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Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 208 - 235, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.734644

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, drenaj alanı ve deşarj bakımından dünyanın en büyük akarsuyu olan, Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda sürdürülebilir sosyoekonomik kalkınmayı tehdit eden unsurların neler olduğunu belirlemektir. Araştırma kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak konuyla ilgili veriler temin edilmiştir. Metin analizi yöntemiyle gözden geçirilen bu verilerden şu sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır: Brezilya başta olmak üzere Amazon ülkeleri, ilgili havzada çevresel açıdan büyük riskler taşıyan, devasa hidroelektrik santralleri (HES), tarım projeleri ve madencilik faaliyetlerini yapmış ve yapmak istemektedir. Bu kalkınma stratejisi aynı şekilde devam ettiği takdirde, dünyanın akciğerleri olarak nitelendirilen, Amazon Yağmur Ormanları’nın önemli bir kısmı yarım yüzyıl içinde yok olabilir. Ayrıca havzada hem çok sayıda hem de büyük ölçekte yapılan barajlar, ormanlık alanları sular altında bırakarak buraları hem metan gazı üreten ve hem de salan yerler haline getirmektedir. Bunların bir sonucu olarak havzada, doğanın ikazı mahiyetinde, birtakım olumsuz olaylar meydana gelmeye başlamıştır. Çok geç olmadan bu uyarılar dikkate alınmazsa, havzada yaşayanlar verilen tahribatın zararlı sonuçlarına afetler yoluyla daha belirgin bir şekilde maruz kalmaya başlayacaktır. Afetlerin ekonomiye vereceği zarar da havzadaki kalkınmayı olumsuz bir şekilde etkileyecektir. Bu nedenle havza ülkelerinin, sürdürülebilir bir sosyoekonomik büyüme için, çok geç olmadan kalkınma stratejilerini bir kez daha gözden geçirmeleri faydalı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

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Factors Threatening Sustainable Socioeconomic Development in the Amazon River Basin

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 208 - 235, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.734644

Öz

The aim of this research is to determine the factors that threaten sustainable socioeconomic development in the Amazon River Basin, the world's largest river in terms of drainage area and discharge. Within the scope of the research, the literature was scanned and data on the subject were obtained. From these data reviewed by the text analysis method, the following conclusions were reached: Amazon countries, especially Brazil, have done and want to do huge hydroelectric power plants (HEPP), agricultural projects and mining activities that carry enormous environmental risks in the relevant basin. If this development strategy continues in the same way, a significant part of the Amazon Rainforest, which is described as the lungs of the world, could disappear in half a century. In addition, dams constructed both in numerous of and large scale in the basin leave the forested areas under water and make them both methane gas producing and releasing places. As a result of these, some negative events have started to occur in the basin as a warning of nature. If these warnings are not taken into consideration before it is too late, the inhabitants of the basin will begin to be exposed to the harmful consequences of the destruction more clearly through disasters. The damage of the disasters to the economy will also negatively affect development in the basin. Therefore, it would be beneficial for the basin countries to review their development strategies once again before it is too late for a sustainable socioeconomic growth. 

Kaynakça

  • Aguirre, M. (2014). What Future for Peru’s Marañón River?. World Rivers Review, Volume: 29, No: 2, 7.
  • Amazon Institute for Environmental Research. (2017). A Pathway to Zero Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Belem: IPAM.
  • Andrade, M.M.N., Bandeira, I.C.N., Fonseca, D.D.F.,Bezerra, P.E.S., Andrade, A.S., Oliveira, R.S. (2017). Flood Risk Mapping in the Amazon. Flood Risk Management, 41-54. Rijeka: Intech.
  • Asnera, G. P., Llactayob, W., Tupayachia, R., Lunac, E. R. (2013). Elevated rates of gold mining in the Amazon revealed through high-resolution monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 18454-18459. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318271110
  • Contos, J. and Tripcevich, N. (2014). Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage. Area, 46(1), 27-39. doi: 10.1111/area.12069
  • do Nascimento, F. S. (2015). Manejo Integrado e Sustentável Dos Recursos Hídricos Transfronteiriços Da Bacia Do Rio Amazonas Considerando a Variabilidade e a Mudança Climática. Brasília: OTCA, GEF, PNUMA.
  • Ertek, A. (1991). Amerika. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 3, 30-37. Ankara: TDV İSAM.
  • European Commission. (2007). Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. Official Journal of the European Union, 15(1), 27-34.
  • Fearnside, P. M. (1989). Brazil’s Balbina Dam: Environment versus the legacy of the Pharaohs in Amazonia. Environmental Management, 13(4), 401-423. doi: 10.1007/BF01867675
  • Fearnside, P. M. (1991). Environmental Destruction Social in the Brazilian Amazon, Hall A. and Goodman, D. (Ed.). The Future of Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainable Development?. Springer, 1.
  • Fearnside, P. M. (2005), Brazil’s Samuel Dam: Lessons for Hydroelectric Development Policy and the Environment in Amazonia. Environmental Management, 35(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0100-3
  • Fearnside, P. M. (2006). Dams in the Amazon: Belo Monte and Brazil’s Hydroelectric Development of the Xingu River Basin. Environmental Management 38(1), 16-27. doi: 10.1007/s00267-005-00113-6
  • Fearnside, P. M. (2014). Viewpoint-Brazil’s Madeira River Dams: A Setback for Environmental Policy in Amazonian Development. Water Alternative, 7(1), 256-269.
  • Fearnside, P. M. (2015). Amazon dams and waterways: Brazil’s Tapajós Basin plans. Ambio, 44(5), 426-439. doi: 10.1007/s13280-015-0642-z
  • Fearnside, P. M. (2015). Brazil’s São Luiz do Tapajós Dam: The Art of Cosmetic Environmental Impact Assessments. Water Alternatives, 8(3), 373-396.
  • Filho, H. M. (2000). Steps taken in the Brazilian Energy and Transportation Sectors that contribute to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC. Workshop on Best Practices in Policies and Measures, Copenhagen, 1-10.
  • Global Witness. (2016). 2015’s Deadly Environment: The Killing And Criminalization Of Land And Environmental Defenders Worldwide. London.
  • Goulding, M., Barthem R., Ferreira, E. (2003). The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon. Washington: Smithsonian Books.
  • Guyot, J. L., Bazan, H., Fraizy, P., Ordonez, J. J., Armijos, E. & Laraque, A. (2007). Suspended sediment yields in the Amazon Basin of Peru: A first estimation. Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century, IAHS Publications: 314.
  • Gümrükçüoğlu, M. ve Baştürk, O. (2008, Mart). Sürdürülebilir Su Yönetiminde Nehir Kirliliği Üzerine Bir Çalışma. TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Mattar, C., Barichivich, J., Santamaría-Artigas, A., Takahashi, K., Malhi, Y., Sobrino, J. A., van der Schrier, G. (2016). Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015–2016. Scientific Reports, 6(33130). doi: 10.1038/srep33130 (2016)
  • Karaman, A. (1996). Sürdürülebilir Turizm Planlaması İçin Ekolojik Bir Çerçeve. Sürdürülebilir Turizm; Turizm Planlamasına Ekolojik Yaklaşım, 19. Dünya Şehircilik Günü Kolokyumu, Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Kemenes, A., Forsberg, B. R., Melack, J. M. (2007). Methane release below a tropical hydroelectric dam. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(12), 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029479
  • Linhares, D. P., da Silva, J. M., Lima, T. R., de Oliveira, R. C., de Oliveira Gomes, J. P., Bastos, W. R., da Silveira, E. G. (2005). Mercury Concentration In Margin Soil Of The Madeira River. Sociedade & Natureza, 369-379.
  • Marengo, J. A., Nobre, C. A., Tomasella, J. (2008). The Drought of Amazonia in 2005. Journal of Climate, 21, 495-516. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1600.1
  • Özmehmet, E. (2012). Dünyada ve Türkiye Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Yaklaşımları. Journal of Yaşar University, 3(12), 1-23.
  • Padmalal, D., Maya, K. (2014). Sand Mining: Environmental Impacts and Selected Case Studies. Dordrecht: Springer.
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  • Rodrigues, L. M. S. P. & Maciel, J. S. C., (2017). The Use of Naturel Fiber as a Barrier to Garbage in Amazon Urban Rivers, Brebbia, C.A., Longhurst, J., Marco, E., Booth, C. (Ed.). Sustainable Development and Planning IX. WIT Press.
  • Ronchail, J., Guyot, J. L., Espinoza Villar, J. C., Fraizy, P., Cochonneau, G., De Oliveira, E., Filizola, N., Ordenez, J. J. (2006). Impact of the Amazon tributaries on major floods at Óbidos, Climate Variability and Change-Hydrological Impacts, IAHS Publication: 308.
  • Rosa, L. P., dos Santos, M. A., Matvienko, B., dos Santos, E. O., Sikar, E. (2004). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Reservoirs in Tropical Regions. Climatic Change, 66(1-2), 9-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000043158.52222.ee
  • Rowland, L., da Costa, A. C. L., Galbraith, D. R., Oliveira, R. S., Binks, O. J., de Oliveira, A. A. R., Pullen, A. M., Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D., Vasconcelos, S. S., Ferreira, L. V., Malhi, Y., Grace, J., Mencuccini, M., Meir, P. (2015). Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation. Nature, 528(7580), 119-122. doi: 10.1038/nature15539
  • Sailing Directions. (2004). East Coast of South America Enroute. Los Angeles Culver City: ProStar Publications.
  • Santini, W., Martinez, J. M., Espinoza-Villar, R., Cochonneau, G., Vauchel, P., Moquet, J. S., Baby, P., Espinoza, J. C., Lavado, W., Carranza, J. & Guyot, J. L. (2014). Sediment budget in the Ucayali River basin, an Andean tributary of the Amazon River. Sediment Dynamics from the Summit to the Sea, IAHS Publications: 367, 320-325. doi:10.5194/piahs-367-320-2015
  • Satyamurty, P., da Costa, C. P. W., Manzi, A. O., Candido, L. A. (2013). A quick look at the 2012 record flood in the Amazon Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(7), 1396-1401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50245
  • Tollefson, J. (2011). A struggle for power. Nature, No: 479, 160-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/479160a
  • Tolunay, A., Akyol A. (2006). Kalkınma ve Kırsal Kalkınma: Temel Kavramlar ve Tanımlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, A(2), 116-127.
  • UNEP & IBAMA. (2002). Geo Brazil 2002. Brasilia: IBAMA Editions.
  • UNEP. (2010). Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. Osaka/Shiga: UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre.
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  • URL 2, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Amazon_River, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 3, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7021/amazon-river-in-the-atlantic-ocean, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 4, https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n-river, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 5, https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/tapaj%C3%B3s-basin, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 6, https://www.esbr.com.br/a-usina#caracteristicas, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 7, https://www.santoantonioenergia.com.br/hidreletrica-santo-antonio-gerou-34-milhoes-de-megawatts-hora-em-cinco-anos-de-operacao/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 8, https://www.copel.com/uhecolider/noticia.jsp?not=%2Fuhecolider%2Fpagcopel2.nsf%2Fdocs%2F49A1B99451B76E56032578B00068AD22, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 9, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/15/brazil-giant-hydropower-dams-risk-destroying-amazon-greenpeace-tapajos-river, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 10, http://dams-info.org/pt/dams/view/sao-luiz-do-tapajos/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 11, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/03/brazil-dam-activists-war-military, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 12, https://www.greenpeace.org/brasil/blog/hidreletrica-no-tapajos-esta-cancelada/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 13, http://dams-info.org/pt/dams/view/jatoba/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 14, http://dams-info.org/pt/dams/view/chacorao/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 15, http://www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/Contrato/Documentos_Aplicacao/Contrato%20Belo%20Monte.pdf (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 16, https://medium.com/greenpeace/in-brazil-dams-threaten-rivers-the-environment-and-peoples-lives-d748f2f20288, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 17, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38391377, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 18, https://www.dw.com/en/concerns-about-methane-plague-brazils-belo-monte-dam/a-15367464, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 19, https://www.evrensel.net/haber/257207/brezilyanin-yerli-amazonlari-belo-monte-baraji-altinda-eziliyor, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 20, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/08/brazil-rousseff-corruption-belo-monte-dam?CMP=twt_a-environment_b-gdneco, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 21, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 22, https://www.sabah.com.tr/dunya/2009/11/16/peruda_yagmur_ormani_savasini_yerliler_kazandi, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 23, http://www.radikal.com.tr/dunya/amazonlarda-perunun-tiananmen-meydani-939975/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 24, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yorum/perulu-yerlilerin-enerji-yasasina-isyani-939496/, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
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  • URL 26, https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/9022, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 27, https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/new-maps-project-potential-flooded-areas-of-dams-in-the-mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n-river-basin-8271, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
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  • URL 29, https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/media/Documents/Geography/MRN-AQA-GCSE-Geography-EP-answers.pdf?ext=.pdf, (Son Erişim: 03.11.2020)
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  • URL 37, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-oil-spill/peru-pipeline-leaks-in-amazon-two-rivers-polluted-agency-says-idUSKCN0VW064, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
  • URL 38, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/47693/brazils-negro-river-reaches-record-low, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
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  • URL 40, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-10/44-dead-126000-homeless-in-brazil-floods/1677842, (Son Erişim: 07.05.2020)
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Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Şahbaz 0000-0002-4808-0746

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahbaz, H. (2020). Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 3(2), 208-235. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.734644
AMA Şahbaz H. Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Kasım 2020;3(2):208-235. doi:10.35341/afet.734644
Chicago Şahbaz, Hüseyin. “Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Kasım 2020): 208-35. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.734644.
EndNote Şahbaz H (01 Kasım 2020) Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 3 2 208–235.
IEEE H. Şahbaz, “Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 208–235, 2020, doi: 10.35341/afet.734644.
ISNAD Şahbaz, Hüseyin. “Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 3/2 (Kasım 2020), 208-235. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.734644.
JAMA Şahbaz H. Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2020;3:208–235.
MLA Şahbaz, Hüseyin. “Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 208-35, doi:10.35341/afet.734644.
Vancouver Şahbaz H. Amazon Nehri Havzası’nda Sürdürülebilir Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmayı Tehdit Eden Unsurlar. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2020;3(2):208-35.