rational Decisions”, Business Horizons, 51(2): 113-119.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research, 3rd Edition, California, Sage.
  • Cyert R. M. ve March J. G. (1963) “A Behavioral Theory of The Firm”, New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Dane, E. Ve Pratt, M. G. (2007) “Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making”, Academy of management review, 32(1): 33-54.
  • De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B. ve Dolan, R. J. (2006) “Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain”, Science, 313(5787): 684-687.
  • Eryılmaz, M. E. (2011) “Yeni Kurumsalcı Örgüt Kuramı Perspektifinden İlköğretim Örgütsel Alanında Yaşanan Kurumsal Değişim Ve Nedenleri”, Middle East Technical University Studies In Development, 38(3): 241-274.
  • Garvin, D. A. ve Roberto, M. A. (2001) “What You Don't Know About Making Decisions”, Harvard Business Review, 79(8): 108-119.
  • Gigerenzer, G. (1991) “How To Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear: Beyond “Heuristics And Biases”, European Review Of Social Psychology, 2(1): 83-115. Gowda, M. R. (1999) “Heuristics, Biases, And The Regulation Of Risk”, Policy Sciences, 32(1): 59-78.
  • Haley, U. C. ve Stumpf, S. A. (1989) “Cognitive Trails In Strategic Decision‐Making: Linking Theories Of Personalities And Cognitions”, Journal Of Management Studies, 26(5): 477-497. Harrison, E. F. (1996) “A Process Perspective On Strategic Decision Making”, Management Decision, 34(1): 46-53.
  • Harrison, E. F. ve Pelletier, M. A. (2000) “The Essence Of Management Decision”, Management Decision, 38(7): 462-470.
  • Heracleous, L. T. (1994) “Rational Decision Making: Myth Or Reality?”, Management Development Review, 7(4): 16-23.
  • Hodge, B. J., Antony, William P. ve Gales, Lawrence M. (2003) “Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach”, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
  • Hodgkinson, G. P., Bown, N. J., Maule, A. J., Glaister, K. W. ve Pearman, A. D. (1999) “Research Notes And Communıcatıons Breakıng The Frame: An Analysıs Of Strategic Cognition And Decision Making Under Uncertainty”, Strategic Management Journal, 20(10): 977-985.
  • Hogg, Michael A. ve Vaughan, Graham M. (2007) “Sosyal Psikoloji”, Çev: İbrahim Yıldız, Aydın Gelmez, Ankara: Ütopya
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1984) “Choices, Values, And Frames”, American Psychologist, 39(4): 341-350.
  • Kahneman, D. (1991) “Commentary: Judgment And Decision Making: A Personal View”, Psychological Science, 2(3): 142-145.
  • Kahneman, D. (1994) “New Challenges To The Rationality Assumption”, Journal Of Institutional And Theoretical Economics, 3: 18-36.
  • Kahneman, D. (2002) “Maps of bounded rationality: A perspective on intuitive judgment and choice”, Nobel prize lecture, 8: 351-401.
  • Karakaş, S. ve Karakaş, H. M. (2000) “Yönetici İşlevlerin Ayrıştırılmasında Multidisipliner Yaklaşım: Bilişsel Psikolojiden Nöroradyolojiye”, Klinik Psikiyatri, 3(4): 215-27.
  • Kellogg, Ronald T. (2007) “Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology”, Los Angeles, Sage.
  • Khatri, N. ve Ng, H. A. (2000) “The role of intuition in strategic decision making”, Human relations, 53(1): 57-86.
  • Koçel, T. (2011) “İşletme Yöneticiliği”, 15. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta.
  • Koslowski, B. ve Maqueda, M. (1993) “What is confirmation bias and when do people actually have it?”, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 104-130.
  • Lovallo, D. P. ve Sibony, O. (2006) “Distortions And Deceptions In Strategic Decisions”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 1(18): 4-14.
  • Lovallo, D. ve Sibony, O. (2010) “The Case For Behavioral Strategy”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 2: 30-43.
  • Lyles, M. A. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1980) “Organizational Problem Formulation: An Empirical Study”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1):102-119.
  • Makridakis, S. G. ve Wheelwright, S. C. (1989) “Forecasting methods for management”, New Jersey, John Wiley&Sons.
  • March, J. G. (1978) “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, And The Engineering Of Choice”, The Bell Journal Of Economics, 9(2): 587-608.
  • Mason, R. O. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1981) “Challenging strategic planning assumptions: Theory, cases, and techniques”, New York: Wiley.
  • Matlin, M. W. (2005) “Cognition”, 6th Edition, New Jersey, John Wiley&Sons.
  • Miller, C. C., Burke, L. M., ve Glick, W. H. (1998) “Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: Implications for strategic decision processes”, Strategic Management Journal, 39-58.
  • Mintzberg, H., Raisinghani, D. ve Theoret, A. (1976) “The Structure Of Unstructured Decision Processes”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(2): 246-275.
  • Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. ve Lampel, J. (2005) “Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through The Wilds Of Strategic Management”, 6th Edition. New York, Simon And Schuster.
  • Pellegrino, K. C. ve Carbo, J. A. (2001) “Behind The Mind Of The Strategist”, The TQM Magazine, 13(6): 375-381.
  • Powell, T. C., Lovallo, D. ve Fox, C. R. (2011) “Behavioral Strategy”, Strategic Management Journal, 32(13): 1369-1386.
  • Punch, K. F. (2011) “Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş Nicel Ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar”, Ankara, Siyasal.
  • Rindova, V. P. (1999) “What Corporate Boards Have To Do With Strategy: A Cognitive Perspective”, Journal Of Management Studies, 36(7): 953-975.
  • Robbins, S. P., De Cenzo, D. A. ve Coulter, M. (2011) “Fundamental Of Management: Essential Concepts And Applications”, 7th Edition, Boston, Pearson.
  • Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2012) “Örgütsel Davranış”, 14. Baskı, İstanbul, Nobel.
  • Roxburgh, C. (2003) “Hidden Flaws In Strategy”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 2: 26-39.
  • Samuelson, W. ve Zeckhauser, R. (1988) “Status Quo Bias In Decision Making”, Journal Of Risk And Uncertainty, 1(1): 7-59.
  • Schwenk, C. R. (1984) “Cognitive Simplification Processes In Strategic Decision‐Making”, Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 111-128.
  • Schwenk, C. R. (1988) “The Cognitive Perspective On Strategic Decision Making”, Journal Of Management Studies, 25(1): 41-55.
  • Shrivastava, P. ve Grant, J. H. (1985) “Empirically derived models of strategic decision‐making processes”, Strategic Management Journal, 6(2): 97-113.
  • Simon, H. A. (1959) “Theories Of Decision-Making In Economics And Behavioral Science”, The American Economic Review, 49(3): 253-283.
  • Simon, H. A. (1972) “Theories Of Bounded Rationality”, Decision And Organization, 1(1): 161-176.
  • Simon, H. A. (1979) “Rational Decision Making In Business Organizations”, The American Economic Review, 69(4): 493-513.
  • Simon, H. A. (1985) “What we know about the creative process”, Frontiers in creative and innovative management, 4: 3-22.
  • Simon, H. A. (1991) “Bounded Rationality And Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1): 125-134.
  • Simon, H. A. (1993) “Altruism And Economics”, The American Economic Eeview, 83(2): 156-161.
  • Solso, R. L., Maclin, K. M. ve Maclin, O. H. (2007) “Bilişsel Psikoloji”, 2. Baskı, İstanbul, Dinn.
  • Steiner, G. A., ve Miner, J. B. (1977) “Management Policy and Strategy: Text, Readings and Cases”, New York, Mc.
  • Strati, A. (1998) “(Mis)Understanding Cognition In Organization Studies”, Scandinavian Journal Of Management, 14(4): 309-329.
  • Stubbart, C. I. (1989) “Managerial cognition: a missing link in strategic management research”, Journal of Management Studies, 26(4): 325-347.
  • Tversky, A., ve Kahneman, D. (1971) “Belief in the law of small numbers”, Psychological bulletin, 76(2): 105.
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1974) “Heuristics and biases: Judgement under uncertainty”, Science, 185:1124-1130.
  • Tversky, B. (2003) “Structures of mental spaces how people think about space”, Environment and behavior, 35(1): 66-80.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, A. (2013) “Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri”, 9. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin.
  • Yılmaz, F. (2002) “Piyasa-Firma Ayırımı Tartışmaları Çerçevesinde Firma Teorisi”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1): 67-82.

STRATEJİK KARAR VERME SÜRECİNE BİLİŞSEL YAKLAŞIM: ÜST KADEME YÖNETİCİLER ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2017, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 93 - 115, 30.09.2017

Ceyda Kavurmacı Füsun Çınar Altıntaş

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.312041
Cited By: 3

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, yapılandırılmamış,
karmaşık ve açık uçlu olarak karakterize edilen stratejik kararlar
rasyonaliteyi sınırlandıran, bilişsel unsurlar perspektifiyle ele alınmaktadır.
Çalışmanın temel amacı, bilişsel kestirme yol ve bilişsel yanlıklıkların
stratejik kararları nasıl etkilediğini anlamaktır. Buradan hareketle on iki
yönetici ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve veriler betimsel
analiz yöntemiyle düzenlenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Bulgular katılımcıların
bilişsel kestirme yol ve yanlılıkları kullanırken belirsizlik derecesi,
sezgisel uyum, özgüven ve deneyim faktörlerini bir değişken olarak
vurguladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Buna ek olarak çalışmada katılımcıların yoğun
olarak hazırda bulma kestirme yolu, aşırı güven, doğrulama yanılgısı ve geri
görüş yanılgısından etkilendiğine ancak çıpa atma, çerçeve etkisi ve artan
bağlılık etkisinin bertaraf edilmeye çalışıldığına yönelik bulgular elde
edilmiştir. Araştırmanın Türkçe yazında yoğun çalışılmamış bir alana yönelik
olması ve stratejik karar verme sürecine ilişkin açıklayıcı bir yaklaşım ortaya
koyması açısından katkı sağlayıcı olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Stratejik Karar Verme Üst Kademe Yönetici Bilişsel Kestirme Yol

References

  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R. ve Bayraktaroğlu, S. (2012) “Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri”, 7. Baskı, Sakarya, Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Anderson, C. R. ve Paine, F. T. (1975) “Managerial Perceptions And Strategic Behavior”, Academy Of Management Journal, 18(4): 811-823.
  • Barnes, J. H. (1984) “Cognitive Biases And Their Impact On Strategic Planning”, Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 129-137.
  • Basel, J. S. ve Brühl, R. (2013) “Rationality and dual process models of reasoning in managerial cognition and decision making”, European Management Journal, 31(6): 745-754.
  • Bateman, T. S. ve Schwenk, C. R. (1986) “Biases in Investor Decision Making: The Case of John DeLorean”, American Journal of Business, 1(2): 5-12.
  • Bukszar, E. (2003) “Does overconfidence lead to poor decisions? A comparison of decision making and judgment under uncertainty”, Journal of Business and Management, 9(1): 33.
  • Busenitz, L. W. ve Barney, J. B. (1997) “Differences Between Entrepreneurs And Managers In Large Organizations: Biases And Heuristics In Strategic Decision-Making”, Journal Of Business Venturing, 12(1): 9-30.
  • Chen, J. Q. ve Lee, S. M. (2003) “An exploratory cognitive DSS for strategic decision making”, Decision support systems, 36(2): 147-160.
  • Certo, S. T., Connelly, B. L. ve Tihanyi, L. (2008) “Managers And Their Not-So Rational Decisions”, Business Horizons, 51(2): 113-119.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research, 3rd Edition, California, Sage.
  • Cyert R. M. ve March J. G. (1963) “A Behavioral Theory of The Firm”, New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Dane, E. Ve Pratt, M. G. (2007) “Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making”, Academy of management review, 32(1): 33-54.
  • De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B. ve Dolan, R. J. (2006) “Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain”, Science, 313(5787): 684-687.
  • Eryılmaz, M. E. (2011) “Yeni Kurumsalcı Örgüt Kuramı Perspektifinden İlköğretim Örgütsel Alanında Yaşanan Kurumsal Değişim Ve Nedenleri”, Middle East Technical University Studies In Development, 38(3): 241-274.
  • Garvin, D. A. ve Roberto, M. A. (2001) “What You Don't Know About Making Decisions”, Harvard Business Review, 79(8): 108-119.
  • Gigerenzer, G. (1991) “How To Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear: Beyond “Heuristics And Biases”, European Review Of Social Psychology, 2(1): 83-115. Gowda, M. R. (1999) “Heuristics, Biases, And The Regulation Of Risk”, Policy Sciences, 32(1): 59-78.
  • Haley, U. C. ve Stumpf, S. A. (1989) “Cognitive Trails In Strategic Decision‐Making: Linking Theories Of Personalities And Cognitions”, Journal Of Management Studies, 26(5): 477-497. Harrison, E. F. (1996) “A Process Perspective On Strategic Decision Making”, Management Decision, 34(1): 46-53.
  • Harrison, E. F. ve Pelletier, M. A. (2000) “The Essence Of Management Decision”, Management Decision, 38(7): 462-470.
  • Heracleous, L. T. (1994) “Rational Decision Making: Myth Or Reality?”, Management Development Review, 7(4): 16-23.
  • Hodge, B. J., Antony, William P. ve Gales, Lawrence M. (2003) “Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach”, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
  • Hodgkinson, G. P., Bown, N. J., Maule, A. J., Glaister, K. W. ve Pearman, A. D. (1999) “Research Notes And Communıcatıons Breakıng The Frame: An Analysıs Of Strategic Cognition And Decision Making Under Uncertainty”, Strategic Management Journal, 20(10): 977-985.
  • Hogg, Michael A. ve Vaughan, Graham M. (2007) “Sosyal Psikoloji”, Çev: İbrahim Yıldız, Aydın Gelmez, Ankara: Ütopya
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1984) “Choices, Values, And Frames”, American Psychologist, 39(4): 341-350.
  • Kahneman, D. (1991) “Commentary: Judgment And Decision Making: A Personal View”, Psychological Science, 2(3): 142-145.
  • Kahneman, D. (1994) “New Challenges To The Rationality Assumption”, Journal Of Institutional And Theoretical Economics, 3: 18-36.
  • Kahneman, D. (2002) “Maps of bounded rationality: A perspective on intuitive judgment and choice”, Nobel prize lecture, 8: 351-401.
  • Karakaş, S. ve Karakaş, H. M. (2000) “Yönetici İşlevlerin Ayrıştırılmasında Multidisipliner Yaklaşım: Bilişsel Psikolojiden Nöroradyolojiye”, Klinik Psikiyatri, 3(4): 215-27.
  • Kellogg, Ronald T. (2007) “Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology”, Los Angeles, Sage.
  • Khatri, N. ve Ng, H. A. (2000) “The role of intuition in strategic decision making”, Human relations, 53(1): 57-86.
  • Koçel, T. (2011) “İşletme Yöneticiliği”, 15. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta.
  • Koslowski, B. ve Maqueda, M. (1993) “What is confirmation bias and when do people actually have it?”, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 104-130.
  • Lovallo, D. P. ve Sibony, O. (2006) “Distortions And Deceptions In Strategic Decisions”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 1(18): 4-14.
  • Lovallo, D. ve Sibony, O. (2010) “The Case For Behavioral Strategy”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 2: 30-43.
  • Lyles, M. A. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1980) “Organizational Problem Formulation: An Empirical Study”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1):102-119.
  • Makridakis, S. G. ve Wheelwright, S. C. (1989) “Forecasting methods for management”, New Jersey, John Wiley&Sons.
  • March, J. G. (1978) “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, And The Engineering Of Choice”, The Bell Journal Of Economics, 9(2): 587-608.
  • Mason, R. O. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1981) “Challenging strategic planning assumptions: Theory, cases, and techniques”, New York: Wiley.
  • Matlin, M. W. (2005) “Cognition”, 6th Edition, New Jersey, John Wiley&Sons.
  • Miller, C. C., Burke, L. M., ve Glick, W. H. (1998) “Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: Implications for strategic decision processes”, Strategic Management Journal, 39-58.
  • Mintzberg, H., Raisinghani, D. ve Theoret, A. (1976) “The Structure Of Unstructured Decision Processes”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(2): 246-275.
  • Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. ve Lampel, J. (2005) “Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through The Wilds Of Strategic Management”, 6th Edition. New York, Simon And Schuster.
  • Pellegrino, K. C. ve Carbo, J. A. (2001) “Behind The Mind Of The Strategist”, The TQM Magazine, 13(6): 375-381.
  • Powell, T. C., Lovallo, D. ve Fox, C. R. (2011) “Behavioral Strategy”, Strategic Management Journal, 32(13): 1369-1386.
  • Punch, K. F. (2011) “Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş Nicel Ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar”, Ankara, Siyasal.
  • Rindova, V. P. (1999) “What Corporate Boards Have To Do With Strategy: A Cognitive Perspective”, Journal Of Management Studies, 36(7): 953-975.
  • Robbins, S. P., De Cenzo, D. A. ve Coulter, M. (2011) “Fundamental Of Management: Essential Concepts And Applications”, 7th Edition, Boston, Pearson.
  • Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2012) “Örgütsel Davranış”, 14. Baskı, İstanbul, Nobel.
  • Roxburgh, C. (2003) “Hidden Flaws In Strategy”, Mckinsey Quarterly, 2: 26-39.
  • Samuelson, W. ve Zeckhauser, R. (1988) “Status Quo Bias In Decision Making”, Journal Of Risk And Uncertainty, 1(1): 7-59.
  • Schwenk, C. R. (1984) “Cognitive Simplification Processes In Strategic Decision‐Making”, Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 111-128.
  • Schwenk, C. R. (1988) “The Cognitive Perspective On Strategic Decision Making”, Journal Of Management Studies, 25(1): 41-55.
  • Shrivastava, P. ve Grant, J. H. (1985) “Empirically derived models of strategic decision‐making processes”, Strategic Management Journal, 6(2): 97-113.
  • Simon, H. A. (1959) “Theories Of Decision-Making In Economics And Behavioral Science”, The American Economic Review, 49(3): 253-283.
  • Simon, H. A. (1972) “Theories Of Bounded Rationality”, Decision And Organization, 1(1): 161-176.
  • Simon, H. A. (1979) “Rational Decision Making In Business Organizations”, The American Economic Review, 69(4): 493-513.
  • Simon, H. A. (1985) “What we know about the creative process”, Frontiers in creative and innovative management, 4: 3-22.
  • Simon, H. A. (1991) “Bounded Rationality And Organizational Learning”, Organization Science, 2(1): 125-134.
  • Simon, H. A. (1993) “Altruism And Economics”, The American Economic Eeview, 83(2): 156-161.
  • Solso, R. L., Maclin, K. M. ve Maclin, O. H. (2007) “Bilişsel Psikoloji”, 2. Baskı, İstanbul, Dinn.
  • Steiner, G. A., ve Miner, J. B. (1977) “Management Policy and Strategy: Text, Readings and Cases”, New York, Mc.
  • Strati, A. (1998) “(Mis)Understanding Cognition In Organization Studies”, Scandinavian Journal Of Management, 14(4): 309-329.
  • Stubbart, C. I. (1989) “Managerial cognition: a missing link in strategic management research”, Journal of Management Studies, 26(4): 325-347.
  • Tversky, A., ve Kahneman, D. (1971) “Belief in the law of small numbers”, Psychological bulletin, 76(2): 105.
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1974) “Heuristics and biases: Judgement under uncertainty”, Science, 185:1124-1130.
  • Tversky, B. (2003) “Structures of mental spaces how people think about space”, Environment and behavior, 35(1): 66-80.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, A. (2013) “Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri”, 9. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin.
  • Yılmaz, F. (2002) “Piyasa-Firma Ayırımı Tartışmaları Çerçevesinde Firma Teorisi”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1): 67-82.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ceyda Kavurmacı

Füsun Çınar Altıntaş

Publication Date September 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kavurmacı, C., & Çınar Altıntaş, F. (2017). COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 15(3), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.312041
AMA Kavurmacı C, Çınar Altıntaş F. COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. September 2017;15(3):93-115. doi:10.11611/yead.312041
Chicago Kavurmacı, Ceyda, and Füsun Çınar Altıntaş. “COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 15, no. 3 (September 2017): 93-115. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.312041.
EndNote Kavurmacı C, Çınar Altıntaş F (September 1, 2017) COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS. Journal of Management and Economics Research 15 3 93–115.
IEEE C. Kavurmacı and F. Çınar Altıntaş, “COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS”, Journal of Management and Economics Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 93–115, 2017, doi: 10.11611/yead.312041.
ISNAD Kavurmacı, Ceyda - Çınar Altıntaş, Füsun. “COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 15/3 (September 2017), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.312041.
JAMA Kavurmacı C, Çınar Altıntaş F. COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2017;15:93–115.
MLA Kavurmacı, Ceyda and Füsun Çınar Altıntaş. “COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research, vol. 15, no. 3, 2017, pp. 93-115, doi:10.11611/yead.312041.
Vancouver Kavurmacı C, Çınar Altıntaş F. COGNITIVE APPROACH TO STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING PROCESS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2017;15(3):93-115.

Cited By

DAVRANIŞSAL YAKLAŞIM PERSPEKTİFİNDEN VERGİ UYUMU
Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.1206114
https://doi.org/
OTEL YÖNETİCİLERİNİN KARAR VERME YAKLAŞIMLARININ İNCELENMESİ: DÜZCE VE BOLU İLİ OTELLERİNE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.726790