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Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 23 - 36, 30.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1144625

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı havayolu pazarlarında piyasa yapısının analiz edilmesidir. Çalışmada gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş ekonomilerde 2011-2020 dönemi için havayolu endüstrisinde pazar yapıları incelenmiştir. Ek olarak, Covid-19 salgınının havayolu piyasa yapısında meydana getirdiği bozulma da çalışmada incelenen unsurlar arasındadır. Çalışmada CR4, CR8 ve Herfindahl-Hirschman endeksi olmak üzere farklı analiz teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre Covid-19’un yayılımının havayolu işletmelerini oldukça etkilediği ve bazı ülkelerde piyasa yapılarının değişmeye başladığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca, rekabet düzeyi ve piyasa yapısılarının ülkeler arasında farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. Covid-19 nedeniyle ortaya çıkan bu durum, bazı ülkelerde daha yoğun pazarları öne çıkarırken bazı ülkelerde daha rekabetçi piyasaları gündeme getirmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abramowitz, A. D., & Brown, S. M. (1993). Market share and price determination in the contemporary airline industry. Review of Industrial Organization 1993 8:4, 8(4), 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024279
  • Adrangi, B., Chow, G., & Raffiee, K. (1997). Airline Deregulation, Safety, and Profitability in the U.S. Transportation Journal, 36(4), 44–52.
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2004). The Entry of Low-Cost Airlines: Price Competition in the European Airline Market. SSRN Electronic Journal, TI 2004-07, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.587281
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2012). Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2012.02.008
  • Azar, J., Marinescu, I., & Steinbaum, M. (2022). Labor market concentration. Journal of Human Resources, 57(S), 167-199.
  • Babić, D., Kuljanin, J., & Kalić, M. (2014). Market share modeling in airline industry: An emerging market economies application. Transportation Research Procedia, 3, 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2014.10.019
  • Boutsioli Zoe. (2007), “Concentration in the Greek Private Hospital Sector: A Descriptive Analysis”, Health Policy, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 212-225.
  • Dai, M., Liu, Q., & Serfes, K. (2014). Is the Effect of Competition on Price Dispersion Nonmonotonic? Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry. The Review of Econonomics and Statistics, 96(1), 161-170.
  • Davis, P., & Garces, E. (2010). Quantitative Technquies for Competition and Antitrust Analysis.New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
  • Dinler, Z. (2013). Mikro Ekonomi (24. Basın). Bursa: Ekin Yayınları.
  • Durukan, T., & Hamurcu, Ç. (2009). Mobil İletişimde Pazar Yoğunlaşması. Journal of Black Sea Studies, 6(22).
  • Evangelho, F., Huse, C., & Linhares, A. (2005). Market entry of a low cost airline and impacts on the Brazilian business travelers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2004.09.005
  • Ferrer, C. E. (2013). Oligopsony-Oligopoly the Perfect Imperfect Competition. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00033-6
  • Fontanet-Pérez, P., Vázquez, X. H., & Carou, D. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the US airline market: Are current business models equipped for upcoming changes in the air transport sector? Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSTP.2022.01.025
  • Goetz, A. R., & Sutton, C. J. (2010). The Geography of Deregulation in the U.S. Airline Industry. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1111/0004-5608.872052, 87(2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.872052
  • Goetz, A. R., & Vowles, T. M. (2009). The good, the bad, and the ugly: 30 years of US airline deregulation. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(4), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.02.012
  • Grosche, T., Klophaus, R., & Seredyński, A. (2020). Market concentration in German air transport before and after the Air Berlin bankruptcy. Transport Policy, 94, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2020.05.006
  • Hidalgo-Gallego, S., & Mateo-Mantecón, I. (2019). Effect of concentration in airline market on Spanish airport technical efficiency. Journal of Air Transport Management, 76, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2019.02.003
  • İpek E., & İpek Ö. (2018). “Market Structure of the Turkish Pharmaceutical Industry”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 3, ss. 449-462.
  • Janeba, E. (1998). Tax competition in imperfectly competitive markets. Journal of International Economics, 44(1), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00022-6
  • Kaynak, S., & Ari, Y. O. (2011). Türk otomotiv sektöründe yoğunlaşma: binek ve hafif ticari araçlar üzerine bir uygulama. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 22(80), 39-58.
  • Kiracı, K., YAŞAR, M., Kayhan, S., & Ustaömer, T. C. (2017). A concentration analysis in the Turkish domestic air transportation industry using with CRm and Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 687-704.
  • Krivka, A. (2016). On the concept of market concentration, the minimum Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and its practical application. Panoeconomicus, 63(5), 525-540.
  • Kruger, W., Nygaard, I., & Kitzing, L. (2021). Counteracting market concentration in renewable energy auctions: lessons learned from South Africa. Energy Policy, 148, 111995.
  • Mijovic, N., Kalic, M., & Kuljanin, J. (2021). Tuning the fuzzy logic system by two meta-heuristics: case study of airline market share on long-haul routes. Transportation Research Procedia, 52, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2021.01.053
  • Mohammed, N., Ismail, A. G., & Muhammad, J. (2015). Evidence on Market Concentration in Malaysian Dual Banking System. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.351
  • Ng, K. T., Fu, X., Hanaoka, S., & Oum, T. H. (2022). Japanese aviation market performance during the COVID-19 pandemic - Analyzing airline yield and competition in the domestic market. Transport Policy, 116, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.12.006
  • Nguyen, P. N., Woo, S. H., Beresford, A., & Pettit, S. (2020). Competition, market concentration, and relative efficiency of major container ports in Southeast Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 83, 102653.
  • Oliveira, A. V. M., Caliari, T., & Narcizo, R. R. (2021). An empirical model of fleet modernization: On the relationship between market concentration and innovation adoption by airlines. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RTBM.2021.100704
  • Oliveira, M. V. R., & Oliveira, A. V. M. (2018). What drives effective competition in the airline industry? An empirical model of city-pair market concentration. Transport Policy, 63, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2017.12.021
  • Önder, K., & Topatan, Z. (2018). İnternet Arama Motorları Piyasasına Yönelik Yoğunlaşma Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, International Journal Of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, Issue: 5, pp. (28-42).
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F., & Tekçe, E. (2013). Türkiye Elektrik Enerjisi Piyasasında Herfindahl-Hirschman ve CRm Endeksleri ile Yoğunlaşma Analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi.
  • Shy, O. (1996). Industrial organization: theory and applications. MIT press.
  • Su, K. T. (2003). Rekabet hukukunda teşebbüslerin hâkim durumunun belirlenmesinde pazar gücünün ölçülmesi. Rekabet Kurumu.
  • Suzuki, Y. (2000). The relationship between on-time performance and airline market share: a new approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 36(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(99)00026-5
  • Ünsal, E. (2011). İktisada Giriş (3. Basım). Ankara: İmaj Yayınları
  • Wei, W., & Hansen, M. (2005). Impact of aircraft size and seat availability on airlines’ demand and market share in duopoly markets. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 41(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRE.2004.06.002
  • Weinstock, D. S. (1982). Using the Herfindahl Index to measure concentration. The Antitrust Bulletin, 27 (2), 285-301.
  • Wenjie Xu; (2011). “The Empirical Analysis of Market Performance of Automobile Industry Market in China”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 55, pp. 1997-2002.
  • Yaşar, M., & Gerede, E. (2018). Türkiye havayolu iç hat şehir çiftlerindeki pazar yapılarının piyasa yoğunlaşması ölçütleri ile belirlenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 171-197.
  • Yaşar, M., & Kiracı, K. (2018). Dünya Pazarlarında Piyasa Yapısı: Havayolu Sektöründe Rekabetin Ampirik Olarak Analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(3), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.17130/IJMEB.2018343120
  • Yilmazkuday, H. (2021). Profit margins in U.S. domestic airline routes. Transport Policy, 114, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.10.010
  • Yimga, J. (2022). Code-sharing agreements and path quality in the US airline industry. Transport Policy, 116, 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.12.021
  • Zhang, A., Hanaoka, S., Inamura, H., & Ishikura, T. (2008). Low-cost carriers in Asia: Deregulation, regional liberalization and secondary airports. Research in Transportation Economics, 24(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.01.001
  • Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, A., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Impact of high-speed rail on market concentration and Lerner index in China’s airline market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 83, 101755. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2019.101755

Market Structure and Competition in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Economies

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 23 - 36, 30.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1144625

Öz

The purpose of the study is to analyse the market structure in airline markets. The research examined at market structures in the aviation sector for the years 2011 to 2020 in both developing and developed economies.. We analysed market concentration and market structure of many countries for the period 2011-2020. Additionally, we examined the deterioration caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in the airline market structure. In the study, we used different analyses such as CR4, CR8 and Herfindahl-Hirschman index. The study's conclusions show that the spread of Covid-19 has had a significant impact on airline firms, and market structures have started to shift in several nations.. The level of competition and the market structure differed among countries. Due to the Covid-19, while some countries experienced more intense markets, other countries experienced markets that are more competitive.

Kaynakça

  • Abramowitz, A. D., & Brown, S. M. (1993). Market share and price determination in the contemporary airline industry. Review of Industrial Organization 1993 8:4, 8(4), 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024279
  • Adrangi, B., Chow, G., & Raffiee, K. (1997). Airline Deregulation, Safety, and Profitability in the U.S. Transportation Journal, 36(4), 44–52.
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2004). The Entry of Low-Cost Airlines: Price Competition in the European Airline Market. SSRN Electronic Journal, TI 2004-07, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.587281
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2012). Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2012.02.008
  • Azar, J., Marinescu, I., & Steinbaum, M. (2022). Labor market concentration. Journal of Human Resources, 57(S), 167-199.
  • Babić, D., Kuljanin, J., & Kalić, M. (2014). Market share modeling in airline industry: An emerging market economies application. Transportation Research Procedia, 3, 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2014.10.019
  • Boutsioli Zoe. (2007), “Concentration in the Greek Private Hospital Sector: A Descriptive Analysis”, Health Policy, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 212-225.
  • Dai, M., Liu, Q., & Serfes, K. (2014). Is the Effect of Competition on Price Dispersion Nonmonotonic? Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry. The Review of Econonomics and Statistics, 96(1), 161-170.
  • Davis, P., & Garces, E. (2010). Quantitative Technquies for Competition and Antitrust Analysis.New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
  • Dinler, Z. (2013). Mikro Ekonomi (24. Basın). Bursa: Ekin Yayınları.
  • Durukan, T., & Hamurcu, Ç. (2009). Mobil İletişimde Pazar Yoğunlaşması. Journal of Black Sea Studies, 6(22).
  • Evangelho, F., Huse, C., & Linhares, A. (2005). Market entry of a low cost airline and impacts on the Brazilian business travelers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2004.09.005
  • Ferrer, C. E. (2013). Oligopsony-Oligopoly the Perfect Imperfect Competition. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00033-6
  • Fontanet-Pérez, P., Vázquez, X. H., & Carou, D. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the US airline market: Are current business models equipped for upcoming changes in the air transport sector? Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSTP.2022.01.025
  • Goetz, A. R., & Sutton, C. J. (2010). The Geography of Deregulation in the U.S. Airline Industry. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1111/0004-5608.872052, 87(2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.872052
  • Goetz, A. R., & Vowles, T. M. (2009). The good, the bad, and the ugly: 30 years of US airline deregulation. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(4), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.02.012
  • Grosche, T., Klophaus, R., & Seredyński, A. (2020). Market concentration in German air transport before and after the Air Berlin bankruptcy. Transport Policy, 94, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2020.05.006
  • Hidalgo-Gallego, S., & Mateo-Mantecón, I. (2019). Effect of concentration in airline market on Spanish airport technical efficiency. Journal of Air Transport Management, 76, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2019.02.003
  • İpek E., & İpek Ö. (2018). “Market Structure of the Turkish Pharmaceutical Industry”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 3, ss. 449-462.
  • Janeba, E. (1998). Tax competition in imperfectly competitive markets. Journal of International Economics, 44(1), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00022-6
  • Kaynak, S., & Ari, Y. O. (2011). Türk otomotiv sektöründe yoğunlaşma: binek ve hafif ticari araçlar üzerine bir uygulama. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 22(80), 39-58.
  • Kiracı, K., YAŞAR, M., Kayhan, S., & Ustaömer, T. C. (2017). A concentration analysis in the Turkish domestic air transportation industry using with CRm and Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 687-704.
  • Krivka, A. (2016). On the concept of market concentration, the minimum Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and its practical application. Panoeconomicus, 63(5), 525-540.
  • Kruger, W., Nygaard, I., & Kitzing, L. (2021). Counteracting market concentration in renewable energy auctions: lessons learned from South Africa. Energy Policy, 148, 111995.
  • Mijovic, N., Kalic, M., & Kuljanin, J. (2021). Tuning the fuzzy logic system by two meta-heuristics: case study of airline market share on long-haul routes. Transportation Research Procedia, 52, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2021.01.053
  • Mohammed, N., Ismail, A. G., & Muhammad, J. (2015). Evidence on Market Concentration in Malaysian Dual Banking System. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.351
  • Ng, K. T., Fu, X., Hanaoka, S., & Oum, T. H. (2022). Japanese aviation market performance during the COVID-19 pandemic - Analyzing airline yield and competition in the domestic market. Transport Policy, 116, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.12.006
  • Nguyen, P. N., Woo, S. H., Beresford, A., & Pettit, S. (2020). Competition, market concentration, and relative efficiency of major container ports in Southeast Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 83, 102653.
  • Oliveira, A. V. M., Caliari, T., & Narcizo, R. R. (2021). An empirical model of fleet modernization: On the relationship between market concentration and innovation adoption by airlines. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RTBM.2021.100704
  • Oliveira, M. V. R., & Oliveira, A. V. M. (2018). What drives effective competition in the airline industry? An empirical model of city-pair market concentration. Transport Policy, 63, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2017.12.021
  • Önder, K., & Topatan, Z. (2018). İnternet Arama Motorları Piyasasına Yönelik Yoğunlaşma Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, International Journal Of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, Issue: 5, pp. (28-42).
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F., & Tekçe, E. (2013). Türkiye Elektrik Enerjisi Piyasasında Herfindahl-Hirschman ve CRm Endeksleri ile Yoğunlaşma Analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi.
  • Shy, O. (1996). Industrial organization: theory and applications. MIT press.
  • Su, K. T. (2003). Rekabet hukukunda teşebbüslerin hâkim durumunun belirlenmesinde pazar gücünün ölçülmesi. Rekabet Kurumu.
  • Suzuki, Y. (2000). The relationship between on-time performance and airline market share: a new approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 36(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(99)00026-5
  • Ünsal, E. (2011). İktisada Giriş (3. Basım). Ankara: İmaj Yayınları
  • Wei, W., & Hansen, M. (2005). Impact of aircraft size and seat availability on airlines’ demand and market share in duopoly markets. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 41(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRE.2004.06.002
  • Weinstock, D. S. (1982). Using the Herfindahl Index to measure concentration. The Antitrust Bulletin, 27 (2), 285-301.
  • Wenjie Xu; (2011). “The Empirical Analysis of Market Performance of Automobile Industry Market in China”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 55, pp. 1997-2002.
  • Yaşar, M., & Gerede, E. (2018). Türkiye havayolu iç hat şehir çiftlerindeki pazar yapılarının piyasa yoğunlaşması ölçütleri ile belirlenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 171-197.
  • Yaşar, M., & Kiracı, K. (2018). Dünya Pazarlarında Piyasa Yapısı: Havayolu Sektöründe Rekabetin Ampirik Olarak Analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(3), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.17130/IJMEB.2018343120
  • Yilmazkuday, H. (2021). Profit margins in U.S. domestic airline routes. Transport Policy, 114, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.10.010
  • Yimga, J. (2022). Code-sharing agreements and path quality in the US airline industry. Transport Policy, 116, 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2021.12.021
  • Zhang, A., Hanaoka, S., Inamura, H., & Ishikura, T. (2008). Low-cost carriers in Asia: Deregulation, regional liberalization and secondary airports. Research in Transportation Economics, 24(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.01.001
  • Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, A., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Impact of high-speed rail on market concentration and Lerner index in China’s airline market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 83, 101755. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIRTRAMAN.2019.101755
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Yaşar 0000-0001-7237-4069

Selçuk Kayhan 0000-0001-9291-4528

Kasım Kiracı 0000-0002-2061-171X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Mart 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaşar, M., Kayhan, S., & Kiracı, K. (2023). Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1144625
AMA Yaşar M, Kayhan S, Kiracı K. Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar. ASBİ. Mart 2023;23(1):23-36. doi:10.11616/asbi.1144625
Chicago Yaşar, Mehmet, Selçuk Kayhan, ve Kasım Kiracı. “Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı Ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan Ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar”. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 23, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 23-36. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1144625.
EndNote Yaşar M, Kayhan S, Kiracı K (01 Mart 2023) Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 23 1 23–36.
IEEE M. Yaşar, S. Kayhan, ve K. Kiracı, “Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar”, ASBİ, c. 23, sy. 1, ss. 23–36, 2023, doi: 10.11616/asbi.1144625.
ISNAD Yaşar, Mehmet vd. “Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı Ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan Ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar”. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 23/1 (Mart 2023), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1144625.
JAMA Yaşar M, Kayhan S, Kiracı K. Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar. ASBİ. 2023;23:23–36.
MLA Yaşar, Mehmet vd. “Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı Ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan Ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar”. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 23-36, doi:10.11616/asbi.1144625.
Vancouver Yaşar M, Kayhan S, Kiracı K. Havayolu Endüstrisinde Pazar Yapısı ve Rekabet: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar. ASBİ. 2023;23(1):23-36.