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MACRO DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 423 - 447, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.635704

Öz

Besides the studies investigating the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth, the factors that affect the amount of expenditure is an important question for the researchers. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the macro determinants of health expenditures and the differences of these factors for countries in different income groups. In this study, annual data from 139 countries were used for the 2000-2015 period obtained from the World Bank Development Indicators database. In addition to the general panel data set, four different data sets, high, upper middle, lower middle and low income, were used to investigate how the health expenditure determinants change according to the development level of the countries. In this study, per capita income, public expenditures, population over 65 and under 14 years of age, life expectancy, maternal mortality rates and the effect of urban population on health expenditures were investigated considering the studies in the literature. As a result of the study, a positive correlation was found between health expenditures and per capita income, public expenditures and population over 65 years, and a negative correlation between maternal mortality and under 14 years of age for the overall country set. Consistent results regarding life expectancy and urbanization could not be obtained. When the results were examined in terms of income groups, it was found that the relationship between health expenditures and the variables discussed differed according to these sub-groups.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, F., & Hiemenz, U. (2011). Determinants of public health expenditures in Pakistan. (Center for Development Research (ZEF) Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 158).
  • Alpugan, O. (1984). Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Ekonomik Açıdan İncelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 40(1-4), 133-160.
  • Ang, J. B. (2010). The determinants of health care expenditure in Australia. Applied Economic Letters, 17(7), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802297868
  • Bailey, R. M. (1969). An Economist’s View of the Health Services Industry. Inquiry, 6(1), 3–18.
  • Bakare, A. S., & Olubokun, S. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria : an empirical study. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(2), 83–87.
  • Baltagi, B. H., ve Moscone, F. (2010). Health care expenditure and income in the OECD reconsidered: Evidence from panel data. Economic Modelling, 27(4), 804–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2009.12.001
  • Barkat, K., Alsamara, M., ve Mrabet, Z. (2016). Does Official Development Assistance for health from developed countries displace government health expenditure in Sub-Saharan countries? Economics Bulletin, 36(3). http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2016/Volume36/EB-16-V36-I3-P159.pdf. 12.08.2019
  • Barkat, K., Sbia, R., ve Maouchi, Y. (2019). Empirical evidence on the long and short run determinants of health expenditure in the Arab world. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.009
  • Barro, R. J. (2013). Health and Economic Growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(2), 329–366
  • Barros, P., (1998). The black box of health care expenditure growth determinants. Health Economics, 7, pp.533-544.
  • Benoit, E. (1968). The Monetary and Real Costs of National Defense. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 398–416. Blomqvist, Å. G., ve Carter, R. A. L. (1997). Is health care really a luxury? Journal of Health Economics, 16(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(96)00534-6
  • Boachie, M. K., Mensah, I. O., Sobiesuo, P., Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A. A., & Kyei-Brobbey, I. (2014). Determinants of public health expenditure in Ghana: A cointegration analysis. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, 2(2), 35-40.
  • Brockwell, P. J., & Davis, R. A. (2016). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting. Springer.
  • Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cohen, W. J. (1959). Trends and Issues in Social Welfare Expenditures and Programs. Journal of Public Health, 49(10), 1299–1306. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.49.10.1299
  • Çetin, M. A., & Bakırtaş, İ. (2019). Does urbanization induce the health expenditures? A dynamic macro-panel analysis for developing countries. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (61), 208-222.
  • Çeti̇n, M., & Ecevi̇t, E. (2011). Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166–182.
  • Di Matteo, L. (2003). The income elasticity of health care spending. The European Journal of Health Economics, 4(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-002-0141-6
  • Di Matteo, L. ve Di Matteo, R. (1998). Evidence on the Determinants of Canadian Provincial Government Health Expenditures: 1965–1991. Journal of Health Economics, 17(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00020-9
  • Dunham, G. C. (1945). Today’s Global Frontiers in Public Health. American Journal of Public Health and The Natıon’s Health, 35(2), 89–95.
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., & Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Academic Researches and Studies, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Enders, W. (2008). Applied econometric time series. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Felix, D. (1960). Structural Imbalances, Social Conflict, and Inflation: An Appraisal of Chile’s Recent Anti-Inflationary Effort. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 8(2), 113–147.
  • Gerdtham, U.G., Sogaard, J., et al., (1992). An econometric analysis of health care expenditure: A cross-section study of the OECD countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11(1), pp.63-84.
  • Halıcı-Tülüce, N. S., Doğan, İ., ve Dumrul, C. (2016). Is income relevant for health expenditure and economic growth nexus?. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 16(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-015-9179-8
  • Hitiris, T., ve Posnett, J. (1992). The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(92)90033-W
  • Jaba, E., Balan, C. B., ve Robu, I.-B. (2014). The Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures Estimated by a Cross-country and Time-series Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00454-7
  • Jönsson, B., ve Eckerlund, I. (2003). Why do different countries spend different amounts on health care? A Disease-based Comparison of Health Systems What is Best and at what Cost?: What is Best and at what Cost? (ss. 107–119). OECD Publishing.
  • Kamaci, A., ve Yazici, H. U. (2017). OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 6(2), 52–69.
  • Lago-Peñas, S., Cantarero-Prieto, D., ve Blázquez-Fernández, C. (2013). On The Relationship Between GDP and Health Care Expenditure: A New Look. Economic Modelling, 32, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.01.021
  • Lütkepohl, H., Krätzig, M., & Phillips, P. C. (Eds.). (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics. Cambridge university press.
  • Matteo, L. D. (2004). What Drives Provincial Health Expenditure?. Canadian Tax Journal/ Revue fiscale canadienne Canadian Tax Journal, 52(4), 1102-1120.
  • Merriam, I. C. (1966). Social Welfare Expenditures 1965-1966. Social Security Bulletin, 29(12), 9–21.
  • Moscone, F., ve Tosetti, E. (2010). Health Expenditure and Income in the United States. Health Economics, 19(12), 1385–1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1552
  • Mushkin, S. J. (1958). Toward a Definition of Health Economics. Public Health Reports, 73(9), 785–794.
  • N. T. Wang. (1955). Some Problems of International Comparison of Public Social Expenditures. Indian Economic Review, 2(3), 23-52.
  • Newhouse, J. P. (1977). Medical-Care Expenditure: A Cross-National Survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/145602
  • OECD. (2002, April 16). OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms—Dependent population ratio Definition. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from Glossary of Statistical Terms website: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=587
  • Okunade, A. A., Karakus, M. C., ve Okeke, C. (2004). Determinants of Health Expenditure Growth of the OECD Countries: Jackknife Resampling Plan Estimates. Health Care Management Science, 7(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HCMS.0000039380.42784.20
  • Pan, J., & Liu, G. G. (2012). The determinants of Chinese provincial government health expenditures: Evidence from 2002-2006 data. Health Economics, 21, 757-777.
  • Peacock, A. T. ve Wiseman, J. (1961). The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom (National Bureau of Economic Research Series No. 72; pp. 134–149). http://www.nber.org/books/peac61-1. 28.09.2019
  • Rahman, M. (2011). Causal Relationship among Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure and GDP: A Case Study for Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v3n3p149
  • Sagarik, D. (2016). Determinants of Health Expenditures in ASEAN Region: Theory and Evidence. Millennial Asia, 7(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399615624054
  • Samadi, A., ve Homaie Rad, E. (2013). Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.10
  • The World Bank. (2013, February 22). Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) | Data Catalog. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/age-dependency-ratio-working-age-population
  • The World Health Organization. (2018, May 2). Ageing and health. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
  • Thornton, J. A, & Rice, J. L. (2008). Determinants of healthcare spending: A state level analysis. Applied Economics, 40(22), 2873-2889.
  • Weisbrod, B. A. (1962). Education and Investment in Human Capital. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 106–123.
  • Xu, K., Saksena, P., & Holly, A. (2011). The determinants of health expenditure: a country-level panel data analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 26.
  • Yavuz, N. C., & Yilanci, V. (2013). Convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions among G7 countries: a TAR panel unit root approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 54(2), 283-291.
  • Yorulmaz, Ö. (2016). Can Healthcare Ever be Less Than A Necessity in Mena Countries? A Semiparametric Estimation of The Relationship Between Healthcare Expenditure and GDP. Quality & Quantity, 50(3), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0201-5

GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERDE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARININ MAKRO BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: DİNAMİK PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 423 - 447, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.635704

Öz

Sağlık harcamaları alanında literatürde yapılmış birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Çoğunlukla, sağlık harcamalarının iktisadi büyümeyle olan ilişkisi, araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiştir. Ancak, harcama miktarının hangi faktörlerden etkilendiği sorusunun cevabı, en az harcama-büyüme ilişkisi kadar önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı; sağlık harcamalarının makro belirleyicilerinin tanımlanması ve farklı gelir grubunda yer alan ülkeler için bu etkenlerin farklılıklarının tespit edilmesidir. Çalışmada, Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri veri tabanından elde edilen 2000-2015 dönemi için 139 ülkeye ait yıllık veriler kullanılmıştır. Genel panel veri setinin yanında sağlık harcamaları belirleyicilerinin ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre nasıl değiştiğinin de araştırılması amacıyla Dünya Bankası’nın 2019 yılına ait “gelir grubuna göre ülke sınıflandırmasından” yararlanılmış ve yüksek, üst orta, alt orta ve düşük gelir grubu olmak üzere dört farklı veri seti oluşturularak model yeniden test edilmiştir. Çalışmada, literatürde yer alan çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurularak; kişi başı gelirin, kamu harcamalarının, 65 yaş üstü ve 14 yaş altı nüfus oranlarının, yaşam beklentisinin, anne ölüm oranlarının ve kentsel nüfusun, sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, ele alınan genel ülke seti için sağlık harcamalarıyla, kişi başı gelir, kamu harcamaları ve 65 yaş üstü nüfus oranı değişkenleri arasında pozitif, 14 yaş altı nüfus oranı ve anne ölüm oranları arasında ise negatif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Yaşam beklentisi ve kentleşmeyle ilgili tutarlı sonuçlar elde edilememiştir. Gelir grupları açısından sonuçlar incelendiğinde ise, sağlık harcamaları ve ele alınan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin bu alt gruplara göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, F., & Hiemenz, U. (2011). Determinants of public health expenditures in Pakistan. (Center for Development Research (ZEF) Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 158).
  • Alpugan, O. (1984). Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Ekonomik Açıdan İncelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 40(1-4), 133-160.
  • Ang, J. B. (2010). The determinants of health care expenditure in Australia. Applied Economic Letters, 17(7), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802297868
  • Bailey, R. M. (1969). An Economist’s View of the Health Services Industry. Inquiry, 6(1), 3–18.
  • Bakare, A. S., & Olubokun, S. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria : an empirical study. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(2), 83–87.
  • Baltagi, B. H., ve Moscone, F. (2010). Health care expenditure and income in the OECD reconsidered: Evidence from panel data. Economic Modelling, 27(4), 804–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2009.12.001
  • Barkat, K., Alsamara, M., ve Mrabet, Z. (2016). Does Official Development Assistance for health from developed countries displace government health expenditure in Sub-Saharan countries? Economics Bulletin, 36(3). http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2016/Volume36/EB-16-V36-I3-P159.pdf. 12.08.2019
  • Barkat, K., Sbia, R., ve Maouchi, Y. (2019). Empirical evidence on the long and short run determinants of health expenditure in the Arab world. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.009
  • Barro, R. J. (2013). Health and Economic Growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(2), 329–366
  • Barros, P., (1998). The black box of health care expenditure growth determinants. Health Economics, 7, pp.533-544.
  • Benoit, E. (1968). The Monetary and Real Costs of National Defense. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 398–416. Blomqvist, Å. G., ve Carter, R. A. L. (1997). Is health care really a luxury? Journal of Health Economics, 16(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(96)00534-6
  • Boachie, M. K., Mensah, I. O., Sobiesuo, P., Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A. A., & Kyei-Brobbey, I. (2014). Determinants of public health expenditure in Ghana: A cointegration analysis. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, 2(2), 35-40.
  • Brockwell, P. J., & Davis, R. A. (2016). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting. Springer.
  • Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cohen, W. J. (1959). Trends and Issues in Social Welfare Expenditures and Programs. Journal of Public Health, 49(10), 1299–1306. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.49.10.1299
  • Çetin, M. A., & Bakırtaş, İ. (2019). Does urbanization induce the health expenditures? A dynamic macro-panel analysis for developing countries. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (61), 208-222.
  • Çeti̇n, M., & Ecevi̇t, E. (2011). Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166–182.
  • Di Matteo, L. (2003). The income elasticity of health care spending. The European Journal of Health Economics, 4(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-002-0141-6
  • Di Matteo, L. ve Di Matteo, R. (1998). Evidence on the Determinants of Canadian Provincial Government Health Expenditures: 1965–1991. Journal of Health Economics, 17(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00020-9
  • Dunham, G. C. (1945). Today’s Global Frontiers in Public Health. American Journal of Public Health and The Natıon’s Health, 35(2), 89–95.
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., & Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Academic Researches and Studies, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Enders, W. (2008). Applied econometric time series. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Felix, D. (1960). Structural Imbalances, Social Conflict, and Inflation: An Appraisal of Chile’s Recent Anti-Inflationary Effort. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 8(2), 113–147.
  • Gerdtham, U.G., Sogaard, J., et al., (1992). An econometric analysis of health care expenditure: A cross-section study of the OECD countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11(1), pp.63-84.
  • Halıcı-Tülüce, N. S., Doğan, İ., ve Dumrul, C. (2016). Is income relevant for health expenditure and economic growth nexus?. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 16(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-015-9179-8
  • Hitiris, T., ve Posnett, J. (1992). The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(92)90033-W
  • Jaba, E., Balan, C. B., ve Robu, I.-B. (2014). The Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures Estimated by a Cross-country and Time-series Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00454-7
  • Jönsson, B., ve Eckerlund, I. (2003). Why do different countries spend different amounts on health care? A Disease-based Comparison of Health Systems What is Best and at what Cost?: What is Best and at what Cost? (ss. 107–119). OECD Publishing.
  • Kamaci, A., ve Yazici, H. U. (2017). OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 6(2), 52–69.
  • Lago-Peñas, S., Cantarero-Prieto, D., ve Blázquez-Fernández, C. (2013). On The Relationship Between GDP and Health Care Expenditure: A New Look. Economic Modelling, 32, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.01.021
  • Lütkepohl, H., Krätzig, M., & Phillips, P. C. (Eds.). (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics. Cambridge university press.
  • Matteo, L. D. (2004). What Drives Provincial Health Expenditure?. Canadian Tax Journal/ Revue fiscale canadienne Canadian Tax Journal, 52(4), 1102-1120.
  • Merriam, I. C. (1966). Social Welfare Expenditures 1965-1966. Social Security Bulletin, 29(12), 9–21.
  • Moscone, F., ve Tosetti, E. (2010). Health Expenditure and Income in the United States. Health Economics, 19(12), 1385–1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1552
  • Mushkin, S. J. (1958). Toward a Definition of Health Economics. Public Health Reports, 73(9), 785–794.
  • N. T. Wang. (1955). Some Problems of International Comparison of Public Social Expenditures. Indian Economic Review, 2(3), 23-52.
  • Newhouse, J. P. (1977). Medical-Care Expenditure: A Cross-National Survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/145602
  • OECD. (2002, April 16). OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms—Dependent population ratio Definition. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from Glossary of Statistical Terms website: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=587
  • Okunade, A. A., Karakus, M. C., ve Okeke, C. (2004). Determinants of Health Expenditure Growth of the OECD Countries: Jackknife Resampling Plan Estimates. Health Care Management Science, 7(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HCMS.0000039380.42784.20
  • Pan, J., & Liu, G. G. (2012). The determinants of Chinese provincial government health expenditures: Evidence from 2002-2006 data. Health Economics, 21, 757-777.
  • Peacock, A. T. ve Wiseman, J. (1961). The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom (National Bureau of Economic Research Series No. 72; pp. 134–149). http://www.nber.org/books/peac61-1. 28.09.2019
  • Rahman, M. (2011). Causal Relationship among Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure and GDP: A Case Study for Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v3n3p149
  • Sagarik, D. (2016). Determinants of Health Expenditures in ASEAN Region: Theory and Evidence. Millennial Asia, 7(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399615624054
  • Samadi, A., ve Homaie Rad, E. (2013). Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.10
  • The World Bank. (2013, February 22). Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) | Data Catalog. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/age-dependency-ratio-working-age-population
  • The World Health Organization. (2018, May 2). Ageing and health. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
  • Thornton, J. A, & Rice, J. L. (2008). Determinants of healthcare spending: A state level analysis. Applied Economics, 40(22), 2873-2889.
  • Weisbrod, B. A. (1962). Education and Investment in Human Capital. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 106–123.
  • Xu, K., Saksena, P., & Holly, A. (2011). The determinants of health expenditure: a country-level panel data analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 26.
  • Yavuz, N. C., & Yilanci, V. (2013). Convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions among G7 countries: a TAR panel unit root approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 54(2), 283-291.
  • Yorulmaz, Ö. (2016). Can Healthcare Ever be Less Than A Necessity in Mena Countries? A Semiparametric Estimation of The Relationship Between Healthcare Expenditure and GDP. Quality & Quantity, 50(3), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0201-5
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Taha Eğri 0000-0001-9069-2677

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Eğri, T. (2019). GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERDE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARININ MAKRO BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: DİNAMİK PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 423-447. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.635704

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