Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 254 - 262, 20.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.827510

Öz

Çin 2013 yılında, küresel çapta ekonomik bağlantılarını artırmak amacıyla yüzyılın projesi olarak adlandırdığı Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’ni duyurmuştur. Dünyanın en büyük ihracatçısı olan Çin, ticaret yollarını çeşitlendirerek güvence altına almanın yanı sıra yeni enerji kaynaklarına güvenli şekilde ulaşmak istemektedir. Buzulların erimeye başlamasının ardından hem yeni enerji kaynakları hem de yeni ticaret yollarına en iyi alternatifin Arktik bölgesinde ortaya çıkmasıyla Çin’in bölgeye olan ilgisi gün geçtikçe artmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Arktik bölgesinin önemi ile Çin’in bu bölgeye olan ilgisi araştırılmış ve kutup bölgesindeki faaliyetlerini Rusya ile işbirliği üzerinden sürdürdüğü sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ABD EB İdaresi. (2018). China surpassed the United States as the world’s largest crude oil importer in 2017 - Today in Energy. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34812 (erişim tarihi: 20.112.2019)
  • ABD Enerji Bilgi İdaresi. (2020). EIA projects nearly 50% increase in world energy usage by 2050, led by growth in Asia - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42342 (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Advisory, I. P. C. (2016). Houston, TX 77060 USA, January 2016. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/advisories-and-debriefs/ ABS _Polar_Code_Advisory_15239.pdf (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Bekkers, E., Francois, J. F. ve Rojas‐Romagosa, H. (2018). Melting ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route. The Economic Journal, 128(610), 1095–1127. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12460
  • Belinksi, S. (2015). Putin May Have Last Laugh Over Western Sanctions | OilPrice.com. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Putin-May-Have-Last-Laugh-Over-Western-Sanctions.html# (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Gautier, D. L., Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., Pitman, J. K., … Wandrey, C. R. (2008). Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle. US Geological Survey.
  • Bloom, E. T. (1999). Establishment of the Arctic council. American Journal of International Law, 93(3), 712–722.
  • ÇHC Devlet Konseyi Bilgi Ofisi. (2018). Full text: China’s Arctic Policy. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm (erişim tarihi: 26.12.2019)
  • Chen, G. (2012). China’s emerging Arctic strategy. The Polar Journal, 2(2), 358–371.
  • Chernova, S. ve Volkov, A. (2010). Economic feasibility of the Northern Sea Route container shipping development. Høgskolen i Bodø.
  • Çin Devlet Konseyi. (2015). Initiative offers road map for peace, prosperity. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Council, A. (1996). Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council. Ottawa, Canada, 19.
  • Drewniak, M., Dalaklis, D., Kitada, M., Ölçer, A. ve Ballini, F. (2018). Geopolitics of Arctic shipping: the state of icebreakers and future needs. Polar Geography, 41(2), 107–125. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455756
  • Duchâtel, M. ve Duplaix, A. S. (2018). Blue China: Navigating the maritime silk road to Europe. Policy Brief.
  • Dudley, B. (2018). BP statistical review of world energy. BP Statistical Review, London, UK, accessed Aug, 6, 2018.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2019). Exports of goods and services (current US$) - China |Data https://data.worldbank.org/indicator /NE.EXP.GNFS.CD? locations =CN (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Ellyatt, H. (2019). Russia and China’s relationship- how deep does it go. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/27/russia-and-chinas-relationship--how-deep-does-it-go.html (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Erkan, A. (2019). Grand Strateji Olarak Kuşak ve Yol İnsiyatifinde Arktik: Kutup İpekyolu’nun Çin-Rusya Enerji İş Birliğindeki Rolü As a Grand Strategy Arctic on The Belt and Road Initiative: The Role of Polar Silk Road in Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 145–173. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.632967
  • export.gov. (2019).China - Oil and Gas|export.gov. https://www.export. gov/article?id=China-Oil-and-Gas (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Gabuev, A. (2016). Friends With Benefits? Russian-Chinese Relations After the Ukraine Crisis - Carnegie Moscow Center - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegie.ru/2016/06/29/friends-with-benefits-russian-chinese-relations-after-ukraine-crisis-pub-63953 (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Grieger, G. (2018). BRIEFING EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Gudjonsson, H. ve Nielsson, E. T. (2017). China’s Belt and Road Enters the Arctic – The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/chinas-belt-and-road-enters-the-arctic/ (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Hansen, C. Ø., Grønsedt, P., Graversen, C. L. ve Hendriksen, C. (2016). Arctic Shipping: Commercial Opportunities and Challenges. CBS Maritime.
  • Henderson, J. ve Mitrova, T. (2016). Energy relations between Russia and China: playing chess with the dragon.
  • Herberg, M. E. ve Downs, E. (2017). Asia’s Energy Security and China’s Belt and Road Initiative. National Bureau of Asian Research.
  • Higgins, A. (2019). A Power Plant Fiasco Highlights China’s Growing Clout in Central Asia - The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/06/world/asia/china-russia-central-asia.html (erişim tarihi: 13.01.2020)
  • Hong, N. (2012). The melting Arctic and its impact on China’s maritime transport. Research in transportation economics, 35(1), 50–57.
  • Hsiung, C. W. (2016). China and Arctic energy: drivers and limitations. The Polar Journal, 6(2), 243–258.
  • Humpert, M. (2018). China Launches Domestically-Built “Xue Long 2” Icebreaker. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/china-launches-domestically-built-xue-long-2-icebreaker (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • ipy.org. (2007). IPY 2007-2008. http://www.ipy.org/index.php? /ipy/detail/chinese_polar_research_during_the_ipy_and_beyond/ (erişim tarihi: 09.01.2020)
  • Kavas, A. Y. (2014). Rusya’nın Arktik Politikası ve Türkiye | BİLGESAM. http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/78/-rusya’nin-arktik-politikasi-ve-turkiye/#.XgCOglUzaM8 (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Kopra, S. (2013). China’s Arctic interests. Arctic yearbook, 107–122.
  • Kossa, M. (2019). China’s Arctic engagement: domestic actors and foreign policy. Global Change, Peace & Security, 1–20.
  • Kumon, T. (2017). China thinks big in backing Russia’s ambitious Arctic LNG project. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-thinks-big-in-backing-Russia-s-ambitious-Arctic-LNG-project (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Lanteigne, M. (2008). China’s Maritime Security and the “Malacca Dilemma”. Asian Security, 4(2), 143–161. doi:10.1080/14799850802006555
  • Lasserre, F. ve Pelletier, S. (2011). Polar super seaways? Maritime transport in the Arctic: an analysis of shipowners’ intentions. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1465–1473.
  • Lim, K. S. (2018). China’s Arctic Policy & the Polar Silk Road Vision. Arctic Yearbook 2018, 420.
  • Manta, F. (2019). China’s policies on Polar Silk Road and impacts on trade and energy use in Arctic region. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 1–7.
  • Mariia, K. (2019). China’s Arctic policy: present and future. The Polar Journal, 1–19.
  • McKie, R. (2013). China’s voyage of discovery to cross the less frozen north |World news | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2013/aug/18/china-northeastern-sea-route-trial-voyage (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Nijoka, D., Gupta, S., Donadio, M., Avaldsnes, J. ve Ovilveria, A. (2013). Arctic oil and gas. Ernst & Young, London, UK.
  • Novatek. (2014). Binding Contract On Lng Supply Concluded With Cnpc.http://www.novatek.ru/common/upload/doc/YLNG_CNPC_Contract_ENG.pdf (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • OCIMF. (2017). Northern Sea Route Navigation Best Practices and Challenges (First edition 2017). www.ocimf.org (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Overland, I. ve Kubayeva, G. (2018). Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relations. Russia’s Turn to the East içinde (ss. 95–118). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69790-1_6
  • Pierre, C. ve Olivier, F. (2015). Relevance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for bulk shipping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 337–346. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.020
  • Pinchuk, D. ve Soldatkin, V. (2018). Russia’s Novatek ships first LNG cargo to China via Arctic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-novatek-cnpc-lng/russias-novatek-ships-first-lng-cargo-to-china-via-arctic-idUSKBN1K90YN (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Qu, X. ve Meng, Q. (2012). The economic importance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore: An extreme-scenario analysis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(1), 258–265. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2011.08.005
  • Ruibo, L. E. I., Zhanhai, Z., Zhijun, L. I., Qinghua, Y., Bingrui, L. I. ve Tao, L. I. (2017). Review of research on Arctic sea ice physics based on the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. 极地科学进展 (英文版), (2017 年 02), 100–110.
  • Schøyen, H. ve Bråthen, S. (2011). The Northern Sea Route versus the Suez Canal: cases from bulk shipping. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 977–983.
  • Secretariat, U. (2019). Review of maritime transport 2019. United Nations Publication.
  • Sørensen, C. T. N. (2018). China as an Arctic Great Power. Potential Implications for Greenland and the Danish Realm.
  • Steinberg, P. E. ve Dodds, K. (2015). The Arctic Council after Kiruna. Polar Record, 51(1), 108–110.
  • The Economist. (2012). Politics - Too much to fight over https://www.economist.com/special-report/2012/06/16/too-much-to-fight-over (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Total. (2018). Yamal LNG in Russia: the gas that came in from the cold | total.com. https://www.total.com/en/energy-expertise/projects/oil-gas/lng/yamal-lng-cold-environment-gas (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • University of the Arctic. (2019). UArctic - Ocean University of China. https://www.uarctic.org/member-profiles/non-arctic/8672/ocean-university-of-china (erişim tarihi: 24.12.2019)
  • Xin, Z. (2019). Nation’s reliance on crude oil imports set to continue - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/global/2019-06/05/content_37477320.htm (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • xinhuanet. (2018). China publishes Arctic policy, eyeing vision of “Polar Silk Road” - Xinhua|English.news.cn. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english /2018-01/26/c_136926357.htm (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Yulong, L., Linghao, K. ve Jia, L. (2016). Yamal LNG Project and Made-in-China Equipment Going Globally. 中国油气, 23(3), 13–17.
  • Zanbak, M. ve AKAY, A. (2019). Bir Çekim Merkezi Olarak Arktika’nın Çin Ekonomisi Açısından Önemi: Seçilmiş Endüstrilere Yönelik Bazı Çıkarımlar. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 92–121. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.632925

China's Interest in the Arctic: Polar Silk Road

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 254 - 262, 20.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.827510

Öz

In 2013, China announced the Belt and Road Initiative, which it called the project of the century in order to increase its economic connections globally. As the world's largest exporter, China not only guarantees and diversifies its trade routes, but also wants to reach new energy sources safely. With the emergence of the best alternative to both new energy sources and new trade routes after the glaciers began to melt, China's interest in the region started to increase day by day. In this study, the importance of the Arctic region and China's interest in this region were investigated and it was concluded that it continues its activities in the polar region through cooperation with Russia.

Kaynakça

  • ABD EB İdaresi. (2018). China surpassed the United States as the world’s largest crude oil importer in 2017 - Today in Energy. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34812 (erişim tarihi: 20.112.2019)
  • ABD Enerji Bilgi İdaresi. (2020). EIA projects nearly 50% increase in world energy usage by 2050, led by growth in Asia - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42342 (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Advisory, I. P. C. (2016). Houston, TX 77060 USA, January 2016. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/advisories-and-debriefs/ ABS _Polar_Code_Advisory_15239.pdf (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Bekkers, E., Francois, J. F. ve Rojas‐Romagosa, H. (2018). Melting ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route. The Economic Journal, 128(610), 1095–1127. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12460
  • Belinksi, S. (2015). Putin May Have Last Laugh Over Western Sanctions | OilPrice.com. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Putin-May-Have-Last-Laugh-Over-Western-Sanctions.html# (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Gautier, D. L., Houseknecht, D. W., Klett, T. R., Pitman, J. K., … Wandrey, C. R. (2008). Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle. US Geological Survey.
  • Bloom, E. T. (1999). Establishment of the Arctic council. American Journal of International Law, 93(3), 712–722.
  • ÇHC Devlet Konseyi Bilgi Ofisi. (2018). Full text: China’s Arctic Policy. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm (erişim tarihi: 26.12.2019)
  • Chen, G. (2012). China’s emerging Arctic strategy. The Polar Journal, 2(2), 358–371.
  • Chernova, S. ve Volkov, A. (2010). Economic feasibility of the Northern Sea Route container shipping development. Høgskolen i Bodø.
  • Çin Devlet Konseyi. (2015). Initiative offers road map for peace, prosperity. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Council, A. (1996). Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council. Ottawa, Canada, 19.
  • Drewniak, M., Dalaklis, D., Kitada, M., Ölçer, A. ve Ballini, F. (2018). Geopolitics of Arctic shipping: the state of icebreakers and future needs. Polar Geography, 41(2), 107–125. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455756
  • Duchâtel, M. ve Duplaix, A. S. (2018). Blue China: Navigating the maritime silk road to Europe. Policy Brief.
  • Dudley, B. (2018). BP statistical review of world energy. BP Statistical Review, London, UK, accessed Aug, 6, 2018.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2019). Exports of goods and services (current US$) - China |Data https://data.worldbank.org/indicator /NE.EXP.GNFS.CD? locations =CN (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Ellyatt, H. (2019). Russia and China’s relationship- how deep does it go. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/27/russia-and-chinas-relationship--how-deep-does-it-go.html (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Erkan, A. (2019). Grand Strateji Olarak Kuşak ve Yol İnsiyatifinde Arktik: Kutup İpekyolu’nun Çin-Rusya Enerji İş Birliğindeki Rolü As a Grand Strategy Arctic on The Belt and Road Initiative: The Role of Polar Silk Road in Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 145–173. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.632967
  • export.gov. (2019).China - Oil and Gas|export.gov. https://www.export. gov/article?id=China-Oil-and-Gas (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Gabuev, A. (2016). Friends With Benefits? Russian-Chinese Relations After the Ukraine Crisis - Carnegie Moscow Center - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegie.ru/2016/06/29/friends-with-benefits-russian-chinese-relations-after-ukraine-crisis-pub-63953 (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Grieger, G. (2018). BRIEFING EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Gudjonsson, H. ve Nielsson, E. T. (2017). China’s Belt and Road Enters the Arctic – The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/chinas-belt-and-road-enters-the-arctic/ (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Hansen, C. Ø., Grønsedt, P., Graversen, C. L. ve Hendriksen, C. (2016). Arctic Shipping: Commercial Opportunities and Challenges. CBS Maritime.
  • Henderson, J. ve Mitrova, T. (2016). Energy relations between Russia and China: playing chess with the dragon.
  • Herberg, M. E. ve Downs, E. (2017). Asia’s Energy Security and China’s Belt and Road Initiative. National Bureau of Asian Research.
  • Higgins, A. (2019). A Power Plant Fiasco Highlights China’s Growing Clout in Central Asia - The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/06/world/asia/china-russia-central-asia.html (erişim tarihi: 13.01.2020)
  • Hong, N. (2012). The melting Arctic and its impact on China’s maritime transport. Research in transportation economics, 35(1), 50–57.
  • Hsiung, C. W. (2016). China and Arctic energy: drivers and limitations. The Polar Journal, 6(2), 243–258.
  • Humpert, M. (2018). China Launches Domestically-Built “Xue Long 2” Icebreaker. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/china-launches-domestically-built-xue-long-2-icebreaker (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • ipy.org. (2007). IPY 2007-2008. http://www.ipy.org/index.php? /ipy/detail/chinese_polar_research_during_the_ipy_and_beyond/ (erişim tarihi: 09.01.2020)
  • Kavas, A. Y. (2014). Rusya’nın Arktik Politikası ve Türkiye | BİLGESAM. http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/78/-rusya’nin-arktik-politikasi-ve-turkiye/#.XgCOglUzaM8 (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Kopra, S. (2013). China’s Arctic interests. Arctic yearbook, 107–122.
  • Kossa, M. (2019). China’s Arctic engagement: domestic actors and foreign policy. Global Change, Peace & Security, 1–20.
  • Kumon, T. (2017). China thinks big in backing Russia’s ambitious Arctic LNG project. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-thinks-big-in-backing-Russia-s-ambitious-Arctic-LNG-project (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • Lanteigne, M. (2008). China’s Maritime Security and the “Malacca Dilemma”. Asian Security, 4(2), 143–161. doi:10.1080/14799850802006555
  • Lasserre, F. ve Pelletier, S. (2011). Polar super seaways? Maritime transport in the Arctic: an analysis of shipowners’ intentions. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1465–1473.
  • Lim, K. S. (2018). China’s Arctic Policy & the Polar Silk Road Vision. Arctic Yearbook 2018, 420.
  • Manta, F. (2019). China’s policies on Polar Silk Road and impacts on trade and energy use in Arctic region. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 1–7.
  • Mariia, K. (2019). China’s Arctic policy: present and future. The Polar Journal, 1–19.
  • McKie, R. (2013). China’s voyage of discovery to cross the less frozen north |World news | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2013/aug/18/china-northeastern-sea-route-trial-voyage (erişim tarihi: 06.01.2020)
  • Nijoka, D., Gupta, S., Donadio, M., Avaldsnes, J. ve Ovilveria, A. (2013). Arctic oil and gas. Ernst & Young, London, UK.
  • Novatek. (2014). Binding Contract On Lng Supply Concluded With Cnpc.http://www.novatek.ru/common/upload/doc/YLNG_CNPC_Contract_ENG.pdf (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
  • OCIMF. (2017). Northern Sea Route Navigation Best Practices and Challenges (First edition 2017). www.ocimf.org (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Overland, I. ve Kubayeva, G. (2018). Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relations. Russia’s Turn to the East içinde (ss. 95–118). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69790-1_6
  • Pierre, C. ve Olivier, F. (2015). Relevance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for bulk shipping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 337–346. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.020
  • Pinchuk, D. ve Soldatkin, V. (2018). Russia’s Novatek ships first LNG cargo to China via Arctic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-novatek-cnpc-lng/russias-novatek-ships-first-lng-cargo-to-china-via-arctic-idUSKBN1K90YN (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • Qu, X. ve Meng, Q. (2012). The economic importance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore: An extreme-scenario analysis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(1), 258–265. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2011.08.005
  • Ruibo, L. E. I., Zhanhai, Z., Zhijun, L. I., Qinghua, Y., Bingrui, L. I. ve Tao, L. I. (2017). Review of research on Arctic sea ice physics based on the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. 极地科学进展 (英文版), (2017 年 02), 100–110.
  • Schøyen, H. ve Bråthen, S. (2011). The Northern Sea Route versus the Suez Canal: cases from bulk shipping. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 977–983.
  • Secretariat, U. (2019). Review of maritime transport 2019. United Nations Publication.
  • Sørensen, C. T. N. (2018). China as an Arctic Great Power. Potential Implications for Greenland and the Danish Realm.
  • Steinberg, P. E. ve Dodds, K. (2015). The Arctic Council after Kiruna. Polar Record, 51(1), 108–110.
  • The Economist. (2012). Politics - Too much to fight over https://www.economist.com/special-report/2012/06/16/too-much-to-fight-over (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Total. (2018). Yamal LNG in Russia: the gas that came in from the cold | total.com. https://www.total.com/en/energy-expertise/projects/oil-gas/lng/yamal-lng-cold-environment-gas (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2020)
  • University of the Arctic. (2019). UArctic - Ocean University of China. https://www.uarctic.org/member-profiles/non-arctic/8672/ocean-university-of-china (erişim tarihi: 24.12.2019)
  • Xin, Z. (2019). Nation’s reliance on crude oil imports set to continue - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/global/2019-06/05/content_37477320.htm (erişim tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • xinhuanet. (2018). China publishes Arctic policy, eyeing vision of “Polar Silk Road” - Xinhua|English.news.cn. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english /2018-01/26/c_136926357.htm (erişim tarihi: 23.12.2019)
  • Yulong, L., Linghao, K. ve Jia, L. (2016). Yamal LNG Project and Made-in-China Equipment Going Globally. 中国油气, 23(3), 13–17.
  • Zanbak, M. ve AKAY, A. (2019). Bir Çekim Merkezi Olarak Arktika’nın Çin Ekonomisi Açısından Önemi: Seçilmiş Endüstrilere Yönelik Bazı Çıkarımlar. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 92–121. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.632925
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veli Ahmet Çevik 0000-0003-1981-7275

Tülin Durukan 0000-0001-5228-3274

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Kasım 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 6 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, V. A., & Durukan, T. (2020). Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 20(2), 254-262. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.827510
AMA Çevik VA, Durukan T. Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. Kasım 2020;20(2):254-262. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.827510
Chicago Çevik, Veli Ahmet, ve Tülin Durukan. “Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 20, sy. 2 (Kasım 2020): 254-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.827510.
EndNote Çevik VA, Durukan T (01 Kasım 2020) Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 20 2 254–262.
IEEE V. A. Çevik ve T. Durukan, “Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 20, sy. 2, ss. 254–262, 2020, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.827510.
ISNAD Çevik, Veli Ahmet - Durukan, Tülin. “Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 20/2 (Kasım 2020), 254-262. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.827510.
JAMA Çevik VA, Durukan T. Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2020;20:254–262.
MLA Çevik, Veli Ahmet ve Tülin Durukan. “Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 20, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 254-62, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.827510.
Vancouver Çevik VA, Durukan T. Çin’in Kuzey Kutbu’na Olan İlgisi: Kutup İpek Yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2020;20(2):254-62.
Dizinler

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