Öz
Bu makale, 1988-2020 dönemi Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verilerini kullanarak Türkiye’de genç nüfusta (15-29 yaş grubu) eğitim eşitsizliğindeki değişimi araştırmaktadır. Ortalama eğitim süresi eğitim düzeyindeki değişimler, standart sapma ve eğitim Gini katsayısı ise grup içi eğitim eşitsizliğini incelemek için hesaplanmaktadır. Bu istatistikler, genç kadınlar ve genç erkekler için ayrı ayrı hesaplanarak zaman içerisinde eğitim düzeyi ve eşitsizliğinde gözlenen toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin nasıl değiştiği değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, Türkiye’de 1988-2020 arasında hem genç erkekler hem de genç kadınlar için ortalama eğitim süresinin arttığını ve Gini katsayısı ile hesaplanan eğitim eşitsizliğinin ise azaldığını göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, zorunlu eğitimin artmasının hem ortalama eğitim süresi hem de eğitim eşitsizliği bakımından olumlu etkilerini yansıtıyor görünmektedir. Her ne kadar eğitimde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği zamanla azalsa da ortalama eğitim süresi genç erkekler için, eğitim Gini katsayısı ise genç kadınlar için görece daha yüksektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Berik, G., Rodgers, Y. V. D. M., & Seguino, S. (2009). Feminist economics of inequality, development, and growth. Feminist economics, 15(3), 1-33.
- Blumberg, R. L. (2004). Extending Lenski's Schema to Hold up Both Halves of the Sky—A Theory-Guided Way of Conceptualizing Agrarian Societies that Illuminates a Puzzle about Gender Stratification. Sociological theory, 22(2), 278-291
- Boschini, A. D. (2003). The impact of gender stereotypes on economic growth. Stockholm: Department of Economics, Stockholm University.
- Bowles, S., and Gintis, H. (2002). The inheritance of inequality. Journal of economic Perspectives, 16(3), 3-30.
- Dollar, D., & Gatti, R. (1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: are good times good for women? (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: Development Research Group, The World Bank
- Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: does schooling matter?. Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3): 369-385.
- European Training Foundation (ETF). (2020). Unlocking Youth Potential in South Eastern Europe and Turkey: Skills development for labour market and social inclusion, European Training Foundation.
- Eurostat (2018). Statistics explained: Business demography statistics, European Commission.
- Ferreira F.H.G. and Gignoux, J. (2010). Inequality of Opportunity for Education: The case of Turkey, State Planning Organization of the Republic of Turkey and World Bank Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program Working Paper Number 4.
- France, A. (2017). Youth, social change and inequality, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 33(1): 87-94.
- Gökşen, F., Filiztekin, A., Smith, M., Çelik, C., Öker, I. and Kuz, S. (2016). Vulnerable youth & gender mainstreaming. STYLE Working Paper No. WP4.3, CROME, University of Brighton, Brighton.
- International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020: Technology and the future of jobs, Geneva: ILO.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 2020, Sayılarla Uzaktan Eğitim, 23 Mart- 19 Haziran 2020, Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2022. Rodriguez-Modroño, P. (2019). Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain, International Journal of Manpower, 40(3): 433-448.
- Shimeles, A. (2016). Can higher education reduce inequality in developing countries? Expanding higher education might solve rising youth unemployment and widening inequality in Africa, IZA World of Labor, 273: 1-9.
- Tomul, E. (2011). Educational Inequality in Turkey: An Evaluation by Gini Index. Education and Science, 36(160), 133-143.Yanık-İlhan, B.(2012). Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition from School to Work in Turkey. Ph.D. Dissertation Middle East Technical University, 2012.
- Yanık-İlhan, B ve Aydıner-Avşar, N. (2013). Education Inequality among Working-Age Population in Turkey: A Cohort Analysis, Emerging Patterns of Work and Turkish Labour Market Challenges under Globalization içinde (Eds. Blanpain R., Dereli T., Soykut-Sarıca P., Şen-Taşbaşı, A.) (pp. 75-100) Amsterdam: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business Publishers.
- Yanık-İlhan, B ve Aydıner-Avşar, N. (2021). Türkiye’de Eğitim Eşitsizliği: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Yaş Kuşakları Analizi, Farklı Perspektiflerden Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları içinde (Ed. Prof. Dr. Burcu Yavuz Tiftikçigil) (pp. 153-171) İstanbul: Nobel Yayınevi.
Öz
This paper studies the changes in education inequality in the youth population (15-29 age group) in Turkey using the Household Labour Force Survey data for the 1988-2020 period. The average years of schooling is calculated to investigate the changes in the level of educational attainment, and standard deviation in years of schooling and education Gini coefficient are calculated to examine how within-group education inequality changes over time. These statistics are calculated for young men and young women separately to also find out how gender inequality in educational attainment and education inequality changes over time. The findings of this study show that the average years of schooling increases for both young men and young women in Turkey while education inequality measured by the Gini coefficient decreases for both groups between 1988 and 2020. This seems to reflect the positive implications of the expansion in compulsory education for both AYS and education inequality. Average years of schooling is higher for young men while education Gini is higher among young women despite the closing of the gender gap in both measures over time.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Berik, G., Rodgers, Y. V. D. M., & Seguino, S. (2009). Feminist economics of inequality, development, and growth. Feminist economics, 15(3), 1-33.
- Blumberg, R. L. (2004). Extending Lenski's Schema to Hold up Both Halves of the Sky—A Theory-Guided Way of Conceptualizing Agrarian Societies that Illuminates a Puzzle about Gender Stratification. Sociological theory, 22(2), 278-291
- Boschini, A. D. (2003). The impact of gender stereotypes on economic growth. Stockholm: Department of Economics, Stockholm University.
- Bowles, S., and Gintis, H. (2002). The inheritance of inequality. Journal of economic Perspectives, 16(3), 3-30.
- Dollar, D., & Gatti, R. (1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: are good times good for women? (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: Development Research Group, The World Bank
- Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: does schooling matter?. Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3): 369-385.
- European Training Foundation (ETF). (2020). Unlocking Youth Potential in South Eastern Europe and Turkey: Skills development for labour market and social inclusion, European Training Foundation.
- Eurostat (2018). Statistics explained: Business demography statistics, European Commission.
- Ferreira F.H.G. and Gignoux, J. (2010). Inequality of Opportunity for Education: The case of Turkey, State Planning Organization of the Republic of Turkey and World Bank Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program Working Paper Number 4.
- France, A. (2017). Youth, social change and inequality, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 33(1): 87-94.
- Gökşen, F., Filiztekin, A., Smith, M., Çelik, C., Öker, I. and Kuz, S. (2016). Vulnerable youth & gender mainstreaming. STYLE Working Paper No. WP4.3, CROME, University of Brighton, Brighton.
- International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020: Technology and the future of jobs, Geneva: ILO.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 2020, Sayılarla Uzaktan Eğitim, 23 Mart- 19 Haziran 2020, Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2022. Rodriguez-Modroño, P. (2019). Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain, International Journal of Manpower, 40(3): 433-448.
- Shimeles, A. (2016). Can higher education reduce inequality in developing countries? Expanding higher education might solve rising youth unemployment and widening inequality in Africa, IZA World of Labor, 273: 1-9.
- Tomul, E. (2011). Educational Inequality in Turkey: An Evaluation by Gini Index. Education and Science, 36(160), 133-143.Yanık-İlhan, B.(2012). Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition from School to Work in Turkey. Ph.D. Dissertation Middle East Technical University, 2012.
- Yanık-İlhan, B ve Aydıner-Avşar, N. (2013). Education Inequality among Working-Age Population in Turkey: A Cohort Analysis, Emerging Patterns of Work and Turkish Labour Market Challenges under Globalization içinde (Eds. Blanpain R., Dereli T., Soykut-Sarıca P., Şen-Taşbaşı, A.) (pp. 75-100) Amsterdam: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business Publishers.
- Yanık-İlhan, B ve Aydıner-Avşar, N. (2021). Türkiye’de Eğitim Eşitsizliği: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Yaş Kuşakları Analizi, Farklı Perspektiflerden Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları içinde (Ed. Prof. Dr. Burcu Yavuz Tiftikçigil) (pp. 153-171) İstanbul: Nobel Yayınevi.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 |
