Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

TRANSGENERATIONAL SUCCESSION OF FAMILY FIRMS: A RESEARCH REGARDING SUCCESSORS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 473 - 501, 30.08.2021

Mehmet Yetkin Yasin Çakırel

Öz

          Family businesses have a significant share in terms of private sector and they have an essential place not only in Turkey’s economy but also in the whole world. In order to grow and sustain their lives, they need to apply long term-policies and organize their structures accordingly. These businesses cannot survive due to social reasons such as economic, cultural or individual behavioral differences. At this stage, the notion of succession plays a fundamental role for the future of a family business. However, the next generation’s point of view about the subject is not known and the founders’ approaches can be more dominant. Hence, a holistic approach to the aforementioned topic is much appreciated by reflecting both founders’ and successors’ views for a robust process. In this study, where qualitative research method is adopted, it is aimed to explain what are the factors that can prevent sustainability by examining the succession process in the context of generations and to be able to offer solutions. Interviews were performed with the owners of family businesses in Kirklareli, and their opinions were received on the subject. According to the findings obtained the characteristics of the generation that the founder and successors belong to affect their behavioral attitudes and play a determining role in regard of the sustainability of the business.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Family Firms

Kaynakça

  • Alcorn, P. (1982). Success and Survival in the Family-Owned Firm. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Allen , I., ve Langowitz , N. (2003). Women In Family Owned Businesses. Babson Park : Center for Women's Leadership at Babson College.
  • Altıntuğ, N. (2012). “Kuşaktan Kuşağa Tüketim Olgusu ve Geleceğin Tüketici Profili”, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, C. 4, S. 1, ss. 203-212.
  • Anderson, R. ve Reeb, D. (2003). “Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500”, Journal of Finance, C. 58, S. 3, ss. 1301-1328.
  • Arksey, H. ve Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for Social Scientists. London : Sage Publications.
  • Aronoff, C. (2004). “Self‐Perpetuation Family Organization Built on Values: Necessary Condition for Long‐Term Family Business Survival”, Family Business Review, C. 17, S. 1, ss. 55-59.
  • Astrachan, J., Klein, S., ve Smyrnios, K. (2002). “The F-PEC scale of family influence: A proposal for solving the family business definition problem”, Family Business Review, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 45-58.
  • Ayhün Erden, S. (2013). “Kuşaklararasındaki Farklılıklar ve Örgütsel Yansımaları”, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 2, S. 1, ss. 93-112.
  • Ballal, J. ve Bapat, V. (2019). “How Does Family Succession Impact Family Firms' Innovation?”, Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, C. 8, S. 2, ss. 302-324
  • Baltacı, A. (2017). “Nitel Veri Analizinde Miles-Huberman Modeli”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 3, S. 1, ss. 1-15.
  • Becker, H. (1958). “Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation”, American Sociological Review, C. 23, S. 6, ss. 652- 660.
  • Beckhard, R. ve Burke, W. (1983). “Preface”, Organizational Dynamics, C. 12, S. 12.
  • Berg, K., ve Latin, R. (2008). Essentials of Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science and Recreation (3rd ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
  • Bjuggren, P. ve Sund, L. (2001). “Strategic Decision Making in Intergenerational Successions of Small- and Medium-Size Family- Owned Businesses”, Family Business Review, C. 14, S. 1, ss. 11-24.
  • Blaikie, N. (2009). Designing Social Research (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1996). “On the Family as a Realized Category”, Theory, Culture & Society, C. 13, S. 3, ss. 19-26.
  • Brockhaus, R. (2004). “Family Business Succession: Suggestions for Future Research”, Family Business Review, C. 17, S. 2, ss. 165-177.
  • Buchholz, B., Crane, M. ve Nager, R. (2000). 101 Toughest Questions About Family Business. Paramus, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
  • Burkart, M., Panunzi, F. ve Shleife, A. (2003). “Family Firms”, Journal of Finance, C. 58, S. 5, ss. 2167-2201.
  • Chua, J., Chirsman, J. ve Bergiel, E. (2009). “An Agency Theoretic Analyisis of the Professionalized Family Firm”, Entrepreneurship, Theory & Practice, C. 33, S. 2, ss. 355-372.
  • Chua, J., Chrisman, J. ve Sharma, P. (1999). “Defining the Family Business by Behaviour”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, C. 23, S. 4, ss. 19-40.
  • Church, R., Fishlow, A., Fligstein, N., Hughes, T., Kocka, J., Morikawa, H. ve Scherer, F. M. (1990). “Review: "Scale and Scope": A Review Colloquium”, The Business History Review, C. 64, S. 4,ss. 690-735.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Reserach: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage .
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R. ve Yıldırım, E. (2017). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri SPSS Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Çelik, A., Soysal, A. ve Alıcı, S. (2004). “Aile İşletmelerinde Kuşak Çatışmasından Kaynaklanan Yönetim Sorunları: K. Maraş Örneği”. 1.Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi (17-18 Nisan 2004) Kongre Kitabı. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2004, ss. 189-201.
  • D'Allura, G., Colli, A. ve Goel, S. (2019). Family Firms and Institutional Contexts: Business Models, Innovation and Competitive Advantage. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
  • Dascher, P. ve Jens, W. (1999). “Executive Briefing: Family Business Succession Planning”, Business Horizons , C. 42, S. 5, ss. 2-4.
  • DeAngelo, H. ve DeAngelo, L. (2000). “Controlling Stockholders and The Disciplinary Role of Corporate Payout Policy: A Study of The Times Mirror Company”, Journal of Financial Economics, C. 56, ss. 153-207.
  • Demsetz, H. ve Lehn, K. (1985). “The Structure of Corporate Ownership: Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Political Economy, C. 93, S.6, ss. 1155-1177.
  • Dimock, M. (2019). “Fact Tank: News In the Numbers”,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where- millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/, (Erişim: 11.09.2019).
  • Donnelly, R. (1964). “The Family Business”, Harvard Business Review, C.42, S. 4, ss. 93-105.
  • Dyck, B., Mauws, M., Starke, F. A. Ve Mischke, G. A. (2002). “Passing the Baton: The Importance of Sequence,Timing, Technique and Communication in Executive Succession”, Journal of Business Venturing, C. 17, S. 2, ss. 143-162.
  • Dyer, W. ve Handler, W. (1994). “Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Exploring the Connection”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, C. 19, S. 1, ss. 71-83.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). “Building Theories from Case Study Research”, The Academy of Management Review, C. 14, S. 4, ss. 532-550.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review”, The Academy of Management Review, C. 14, S. 1, ss. 57-74.
  • Eisner, E. (1991). The Enlightened Eye: Qualitative Inquiry and The Enhancement of Educational Practice. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
  • European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry (2009). “Owerview of Family Business Relevant Isssues: Research, Networks, Policy Measures and Existing Studies”. European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry. Viyana.
  • Fama, E. ve Jensen, M. (1983). “Seperation of Ownership and Control”, The Journal of Law and Economics, C. 26, S. 2, ss. 301-325.
  • Gagné, M., Marwick, C., Brun de Pontet, S. ve Wrosch, C. (2019). “Family Business Succession: What’s Motivation Got to Do With It?”, Family Business Review, Online First , ss. 1-14.
  • Garcia-Alvarez, E., Sintas, J. ve Gonzalvo, P. (2002). “Socialization Patterns of Successors in First to Second Generation Family Businesses”, Family Business Review, C. 15, S. 3, ss. 189-203.
  • Gersick, K. E., Davis, J., Hampton, M.ve Lansberg, I (1997). Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Gioia, D., Corley, K. ve Hamilton, A. (2013). “Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology, Organizational Research Methods, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 15-31.
  • Glaser, B. ve Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Glaser, B. ve Strauss, A. (2006). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
  • Golafshani, N. (2003). “Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research”, The Qualitative Report, C. 8, S. 4, ss. 597-607.
  • Goldberg, S. ve Wooldridge, B. (1993). “Self-Confidence and Managerial Autonomy: Successor Characteristics Critical to Succession in Family Firms, Family Business Review, C. 7, S. 1, ss. 55-73.
  • Gomez-Mejia, L., Nuñez-Nickel, M. ve Gutierrez, I. (2001). “The Role of Family Ties in Agency Contracts”, The Academy of Management Journal, S. 44, S. 1, ss. 81-95.
  • Gonzalez, A., Rodriguez, Y. ve Sossa, A. (2017). “Leadership and Governance Decisions In Family Business Performance: An Application of Fuzzy Sets Logic”, Journal of Small Business Strategy, C. 27, S. 1, ss. 51-66.
  • Grote, J. (2003). “Conflicting Generations: A New Theory of Family Business Rivalry”, Family Business Review, C. 16, S. 2, ss. 113-124.
  • Handler, W. (1990). “Succession in Family Firms: A Mutual Role Adjustment Between the Entrepreneur and Next Generation Family Members”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 37-51.
  • Handler, W. (1992). “The Succession Experience of The Next Generation”, Family Business Review, C. 5, S. 3, ss. 283-307.
  • Handler, W. (1994). “Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Research”, Family Business Review, C. 7, S. 2, ss. 133-157.
  • Haugh, H. ve McKee, L. (2003). “It’s Just Like A Family Shared Values in the Family Firm”, Community, Work & Family, C. 6, S. 2, ss. 141- 158.
  • Hürriyet Ekonomi, (2017). “Türkiye'deki İşletmelerin Yüzde 95'i Aile Şirketi”, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/turkiyedeki-isletmelerin- yuzde-95i-aile-sirketi-40599291, (Erişim: 23.03.2020)
  • Jensen, M. ve Meckling, W. (1976). “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior Agency Costs and Ownership Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, C. 3, S. 4, ss. 305-360.
  • Kaplan, A. (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodolgy for Behavioral Science. San Francisco: Chandler.
  • Kudlats, J., McDowell, W. ve Mahto, R. (2019). “Unrelated but together: Trust and Intergroup Relations in Multi-Family Businesses”, Journal of Business Research, S. 101, ss. 750-756.
  • Kraus, M. (2017). “Comparing Generation X and Generation Y on Their Preferred Emotional Leadership Style”, Journal of Applied Leadership and Management, S. 5, ss. 62-75.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodolgy (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Lambrecht, J. ve Donckels, R. (2006). Towards A Business Family Dynasty: A Lifelong, Continuing Process. Poutziouris, P. Smyrnios, ve Klein, S., içinde, Handbook of Research on Family Business. Glos: Edward Elgar.
  • Lambrecht, J. ve Lievens, J. (2008). “Pruning the Family Tree: An Unexplored Path to Family Business Continuity and Family Harmony”, Family Business Review, C. 21, S. 4, ss. 295-313.
  • Lansberg, I. (1988). “The Succession Conspiracy”, Family Business Review, C. 1, S. 2, ss. 25-36.
  • Lappalainen, M. (2019). Role of Family Governance in Bringing the Next Generation Close to the Family Business, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aalto University School of Business, Aalto.
  • La Pelle, N. (2004). “Simplifying Qualitative Data Analysis Using General Purpose Software Tools”, Field Methods, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 85-108. Leedy, P. ve Ormrod, J. (2015). Practical Research: Planning and Design (11th ed.). Harlow: Pearson.
  • Lee, J. (2006). “Family Firm Performance: Further Evidence”, Family Business Review, C.19, S. 2, ss. 103-114.
  • Lincoln, Y. ve Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Lune, H. ve Berg, B. (2017). Qualitative Research Methods for The Social Sciences. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Magretta, J. (1998). “Governing the Family-Owned Enterprise: An Interview with Finland’s KristerAhlström”https://hbr.org/1998/01/governing- the-family-owned-enterprise-an-interview-with-finlands-krister- ahlstrom, (Erişim: 30.10.2019).
  • Miles, J. (2016). Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kuramları, çev.Mustafa Polat, Korhan Arun. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Miles, M. ve Huberman, A. (1994). An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Miller, D. ve Le Breton-Miller, I. (2006). “Family Governance and Firm Performance: Agency, Stewardship and Capabilities”, Family Business Review, C. 19, S. 1, ss. 73-87.
  • Morris, M., Williams, R. ve Nel, D. (1996). “Factors Influencing Family Business Succession”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, C. 2, S. 3, ss. 68-81.
  • Morris, M. H., Williams, R. O., Allen, J. A. Ve Avila, R. A. (1997). “Correlates of Success in Family Business Transitions”, Journal of Business Venturing, C. 12, S. 5, ss. 385-401.
  • Morse, J. ve Richards, L. (2002). Read Me First: For a User’s Guide to Qualitative Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Neubauer, F. ve Lank, A. (1998). The Family Business: Its Governance for Sustainability. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd.
  • Neuendorf, K. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Özkaya, M. ve Şegül Muter, C. (2006). “Aile Şirketlerinde Kurumsallaşma ve İkinci Kuşağın Kurumsallaşma Konusuna Bakış Açısı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 21, S. 1, ss. 109-126.
  • Özmutaf, N., Kırbaç, Ş., Ustaoğlu, E. ve Aytaş, M. (2016). “Kobiler Kapsamında Yer Alan Aile İşletmelerinde Etkili İletişime Yönelik Faktörlerin Çalışan Performansına Etkisi”, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi 7. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi (14-15 Nisan 2016) Kongre Kitabı . İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, 2016, ss. 260-274.
  • Pham, T., Bell, R. ve Newton, D. (2019). “The Father's Role in Supporting the Son's Business Knowledge Development Process in Vietnamese Family Businesses, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, C.11, S. 2, ss. 258-276.
  • Pratt, M. (2009). “For The Lack of A Boilerplate: Tips On Writting up (and Reviewing) Qualitative Research”, The Academy of Management Journal, C. 52, S. 5, ss. 856-862.
  • Pyromalis, V. D., Vozikis, G. S., Kalkanteras, T. A., Rogdaki, M. E. Ve Sigalas, G. P. V. (2006 ). An Integrated Framework for Testing The Success of The Family Business Succession Process According to Gender Specificity. Poutziouris P., Smyrnios K. ve Klein S. içinde, Handbook of Research on Family Business. Glos: Edward Elgar.
  • Rodoplu, D. (2003). “Örgütlerde Farklı İnsan Kaynakları Kuşaklarına Yönlendirilmiş Yönetim Yaklaşımları Geliştirme”. II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. İzmit, 2011, ss. 464- 477.
  • Rogal, K. (1989). “Obligation or Opportunity: How Can Could-Be Heirs Assess Their Position?”, Family Business Review, C. 2, S. 3, ss. 237- 255.
  • Shane, S. ve Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
  • Sharma, P., and J. J. Chrisman. 1999. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 23 (3): 11–27.
  • Scholes, L., Westhead, P. ve Burrows, A. (2008). “Family Firm Succession: the Management Buy-out and Buy-in Routes”, Journal of Small Business and Entreprise Development, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 8-30.
  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N.ve Buchholtz, A. K. . (2001). “Agency Relationships in Family Firms: Theory and Evidence ”, Organization Science, C. 12, S. 2, ss. 99-116.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. ve Chua, J. (2003 (b)). “Succession Planning As Planned Behavior: Some Emprical Results”, Family Business Review, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 1-15.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. ve Gersick, K. (2012). “25 Years of Family Business Review: Reflections on the Past and Perspectives for the Future”, Family Business Review, C. 25, S. 1, ss. 5-15.
  • Sievinen, H., Ikäheimonen, T., ve Pihkala, T. (2019). “Strategic Renewal in A Mature Family-Owned Company – A Resource Role of the Owners”, Long Range Planning, C. 53, S. 2, ss. 1-19.
  • Sirmon, D. ve Hitt, M. (2003). “Managing Resources: Linking Unique Resources, Management and Wealth Creation in Family Firms”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, C. 27, S. 4, ss. 339-358.
  • Smola, K. ve Sutton, C. (2002). “Generational Differences: Revisiting Generational Work Values for the New Millennium”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, C. 23, S. 4, ss. 363-382.
  • Sönmez, Y. (2015). Aile Şirketlerinde Kurumsallaşma Stratejileri. İstanbul: Ares Yayıncılık.
  • Spector, J.M., Merrill, M.D., Merrinboer, J. Ve Driscoll, M.P. (2008). Handbook Of Research On Educational Communications and Technology Third Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Stavrou, E. (1998). “A Four Factor Model: A Guide to Planning Next Generation Involvement in The Family Business”, Family Busines s Review, C. 11, S. 2, ss. 135-142.
  • Stenbacka, C. (2001). “Qualitative Research Requires Quality Concepts of its Own”, Management Decision, C. 39, S. 7, ss. 551-555.
  • Thyer, B. (2010). The Handbook of Social Work Research Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Tosun, C. ve Keskin, F. (2017). “Çalışan-Dostu Kurumlarda İş-Yaşam Dengesi Politikaları, Kurumsal İletişim ve Verimlilik”, Verimlilik Dergisi, S. 4, ss. 7-27.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Seçkin
  • Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289
  • Zellweger, T. (2017). Managing the Family Business Theory and Practice. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar.

AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 473 - 501, 30.08.2021

Mehmet Yetkin Yasin Çakırel

Öz

         Aile işletmeleri, özel sektör bağlamında ciddi bir paya sahip olup Dünya’da olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de ülke ekonomisi için büyük bir önem arz etmektedir. Büyümeleri ve hayatlarını devam ettirebilmeleri adına uzun soluklu politikalar belirleyerek yapılarını buna göre düzenlemeleri gerekmektedir. Söz konusu işletmeler ekonomik, kültürel veya sosyal nedenlerden dolayı uzun ömürlü olamamaktadır. Bu noktada devir süreci bir aile işletmesinin geleceği için kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Ancak, sonraki kuşağın konuya olan bakış açısı pek bilinmemekle birlikte kurucuların yaklaşımları ön plana çıkabilmektedir. Konunun daha bütüncül bir şekilde ele alınması hem kurucuların hem de varislerin görüşlerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesi sağlıklı bir devir süreci için önem arz etmektedir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği bu çalışmada, kuşaklar bağlamında devir sürecinin incelenmesi suretiyle sürdürülebilirliğe engel teşkil edebilecek etmenlerin neler olduğunun açıklanması ve bunlara getirilebilecek çözüm önerilerinin sunulması amaçlanmaktadır. Kırklareli’nde faaliyet gösteren aile işletmelerinin sahipleriyle mülakatlar gerçekleştirilerek konu hakkındaki görüşleri alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, kurucu ve vârislerin mensubu oldukları kuşağın özellikleri, davranış biçimlerini etkilemekte ve işletmenin sürdürülebilirliği noktasında belirleyici rol oynamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aile İşletmeleri Kuşaklararası İletişim Devir Sürdürülebilirlik

Kaynakça

  • Alcorn, P. (1982). Success and Survival in the Family-Owned Firm. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Allen , I., ve Langowitz , N. (2003). Women In Family Owned Businesses. Babson Park : Center for Women's Leadership at Babson College.
  • Altıntuğ, N. (2012). “Kuşaktan Kuşağa Tüketim Olgusu ve Geleceğin Tüketici Profili”, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, C. 4, S. 1, ss. 203-212.
  • Anderson, R. ve Reeb, D. (2003). “Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500”, Journal of Finance, C. 58, S. 3, ss. 1301-1328.
  • Arksey, H. ve Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for Social Scientists. London : Sage Publications.
  • Aronoff, C. (2004). “Self‐Perpetuation Family Organization Built on Values: Necessary Condition for Long‐Term Family Business Survival”, Family Business Review, C. 17, S. 1, ss. 55-59.
  • Astrachan, J., Klein, S., ve Smyrnios, K. (2002). “The F-PEC scale of family influence: A proposal for solving the family business definition problem”, Family Business Review, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 45-58.
  • Ayhün Erden, S. (2013). “Kuşaklararasındaki Farklılıklar ve Örgütsel Yansımaları”, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 2, S. 1, ss. 93-112.
  • Ballal, J. ve Bapat, V. (2019). “How Does Family Succession Impact Family Firms' Innovation?”, Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, C. 8, S. 2, ss. 302-324
  • Baltacı, A. (2017). “Nitel Veri Analizinde Miles-Huberman Modeli”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 3, S. 1, ss. 1-15.
  • Becker, H. (1958). “Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation”, American Sociological Review, C. 23, S. 6, ss. 652- 660.
  • Beckhard, R. ve Burke, W. (1983). “Preface”, Organizational Dynamics, C. 12, S. 12.
  • Berg, K., ve Latin, R. (2008). Essentials of Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science and Recreation (3rd ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
  • Bjuggren, P. ve Sund, L. (2001). “Strategic Decision Making in Intergenerational Successions of Small- and Medium-Size Family- Owned Businesses”, Family Business Review, C. 14, S. 1, ss. 11-24.
  • Blaikie, N. (2009). Designing Social Research (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1996). “On the Family as a Realized Category”, Theory, Culture & Society, C. 13, S. 3, ss. 19-26.
  • Brockhaus, R. (2004). “Family Business Succession: Suggestions for Future Research”, Family Business Review, C. 17, S. 2, ss. 165-177.
  • Buchholz, B., Crane, M. ve Nager, R. (2000). 101 Toughest Questions About Family Business. Paramus, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
  • Burkart, M., Panunzi, F. ve Shleife, A. (2003). “Family Firms”, Journal of Finance, C. 58, S. 5, ss. 2167-2201.
  • Chua, J., Chirsman, J. ve Bergiel, E. (2009). “An Agency Theoretic Analyisis of the Professionalized Family Firm”, Entrepreneurship, Theory & Practice, C. 33, S. 2, ss. 355-372.
  • Chua, J., Chrisman, J. ve Sharma, P. (1999). “Defining the Family Business by Behaviour”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, C. 23, S. 4, ss. 19-40.
  • Church, R., Fishlow, A., Fligstein, N., Hughes, T., Kocka, J., Morikawa, H. ve Scherer, F. M. (1990). “Review: "Scale and Scope": A Review Colloquium”, The Business History Review, C. 64, S. 4,ss. 690-735.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Reserach: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage .
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R. ve Yıldırım, E. (2017). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri SPSS Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Çelik, A., Soysal, A. ve Alıcı, S. (2004). “Aile İşletmelerinde Kuşak Çatışmasından Kaynaklanan Yönetim Sorunları: K. Maraş Örneği”. 1.Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi (17-18 Nisan 2004) Kongre Kitabı. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2004, ss. 189-201.
  • D'Allura, G., Colli, A. ve Goel, S. (2019). Family Firms and Institutional Contexts: Business Models, Innovation and Competitive Advantage. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
  • Dascher, P. ve Jens, W. (1999). “Executive Briefing: Family Business Succession Planning”, Business Horizons , C. 42, S. 5, ss. 2-4.
  • DeAngelo, H. ve DeAngelo, L. (2000). “Controlling Stockholders and The Disciplinary Role of Corporate Payout Policy: A Study of The Times Mirror Company”, Journal of Financial Economics, C. 56, ss. 153-207.
  • Demsetz, H. ve Lehn, K. (1985). “The Structure of Corporate Ownership: Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Political Economy, C. 93, S.6, ss. 1155-1177.
  • Dimock, M. (2019). “Fact Tank: News In the Numbers”,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where- millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/, (Erişim: 11.09.2019).
  • Donnelly, R. (1964). “The Family Business”, Harvard Business Review, C.42, S. 4, ss. 93-105.
  • Dyck, B., Mauws, M., Starke, F. A. Ve Mischke, G. A. (2002). “Passing the Baton: The Importance of Sequence,Timing, Technique and Communication in Executive Succession”, Journal of Business Venturing, C. 17, S. 2, ss. 143-162.
  • Dyer, W. ve Handler, W. (1994). “Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Exploring the Connection”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, C. 19, S. 1, ss. 71-83.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). “Building Theories from Case Study Research”, The Academy of Management Review, C. 14, S. 4, ss. 532-550.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review”, The Academy of Management Review, C. 14, S. 1, ss. 57-74.
  • Eisner, E. (1991). The Enlightened Eye: Qualitative Inquiry and The Enhancement of Educational Practice. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
  • European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry (2009). “Owerview of Family Business Relevant Isssues: Research, Networks, Policy Measures and Existing Studies”. European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry. Viyana.
  • Fama, E. ve Jensen, M. (1983). “Seperation of Ownership and Control”, The Journal of Law and Economics, C. 26, S. 2, ss. 301-325.
  • Gagné, M., Marwick, C., Brun de Pontet, S. ve Wrosch, C. (2019). “Family Business Succession: What’s Motivation Got to Do With It?”, Family Business Review, Online First , ss. 1-14.
  • Garcia-Alvarez, E., Sintas, J. ve Gonzalvo, P. (2002). “Socialization Patterns of Successors in First to Second Generation Family Businesses”, Family Business Review, C. 15, S. 3, ss. 189-203.
  • Gersick, K. E., Davis, J., Hampton, M.ve Lansberg, I (1997). Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Gioia, D., Corley, K. ve Hamilton, A. (2013). “Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology, Organizational Research Methods, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 15-31.
  • Glaser, B. ve Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Glaser, B. ve Strauss, A. (2006). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
  • Golafshani, N. (2003). “Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research”, The Qualitative Report, C. 8, S. 4, ss. 597-607.
  • Goldberg, S. ve Wooldridge, B. (1993). “Self-Confidence and Managerial Autonomy: Successor Characteristics Critical to Succession in Family Firms, Family Business Review, C. 7, S. 1, ss. 55-73.
  • Gomez-Mejia, L., Nuñez-Nickel, M. ve Gutierrez, I. (2001). “The Role of Family Ties in Agency Contracts”, The Academy of Management Journal, S. 44, S. 1, ss. 81-95.
  • Gonzalez, A., Rodriguez, Y. ve Sossa, A. (2017). “Leadership and Governance Decisions In Family Business Performance: An Application of Fuzzy Sets Logic”, Journal of Small Business Strategy, C. 27, S. 1, ss. 51-66.
  • Grote, J. (2003). “Conflicting Generations: A New Theory of Family Business Rivalry”, Family Business Review, C. 16, S. 2, ss. 113-124.
  • Handler, W. (1990). “Succession in Family Firms: A Mutual Role Adjustment Between the Entrepreneur and Next Generation Family Members”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 37-51.
  • Handler, W. (1992). “The Succession Experience of The Next Generation”, Family Business Review, C. 5, S. 3, ss. 283-307.
  • Handler, W. (1994). “Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Research”, Family Business Review, C. 7, S. 2, ss. 133-157.
  • Haugh, H. ve McKee, L. (2003). “It’s Just Like A Family Shared Values in the Family Firm”, Community, Work & Family, C. 6, S. 2, ss. 141- 158.
  • Hürriyet Ekonomi, (2017). “Türkiye'deki İşletmelerin Yüzde 95'i Aile Şirketi”, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/turkiyedeki-isletmelerin- yuzde-95i-aile-sirketi-40599291, (Erişim: 23.03.2020)
  • Jensen, M. ve Meckling, W. (1976). “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior Agency Costs and Ownership Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, C. 3, S. 4, ss. 305-360.
  • Kaplan, A. (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodolgy for Behavioral Science. San Francisco: Chandler.
  • Kudlats, J., McDowell, W. ve Mahto, R. (2019). “Unrelated but together: Trust and Intergroup Relations in Multi-Family Businesses”, Journal of Business Research, S. 101, ss. 750-756.
  • Kraus, M. (2017). “Comparing Generation X and Generation Y on Their Preferred Emotional Leadership Style”, Journal of Applied Leadership and Management, S. 5, ss. 62-75.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodolgy (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Lambrecht, J. ve Donckels, R. (2006). Towards A Business Family Dynasty: A Lifelong, Continuing Process. Poutziouris, P. Smyrnios, ve Klein, S., içinde, Handbook of Research on Family Business. Glos: Edward Elgar.
  • Lambrecht, J. ve Lievens, J. (2008). “Pruning the Family Tree: An Unexplored Path to Family Business Continuity and Family Harmony”, Family Business Review, C. 21, S. 4, ss. 295-313.
  • Lansberg, I. (1988). “The Succession Conspiracy”, Family Business Review, C. 1, S. 2, ss. 25-36.
  • Lappalainen, M. (2019). Role of Family Governance in Bringing the Next Generation Close to the Family Business, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aalto University School of Business, Aalto.
  • La Pelle, N. (2004). “Simplifying Qualitative Data Analysis Using General Purpose Software Tools”, Field Methods, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 85-108. Leedy, P. ve Ormrod, J. (2015). Practical Research: Planning and Design (11th ed.). Harlow: Pearson.
  • Lee, J. (2006). “Family Firm Performance: Further Evidence”, Family Business Review, C.19, S. 2, ss. 103-114.
  • Lincoln, Y. ve Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Lune, H. ve Berg, B. (2017). Qualitative Research Methods for The Social Sciences. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Magretta, J. (1998). “Governing the Family-Owned Enterprise: An Interview with Finland’s KristerAhlström”https://hbr.org/1998/01/governing- the-family-owned-enterprise-an-interview-with-finlands-krister- ahlstrom, (Erişim: 30.10.2019).
  • Miles, J. (2016). Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kuramları, çev.Mustafa Polat, Korhan Arun. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Miles, M. ve Huberman, A. (1994). An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Miller, D. ve Le Breton-Miller, I. (2006). “Family Governance and Firm Performance: Agency, Stewardship and Capabilities”, Family Business Review, C. 19, S. 1, ss. 73-87.
  • Morris, M., Williams, R. ve Nel, D. (1996). “Factors Influencing Family Business Succession”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, C. 2, S. 3, ss. 68-81.
  • Morris, M. H., Williams, R. O., Allen, J. A. Ve Avila, R. A. (1997). “Correlates of Success in Family Business Transitions”, Journal of Business Venturing, C. 12, S. 5, ss. 385-401.
  • Morse, J. ve Richards, L. (2002). Read Me First: For a User’s Guide to Qualitative Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Neubauer, F. ve Lank, A. (1998). The Family Business: Its Governance for Sustainability. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd.
  • Neuendorf, K. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Özkaya, M. ve Şegül Muter, C. (2006). “Aile Şirketlerinde Kurumsallaşma ve İkinci Kuşağın Kurumsallaşma Konusuna Bakış Açısı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 21, S. 1, ss. 109-126.
  • Özmutaf, N., Kırbaç, Ş., Ustaoğlu, E. ve Aytaş, M. (2016). “Kobiler Kapsamında Yer Alan Aile İşletmelerinde Etkili İletişime Yönelik Faktörlerin Çalışan Performansına Etkisi”, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi 7. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi (14-15 Nisan 2016) Kongre Kitabı . İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, 2016, ss. 260-274.
  • Pham, T., Bell, R. ve Newton, D. (2019). “The Father's Role in Supporting the Son's Business Knowledge Development Process in Vietnamese Family Businesses, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, C.11, S. 2, ss. 258-276.
  • Pratt, M. (2009). “For The Lack of A Boilerplate: Tips On Writting up (and Reviewing) Qualitative Research”, The Academy of Management Journal, C. 52, S. 5, ss. 856-862.
  • Pyromalis, V. D., Vozikis, G. S., Kalkanteras, T. A., Rogdaki, M. E. Ve Sigalas, G. P. V. (2006 ). An Integrated Framework for Testing The Success of The Family Business Succession Process According to Gender Specificity. Poutziouris P., Smyrnios K. ve Klein S. içinde, Handbook of Research on Family Business. Glos: Edward Elgar.
  • Rodoplu, D. (2003). “Örgütlerde Farklı İnsan Kaynakları Kuşaklarına Yönlendirilmiş Yönetim Yaklaşımları Geliştirme”. II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. İzmit, 2011, ss. 464- 477.
  • Rogal, K. (1989). “Obligation or Opportunity: How Can Could-Be Heirs Assess Their Position?”, Family Business Review, C. 2, S. 3, ss. 237- 255.
  • Shane, S. ve Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
  • Sharma, P., and J. J. Chrisman. 1999. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 23 (3): 11–27.
  • Scholes, L., Westhead, P. ve Burrows, A. (2008). “Family Firm Succession: the Management Buy-out and Buy-in Routes”, Journal of Small Business and Entreprise Development, C. 15, S. 1, ss. 8-30.
  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N.ve Buchholtz, A. K. . (2001). “Agency Relationships in Family Firms: Theory and Evidence ”, Organization Science, C. 12, S. 2, ss. 99-116.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. ve Chua, J. (2003 (b)). “Succession Planning As Planned Behavior: Some Emprical Results”, Family Business Review, C. 16, S. 1, ss. 1-15.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. ve Gersick, K. (2012). “25 Years of Family Business Review: Reflections on the Past and Perspectives for the Future”, Family Business Review, C. 25, S. 1, ss. 5-15.
  • Sievinen, H., Ikäheimonen, T., ve Pihkala, T. (2019). “Strategic Renewal in A Mature Family-Owned Company – A Resource Role of the Owners”, Long Range Planning, C. 53, S. 2, ss. 1-19.
  • Sirmon, D. ve Hitt, M. (2003). “Managing Resources: Linking Unique Resources, Management and Wealth Creation in Family Firms”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, C. 27, S. 4, ss. 339-358.
  • Smola, K. ve Sutton, C. (2002). “Generational Differences: Revisiting Generational Work Values for the New Millennium”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, C. 23, S. 4, ss. 363-382.
  • Sönmez, Y. (2015). Aile Şirketlerinde Kurumsallaşma Stratejileri. İstanbul: Ares Yayıncılık.
  • Spector, J.M., Merrill, M.D., Merrinboer, J. Ve Driscoll, M.P. (2008). Handbook Of Research On Educational Communications and Technology Third Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Stavrou, E. (1998). “A Four Factor Model: A Guide to Planning Next Generation Involvement in The Family Business”, Family Busines s Review, C. 11, S. 2, ss. 135-142.
  • Stenbacka, C. (2001). “Qualitative Research Requires Quality Concepts of its Own”, Management Decision, C. 39, S. 7, ss. 551-555.
  • Thyer, B. (2010). The Handbook of Social Work Research Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Tosun, C. ve Keskin, F. (2017). “Çalışan-Dostu Kurumlarda İş-Yaşam Dengesi Politikaları, Kurumsal İletişim ve Verimlilik”, Verimlilik Dergisi, S. 4, ss. 7-27.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Seçkin
  • Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289
  • Zellweger, T. (2017). Managing the Family Business Theory and Practice. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar.
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Mehmet Yetkin 0000-0002-1679-6176

Yasin Çakırel 0000-0003-4019-7381

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Yetkin, M., & Çakırel, Y. (2021). AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(16), 473-501.
AMA Yetkin M, Çakırel Y. AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Ağustos 2021;8(16):473-501.
Chicago Yetkin, Mehmet, ve Yasin Çakırel. “AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, sy. 16 (Ağustos 2021): 473-501.
EndNote Yetkin M, Çakırel Y (01 Ağustos 2021) AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 16 473–501.
IEEE M. Yetkin ve Y. Çakırel, “AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 16, ss. 473–501, 2021.
ISNAD Yetkin, Mehmet - Çakırel, Yasin. “AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/16 (Ağustos 2021), 473-501.
JAMA Yetkin M, Çakırel Y. AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:473–501.
MLA Yetkin, Mehmet ve Yasin Çakırel. “AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 16, 2021, ss. 473-01.
Vancouver Yetkin M, Çakırel Y. AİLE İŞLETMELERİNİN KUŞAKLARARASI DEVRİ: VÂRİSLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(16):473-501.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.