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Is There Income Inequality Convergence Between Regions in Turkey? Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 375 - 381, 15.04.2021

Gökhan Konat

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871975

Öz

In recent years, with globalization and technological change, it is seen that income inequality has increased in many economies. Therefore, the concept of income inequality is one of the issues that attract attention by researchers. There are many studies on income inequality in the literature. In terms of fiscal policy, the relationship with economic growth is tested, or with financial development. In this study, the validity of the stochastic convergence hypothesis of income inequality is desirable to test for interregional in Turkey. For this purpose, the stationarity test of income inequality was carried out with the panel unit root test. Coefficient of income inequality which expressed as Gini covers the period 2006-2019 and this coefficient to Turkey Statistical Institute has been accessed from the official database. As a result of the panel unit root analysis performed for 12 Regions (Level 1) according to the classification of statistical region units, it was concluded that the Gini coefficient was not stationary. So the hypothesis of convergence between regions in Turkey is not available and there is an imbalance in the distribution of income. Therefore, a lot of work falls on policy makers to ensure justice in income distribution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Income Distribution Inequality Convergence NUTS Panel Unit Root

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, N., Christou, C., Gupta, R., & Miller, S. M. (2018). Convergence in income inequality: Further evidence from the club clustering methodology across states in the us. International Advances in Economic Research, 24(2), 147–161.
  • Arsyad, L. (2010). Ekonomi Pembangunan. Penerbit UPP STIM YKPN. Yogyakarta.
  • Azzoni, C. R. (2001). Economic growth and regional income inequality in Brazil. The annals of regional science, 35(1), 133-152.
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
  • Belke, M., Harun, K., & Bolat, S. (2019). Merkezi ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde gelir dağılımı yakınsaması: SPSM yönteminden kanıtlar. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (54), 343-366. Benabou, R. (1996). Inequality and growth. NBER macroeconomics annual, 11, 11-74.
  • Bernard, A. B., & Durlauf, S. N. (1995). Convergence in international output. Journal of applied econometrics, 10(2), 97-108.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 71, 161-173.
  • Cai, F.,Wang, D.W. & Yang, D., 2002. Regional disparity and economic growth in China the impact of labor market distortions. China Econ. Rev. 13 (2), 197–212.
  • Chambers, D., & Dhongde, S. (2017). Are countries becoming equally unequal?. Empirical Economics, 53(4), 1323-1348.
  • Chambers, D. & Dhongde, S. (2016b). Convergence in income distributions: Evidence from a panel of countries, Economic Modelling, 59, 262-270.
  • Chen, J., Fleisher, B.M., (1996). Regional income inequality and economic growth in China. J. Comp. Econ. 22 (2), 141–164.
  • Coady, M. D., & Gupta, M. S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund. Çapar, U., & Yayla, N. (2019). Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Dağılımı Yakınsaması: Mekânsal Ekonometrik Analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (25), 283-302.
  • Dhongde, S., ve Miao, X. (2013). Cross-country convergence in income inequality. ECINEQ WP 2013, 290.
  • Ezcurra, R., & Pascual, P. (2005). Is there convergence in income inequality levels among the European regions?. Applied Economics Letters, 12(12), 763-767.
  • Ezcurra, R., & Pascual, P. (2009). Convergence in income inequality in the United States: A nonparametric analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1365–1368.
  • Friedman, M., (1992). Do old fallacies ever die? Journal of Economic Literature, 29, 2129–2132.
  • Goerlich, F. J., & Mas, M. (2004). Three (marginal?) questions regarding convergence. Journal of Economic Studies,31(1), 25–38.
  • Gomes, F. A. R. (2007). Convergence in income inequality, the case of Brazilian municipalities, Economics Bulletin, 15(15), 1-9.
  • Gundlach, E., (1997). Regional convergence of output perworker in China: a neoclassical interpretation. Asian Econ. J. 11 (4), 423–442.
  • Güven, A. (2007). Türkiye’de İller Arası Gelir Eşitsizliğinde Teşvik Politikasının Rolü: Bir Ayrıştırma Analizi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7(14), 20-38.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • Ivanovski, K., Churchill, S. A., & Inekwe, J. (2020). Convergence in income inequality across Australian states and territories. Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 127-142.
  • Karaoğulları, E.(2017). Maliye Politikası, Agon Yayınevi,4. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lin, P.-C., & Huang, H.-C. (2011). Inequality convergence in a panel of states. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(2), 195–206.
  • Lin, P. C., & Huang, H. C. (2012). Convergence in income inequality? Evidence from panel unit root tests with structural breaks. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 153-174.
  • Lyubimov, I. (2017). Income inequality revisited 60 years later: Piketty vs Kuznets. Russian Journal of Economics, 3(1), 42-53.
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Marina, A. (2000). Economic convergence of the first and second moment in the provinces of Argentina. Estudios de Economía, 27(2), 259-277.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Quah, D. (1993). Galton’s fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,95(4),427-443.
  • Quah, D. T. (1996). Empirics for economic growth and convergence. European economic review, 40(6), 1353-1375.
  • Raiser, M., (1998). Subsidizing inequality: economic reforms, fiscal transfers and convergence across Chinese provinces. J. Dev. Stud. 34 (3), 1–26.
  • Savvides, A., & Stengos, T. (2000). Income inequality and economic development: evidence from the threshold regression model. Economics Letters, 69(2), 207-212.
  • Soebagyo, D., Fahmy-Abdullah, M. O. H. D., Sıeng, L. W., & Panjawa, J. L. (2019). Income Inequality and Convergence in Central Java under Regional Autonomy. International Journal of Economics & Management, 13(1).
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361. Şen, H., & Sağbaş, İ. (2019). Vergi Teorisi ve Politikasına Giriş. Ankara: Barış Arıkan Yayınları.
  • Tian, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., & Yu, X. (2016). Regional income inequality in china revisited: A perspective from club convergence. Economic Modelling, 56, 50–58.
  • Wu, Y., (2006). A spatial econometric analysis of China's provincial economic growth convergence. J. Quant. Tech. Econ. 12, 101–108.
  • Zhu, G., Yu, J. & Qiao, K., (2014). Is provincial economic growth convergence in China? China Econ. Q. 13 (3), 1171–1194.

Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arasında Gelir Eşitsizliği Yakınsaması Var Mı? Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 375 - 381, 15.04.2021

Gökhan Konat

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871975

Öz

Son yıllarda küreselleşme ve teknolojik değişim ile birlikte birçok ekonomide gelir eşitsizliğinin arttığı görülmektedir. Bu yüzden gelir eşitsizliği kavramı araştırmacılar tarafından dikkat çeken konulardan biri olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye için bölgeler arası gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğinin stokastik yakınsama hipotezinin geçerliliği sınanmak istenmektedir. Bu amaçla gelir eşitsizliğinin durağanlık sınaması panel birim kök testi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gini katsayısı olarak ifade edilen gelir eşitsizliği serileri 2006-2019 dönemini kapsamaktadır ve bu katsayıya Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu resmi veri tabanından erişilmiştir. İstatistiki bölge birimleri sınıflamasına göre 12 Bölge (Düzey 1) için yapılan panel birim kök analizi neticesinde Gini katsayısının durağan olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Yani Türkiye’de bölgeler arası yakınsama hipotezi geçerli değildir ve gelir dağılımında dengesizlik mevcuttur. Dolayısıyla gelir dağılımında adaleti sağlamak için politika yapıcılara çok iş düşmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği Yakınsama İBBS Panel Birim Kök

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, N., Christou, C., Gupta, R., & Miller, S. M. (2018). Convergence in income inequality: Further evidence from the club clustering methodology across states in the us. International Advances in Economic Research, 24(2), 147–161.
  • Arsyad, L. (2010). Ekonomi Pembangunan. Penerbit UPP STIM YKPN. Yogyakarta.
  • Azzoni, C. R. (2001). Economic growth and regional income inequality in Brazil. The annals of regional science, 35(1), 133-152.
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
  • Belke, M., Harun, K., & Bolat, S. (2019). Merkezi ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde gelir dağılımı yakınsaması: SPSM yönteminden kanıtlar. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (54), 343-366. Benabou, R. (1996). Inequality and growth. NBER macroeconomics annual, 11, 11-74.
  • Bernard, A. B., & Durlauf, S. N. (1995). Convergence in international output. Journal of applied econometrics, 10(2), 97-108.
  • Bernard, A. B. & Durlauf, S. N. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 71, 161-173.
  • Cai, F.,Wang, D.W. & Yang, D., 2002. Regional disparity and economic growth in China the impact of labor market distortions. China Econ. Rev. 13 (2), 197–212.
  • Chambers, D., & Dhongde, S. (2017). Are countries becoming equally unequal?. Empirical Economics, 53(4), 1323-1348.
  • Chambers, D. & Dhongde, S. (2016b). Convergence in income distributions: Evidence from a panel of countries, Economic Modelling, 59, 262-270.
  • Chen, J., Fleisher, B.M., (1996). Regional income inequality and economic growth in China. J. Comp. Econ. 22 (2), 141–164.
  • Coady, M. D., & Gupta, M. S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund. Çapar, U., & Yayla, N. (2019). Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Dağılımı Yakınsaması: Mekânsal Ekonometrik Analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (25), 283-302.
  • Dhongde, S., ve Miao, X. (2013). Cross-country convergence in income inequality. ECINEQ WP 2013, 290.
  • Ezcurra, R., & Pascual, P. (2005). Is there convergence in income inequality levels among the European regions?. Applied Economics Letters, 12(12), 763-767.
  • Ezcurra, R., & Pascual, P. (2009). Convergence in income inequality in the United States: A nonparametric analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1365–1368.
  • Friedman, M., (1992). Do old fallacies ever die? Journal of Economic Literature, 29, 2129–2132.
  • Goerlich, F. J., & Mas, M. (2004). Three (marginal?) questions regarding convergence. Journal of Economic Studies,31(1), 25–38.
  • Gomes, F. A. R. (2007). Convergence in income inequality, the case of Brazilian municipalities, Economics Bulletin, 15(15), 1-9.
  • Gundlach, E., (1997). Regional convergence of output perworker in China: a neoclassical interpretation. Asian Econ. J. 11 (4), 423–442.
  • Güven, A. (2007). Türkiye’de İller Arası Gelir Eşitsizliğinde Teşvik Politikasının Rolü: Bir Ayrıştırma Analizi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7(14), 20-38.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • Ivanovski, K., Churchill, S. A., & Inekwe, J. (2020). Convergence in income inequality across Australian states and territories. Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 127-142.
  • Karaoğulları, E.(2017). Maliye Politikası, Agon Yayınevi,4. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lin, P.-C., & Huang, H.-C. (2011). Inequality convergence in a panel of states. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(2), 195–206.
  • Lin, P. C., & Huang, H. C. (2012). Convergence in income inequality? Evidence from panel unit root tests with structural breaks. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 153-174.
  • Lyubimov, I. (2017). Income inequality revisited 60 years later: Piketty vs Kuznets. Russian Journal of Economics, 3(1), 42-53.
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Marina, A. (2000). Economic convergence of the first and second moment in the provinces of Argentina. Estudios de Economía, 27(2), 259-277.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Quah, D. (1993). Galton’s fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,95(4),427-443.
  • Quah, D. T. (1996). Empirics for economic growth and convergence. European economic review, 40(6), 1353-1375.
  • Raiser, M., (1998). Subsidizing inequality: economic reforms, fiscal transfers and convergence across Chinese provinces. J. Dev. Stud. 34 (3), 1–26.
  • Savvides, A., & Stengos, T. (2000). Income inequality and economic development: evidence from the threshold regression model. Economics Letters, 69(2), 207-212.
  • Soebagyo, D., Fahmy-Abdullah, M. O. H. D., Sıeng, L. W., & Panjawa, J. L. (2019). Income Inequality and Convergence in Central Java under Regional Autonomy. International Journal of Economics & Management, 13(1).
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361. Şen, H., & Sağbaş, İ. (2019). Vergi Teorisi ve Politikasına Giriş. Ankara: Barış Arıkan Yayınları.
  • Tian, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., & Yu, X. (2016). Regional income inequality in china revisited: A perspective from club convergence. Economic Modelling, 56, 50–58.
  • Wu, Y., (2006). A spatial econometric analysis of China's provincial economic growth convergence. J. Quant. Tech. Econ. 12, 101–108.
  • Zhu, G., Yu, J. & Qiao, K., (2014). Is provincial economic growth convergence in China? China Econ. Q. 13 (3), 1171–1194.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gökhan Konat 0000-0002-0964-7893

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 17 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Konat, G. (2021). Is There Income Inequality Convergence Between Regions in Turkey? Panel Data Analysis. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 375-381. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871975
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