Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Covid-19 and Digitalization: Network Analysis On Industrial Robots Trade Among The Bri Countries

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 99 - 118, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.822506

Abstract

The pandemic indicates that the use of digital technologies is going to become more important hereafter. In such a world where countries need to take action to shape their future in accordance with this ‘new normal’, the policies followed by countries in high technological sectors will be determinative on their positions within global value chains in the future. Based on this, international trade of industrial robots among the Belt and Road Initiative members is analyzed via complex network tools in the present study. The empirical results indicated that the international trade network of industrial robots has complex system properties such as power-law distribution, disassortativity, core-periphery structure etc. The results also revealed that developing members of the Initiative may exploit export hubs of the network, namely South Korea, Singapore, Austria and Italy in order to digitalize their economies in the short-term.

References

  • Baker & McKenzie International. (2020). Beyond Covid-19: Supply chain resilience holds key to recover. https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2020/04/covid19-global-economy.pdf
  • Balcı, Z. (2018, January). Çin’in yeni ‘İpek Yolu’ projesi [China’s new ‘Silk Road’ project] (Research No. 52). İHH İnsani ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://insamer.com/rsm/files/CININIPEKYOLUPROJESI.pdf
  • Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M., & Hwang, D. U. (2006). Complex networks: Structure and dynamics. Physics Reports, 424(4-5), 175-308. https://doi.org/cjpbxz
  • Bocutoğlu, E. (2017). Çin’in “Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol” projesinin ekonomik ve jeopolitik sonuçları üzerine düşünceler [Considerations on the Economic and Geopolitical Consequences of China’s “One Belt-One Road” Project]. In S. Sarı, J. Primbaev, A. H. Gencer, A. Turdalieva, & B. Tufaner (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Eurasian Economies (pp. 265-270). http://avekon.org/papers/1995.pdf
  • Boffa, M. (2018). Trade linkages between the belt and road economies (Working Paper No. 8423). World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29768
  • Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (1999). Models of core/periphery structures. Social Networks, 21(4), 375-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00019-2
  • Bougheas, S., & Kirman, A. (2014). Complex financial networks and systemic risk: A review (Working Paper No. 14/04). Center for Finance, Credit and Macroeconomics. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cfcm/documents/papers/cfcm-2014-04.pdf
  • Buckley, P. J. (2020). China’s belt and road Initiative and the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of International Business Policy, 3(3), 311-314. https://doi.org/gg7vc7
  • Bugaenko, A. (2020, May 13). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the belt and road initiative in Central Asia. Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/en/impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-belt-and-road-initiative-in-central-asia/
  • Chow, W. (2013, July 5). An anatomy of the world trade network. Hong Kong Economy. https://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/An%20Anatomy%20of%20the%20World%20Trade%20Network%20(July%202013).pdf
  • Clauset A. (2011, September 1). Lecture 3: Inference, models and simulation for complex systems [Lecture Notes]. Santa Fe Institute. http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~aaronc/courses/7000/csci7000-001_2011_L3.pdf
  • Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, Complex Systems, 1695. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/igraph/index.html
  • Csermely, P., London A., Wu, L.Y., & Uzzi, B. (2013). Structure and dynamics of core/periphery networks. Journal of Complex Networks, 1(2), 93-123. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnt016
  • Decarlo, L.T. (1997). On the meaning and the use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2(3), 292-307.
  • Del Rio-Chanona, R.M., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F., & Farmer, J.D. (2020, April 17). Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: An industry and occupation perspective. Covid Economics, 6, 65-103.
  • Estrada, E. (2015). Introduction to complex networks: Structure and dynamics. In J. Banasiak & M. Mokhtar-Kharroubi (Eds.), Evolutionary equations with applications in natural sciences (pp. 93-131). Springer International Publishing.
  • Fu, X. M., Chen, H.X., & Xue, Z.K. (2018). Construction of the belt and road trade cooperation network from the multi-distances perspective. Sustainability, 10(5), 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051439
  • Fuge, M., Tee, K., Agogino, A., & Maton, N. (2014). Analysis of collaborative design networks: A case study of openideo. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 14(2), p. 021009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026510
  • Hein, O., Schwind, M., & König, W. (2006). Scale-free networks – the impact of fat tailed degree distribution on diffusion and communication processes. Wirtschaftsinformatik, 48(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-006-0058-2
  • Hippel, P. (2011). Skewness. In M. Lovric (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_525
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2017, May). Modern İpek Yolu projesi [Modern Silk Road project] (Rapor No. 174). Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Perspektif. http://www.setav.org/assets/uploads/2017/05/174_Perspektif.pdf
  • Kleinberg, J. M. (1999). Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. Journal of the ACM (JACM), 46(5), 604-632. https://doi.org/10.1145/324133.324140
  • Kolaczyk, E. D. (2009). Statistical analysis of network data: Methods and models. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88146-1
  • Li, Y., Peng, Y., Luo, J., Cheng, Y., & Veglianti, E. (2019). Spatial-temporal variation characteristics and evolution of the global industrial robot trade: A complex network analysis. PLoS ONE, 14(9), Article e0222785. https://doi.org/ghr3b6
  • Liu, Z., Tao, W., Sonn, Jung W., & Chen, W. (2018). The structure and evolution of trade relations between countries along the belt and road. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(9), 1233-1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1522-9
  • Machanda, S., Kaleem, H., & Schlorke, S. (2020). AI investments allow emerging markets to develop and expand sophisticated manufacturing capabilities (Issue Brief No. 87). International Finance Corporation. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34851
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2003). Mixing patterns in networks. Pyhsical Review E, 67(2), Article 026126. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.026126
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2008). The physics of networks. Physics Today, 61(11), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3027989
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Networks: An introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
  • OECD. (2009). Applications of complexity science for public policy- new tools for finding unanticipated consequences and unrealized opportunities. http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/43891980.pdf
  • OECD. (2020, June 3). COVID-19 and global value chains: Policy options to build more resilient production networks [Policy Response]. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-global-value-chains-policy-options-to-build-more-resilient-production-networks-04934ef4/
  • Reichardt, J. (2009). Introduction to complex networks. Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-540-87833-9
  • Ruzzenenti, F., Garlaschelli, D., & Basosi, R. (2010). Complex networks and symmetry II: Reciprocity and evolution of world trade. Symmetry, 2(3), 1710-1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym2031710
  • Smith, M., & Gorgoni, S. (2018). Network analysis and the study of international trade and investment. In S. Gorgoni, A. Amighini, & M. Smith (Eds.), Networks of international trade and investment (pp. 25-48). Vernon Press. https://vernonpress.com/index.php/file/6079/5064e8114cb473f8eed60063843ec28e/1528872547.pdf
  • Song, Z., Che, S., & Yang, Y. (2018). The trade network of the belt and road initiative and its topological relationship to the global trade network. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(9), 1249-1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1523-8
  • Strange, R. (2020). The 2020 Covid-19 pandemic and global value chains. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 47(3), 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-020-00162-x
  • Toroczkai, Z. (2005). Complex networks: The challenge of interaction topology. Los Alamos Science, 29, 94-109. https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-04-7345
  • Wisskirchen, G., Biacabe, B.T, Bormann, U., Muntz, A., Niehaus, G., Soler, G. J., & von Brauchitsch, B. (2017, April 4). Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace [Report]. IBA Global Employment Institute. https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=012a3473-007f-4519-827c-7da56d7e3509
  • World Bank. (2020). Research and development expenditure. Retrieved January 2, 2020, from, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS

Covid-19 Ve Dijitalleşme: Kyg Ülkeleri Arasındaki Endüstriyel Robot Ticareti Üzerine Ağ Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 99 - 118, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.822506

Abstract

Pandemi, yaşamımızın bundan sonraki kısmında dijital teknolojilerin kullanımının daha önemli hale geleceğini göstermektedir. Ülkelerin bu ‘yeni normal’e uygun olarak geleceklerini şekillendirmede eyleme geçmeleri gereken böyle bir dünyada, yüksek teknolojili sektörlerde izlenecek politikalar, ülkelerin gelecekte küresel değer zincirindeki pozisyonları üzerinde belirleyici olacaktır. Buna dayanarak bu çalışmada, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimindeki üye ülkeler arasında endüstriyel robotların uluslararası ticareti kompleks ağ araçları ile incelenmektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar uluslararası endüstriyel robot ticaret ağının güç yasası dağılımı, farklılık eğilimlilik, merkez-çevre yapısı gibi birtakım kompleks ağ özellikleri taşıdığını ortaya koymuştur. Sonuçlar ayrıca, girişimin gelişen ülkelerinin kısa dönemde ekonomilerinin dijital dönüşümünü sağlamada, ağda yer alan Güney Kore, Singapur, Avusturya ve İtalya gibi ihracat merkezlerinden yararlanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Baker & McKenzie International. (2020). Beyond Covid-19: Supply chain resilience holds key to recover. https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2020/04/covid19-global-economy.pdf
  • Balcı, Z. (2018, January). Çin’in yeni ‘İpek Yolu’ projesi [China’s new ‘Silk Road’ project] (Research No. 52). İHH İnsani ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://insamer.com/rsm/files/CININIPEKYOLUPROJESI.pdf
  • Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M., & Hwang, D. U. (2006). Complex networks: Structure and dynamics. Physics Reports, 424(4-5), 175-308. https://doi.org/cjpbxz
  • Bocutoğlu, E. (2017). Çin’in “Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol” projesinin ekonomik ve jeopolitik sonuçları üzerine düşünceler [Considerations on the Economic and Geopolitical Consequences of China’s “One Belt-One Road” Project]. In S. Sarı, J. Primbaev, A. H. Gencer, A. Turdalieva, & B. Tufaner (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Eurasian Economies (pp. 265-270). http://avekon.org/papers/1995.pdf
  • Boffa, M. (2018). Trade linkages between the belt and road economies (Working Paper No. 8423). World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29768
  • Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (1999). Models of core/periphery structures. Social Networks, 21(4), 375-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00019-2
  • Bougheas, S., & Kirman, A. (2014). Complex financial networks and systemic risk: A review (Working Paper No. 14/04). Center for Finance, Credit and Macroeconomics. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cfcm/documents/papers/cfcm-2014-04.pdf
  • Buckley, P. J. (2020). China’s belt and road Initiative and the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of International Business Policy, 3(3), 311-314. https://doi.org/gg7vc7
  • Bugaenko, A. (2020, May 13). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the belt and road initiative in Central Asia. Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/en/impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-belt-and-road-initiative-in-central-asia/
  • Chow, W. (2013, July 5). An anatomy of the world trade network. Hong Kong Economy. https://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/An%20Anatomy%20of%20the%20World%20Trade%20Network%20(July%202013).pdf
  • Clauset A. (2011, September 1). Lecture 3: Inference, models and simulation for complex systems [Lecture Notes]. Santa Fe Institute. http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~aaronc/courses/7000/csci7000-001_2011_L3.pdf
  • Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, Complex Systems, 1695. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/igraph/index.html
  • Csermely, P., London A., Wu, L.Y., & Uzzi, B. (2013). Structure and dynamics of core/periphery networks. Journal of Complex Networks, 1(2), 93-123. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnt016
  • Decarlo, L.T. (1997). On the meaning and the use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2(3), 292-307.
  • Del Rio-Chanona, R.M., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F., & Farmer, J.D. (2020, April 17). Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: An industry and occupation perspective. Covid Economics, 6, 65-103.
  • Estrada, E. (2015). Introduction to complex networks: Structure and dynamics. In J. Banasiak & M. Mokhtar-Kharroubi (Eds.), Evolutionary equations with applications in natural sciences (pp. 93-131). Springer International Publishing.
  • Fu, X. M., Chen, H.X., & Xue, Z.K. (2018). Construction of the belt and road trade cooperation network from the multi-distances perspective. Sustainability, 10(5), 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051439
  • Fuge, M., Tee, K., Agogino, A., & Maton, N. (2014). Analysis of collaborative design networks: A case study of openideo. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 14(2), p. 021009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026510
  • Hein, O., Schwind, M., & König, W. (2006). Scale-free networks – the impact of fat tailed degree distribution on diffusion and communication processes. Wirtschaftsinformatik, 48(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-006-0058-2
  • Hippel, P. (2011). Skewness. In M. Lovric (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_525
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2017, May). Modern İpek Yolu projesi [Modern Silk Road project] (Rapor No. 174). Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Perspektif. http://www.setav.org/assets/uploads/2017/05/174_Perspektif.pdf
  • Kleinberg, J. M. (1999). Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. Journal of the ACM (JACM), 46(5), 604-632. https://doi.org/10.1145/324133.324140
  • Kolaczyk, E. D. (2009). Statistical analysis of network data: Methods and models. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88146-1
  • Li, Y., Peng, Y., Luo, J., Cheng, Y., & Veglianti, E. (2019). Spatial-temporal variation characteristics and evolution of the global industrial robot trade: A complex network analysis. PLoS ONE, 14(9), Article e0222785. https://doi.org/ghr3b6
  • Liu, Z., Tao, W., Sonn, Jung W., & Chen, W. (2018). The structure and evolution of trade relations between countries along the belt and road. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(9), 1233-1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1522-9
  • Machanda, S., Kaleem, H., & Schlorke, S. (2020). AI investments allow emerging markets to develop and expand sophisticated manufacturing capabilities (Issue Brief No. 87). International Finance Corporation. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34851
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2003). Mixing patterns in networks. Pyhsical Review E, 67(2), Article 026126. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.026126
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2008). The physics of networks. Physics Today, 61(11), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3027989
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Networks: An introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
  • OECD. (2009). Applications of complexity science for public policy- new tools for finding unanticipated consequences and unrealized opportunities. http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/43891980.pdf
  • OECD. (2020, June 3). COVID-19 and global value chains: Policy options to build more resilient production networks [Policy Response]. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-global-value-chains-policy-options-to-build-more-resilient-production-networks-04934ef4/
  • Reichardt, J. (2009). Introduction to complex networks. Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-540-87833-9
  • Ruzzenenti, F., Garlaschelli, D., & Basosi, R. (2010). Complex networks and symmetry II: Reciprocity and evolution of world trade. Symmetry, 2(3), 1710-1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym2031710
  • Smith, M., & Gorgoni, S. (2018). Network analysis and the study of international trade and investment. In S. Gorgoni, A. Amighini, & M. Smith (Eds.), Networks of international trade and investment (pp. 25-48). Vernon Press. https://vernonpress.com/index.php/file/6079/5064e8114cb473f8eed60063843ec28e/1528872547.pdf
  • Song, Z., Che, S., & Yang, Y. (2018). The trade network of the belt and road initiative and its topological relationship to the global trade network. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(9), 1249-1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1523-8
  • Strange, R. (2020). The 2020 Covid-19 pandemic and global value chains. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 47(3), 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-020-00162-x
  • Toroczkai, Z. (2005). Complex networks: The challenge of interaction topology. Los Alamos Science, 29, 94-109. https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-04-7345
  • Wisskirchen, G., Biacabe, B.T, Bormann, U., Muntz, A., Niehaus, G., Soler, G. J., & von Brauchitsch, B. (2017, April 4). Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace [Report]. IBA Global Employment Institute. https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=012a3473-007f-4519-827c-7da56d7e3509
  • World Bank. (2020). Research and development expenditure. Retrieved January 2, 2020, from, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Semanur Soyyiğit 0000-0002-5679-6875

Ercan Eren 0000-0003-4513-278X

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Soyyiğit, S., & Eren, E. (2020). Covid-19 and Digitalization: Network Analysis On Industrial Robots Trade Among The Bri Countries. Yildiz Social Science Review, 6(2), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.822506