Araştırma Makalesi
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COVID-19 Salgın Sürecinde Yaşanan Korku Düzeyinin, Riskten Kaçınma ve İş Etkileşiminden Kaçınma Davranışlarına Etkisi: Sağlık Profesyonelleri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 182 - 206, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.952551

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, COVID-19 salgın sürecinde yaşanan korku düzeyinin, riskten kaçınma ve iş etkileşiminden kaçınma davranışlarına etkisini tespit etmektir. Sağlık çalışanları tüm pandemilerde hayatlarını riske atarak salgınlara karşı ön saflarda mücadele ettiklerinden, pandemi faktörlerine yakalanma riski her zaman en yüksek grup olmuşlardır. Sağlık profesyonelleri arasında COVID-19 salgın sürecinde yaşanan korku düzeyinin, onların riskten kaçınma ve iş etkileşiminden kaçınma davranışları gösterme eğilimlerini arttıracağı öngörülmektedir. Araştırmada hastane tabanlı kesitsel araştırma deseni uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Ankara ilinde ikinci basamak tedavi sunan iki farklı kamu hastanesinin tüm sağlık profesyonelleri oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada kolayda örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Veriler internet üzerinden anket tekniği ile bizzat araştırmacılar tarafından toplanmıştır. Değerlendirmeye alınan ve verilerin analizinde kullanılan toplam anket sayısı 326’dır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS ve AMOS paket programları kullanılmıştır. Betimleyici analizler, bağımsız örneklem t testi, ANOVA analizi ve yapısal eşitlik modellemesi uygulanmıştır. Yapısal eşitlik analizi ile elde edilen bulgular, modelin yapı geçerliliğinin sağlandığını göstermiştir. Sağlık profesyonellerinin COVID-19 korku düzeyinin riskten kaçınma davranışlarına direkt nedensel etkisinin pozitif yönlü ve 0.29 birim olduğu, iş etkileşiminden kaçınma davranışlarına ise direkt nedensel etkisinin pozitif yönlü ve 0.17 birim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kadın cinsiyeti ile riskten kaçınma davranışı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Sağlık profesyonelleri arasında COVID-19 salgın sürecinde yaşanan korku düzeyi, onların riskten kaçınma ve iş etkileşiminden kaçınma davranışları gösterme eğilimlerini arttırmaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurum desteklememiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 of COVID- 19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
  • Ashforth, B. E., & Lee, R. T. (1990). Defensive behavior in organizations: A preliminary model. Human Relations, 43, 621–648.
  • Ashford, S. J., Blatt, R., & VandeWalle, D. (2003). Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research on feedback-seeking behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 29, 773–799.
  • Bai, Y., Lin, C. C., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Chue, C. M., & Chou, P. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055-1057.
  • Baker, M. G., Peckham T. K., & Seixas N. S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: a key factor in containing the risk of COVID-19 infection. PLOS One, 15(4), https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02. 20030288.
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  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş Amos Uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 167–203.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd Edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chen, P., Sparrow, P., & Cooper, C. (2016). The relationship between person-organization fit and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(5), 946-959. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0236.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16.
  • Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, F. (2020). Prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety among pediatric medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak in Guiyang, China. Psychiatry Res., 288: 113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113005
  • Cheong, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Lee, H. Y. et al. (2007). Concerns and preparedness for an avian influenza pandemic: a comparison between community hospital and tertiary hospital healthcare workers. Ind Health, 45, 653–61.
  • Chong, M. Y., Wang, W. C., Hsieh, W. C. et al. (2004). Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. Br J Psychiatry, 185, 127–33.
  • De Matos, C. A., Ituassu, C. T., & Rossi, C. A. V. (2007). Consumer Attitudes toward Counterfeits: A Review and Extension. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(1), 36–47. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 48: 39-50.
  • Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, 49(1), 1-3.
  • Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. Sage Publications.
  • Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A.K., & Zhou, X. P. (2020). Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38(3), 192-195.
  • Huremović, D. (2019). Psychiatry of Pandemics (1st Ed.). New York: Springer.
  • Imai, T., Takahashi, K., Hasegawa, N., Lim, M. K., & Koh D. (2005). SARS risk perceptions in healthcare workers, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 404–10.
  • Ji, D., Ji, Y. J., Duan, X. Z., Li, W. G., Sun, Z. Q., Song, X. A., Meng, Y. H., Tang, H. M., Chu, F., Niu, X. X., Chen, G. F., Li, J., & Duan, H. J. (2017). Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Oncotarget, 8(8), 12784-12791. (doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14498).
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The Impact of the Level of Fear Experienced During the COVID-19 Epidemic on Risk Aversion and Work Interaction Avoidance Behaviors: An Application on Health Professionals

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 182 - 206, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.952551

Öz

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the level of fear experienced during the COVID-19 epidemic on risk aversion and work interaction avoidance behaviors. Healthcare workers have always been the group with the highest risk of contracting virus, as they put their lives at risk in all pandemics to fight epidemics on the front lines. Hospital-based cross-sectional research design was used in the study. The universe of the research consisted of all healthcare professionals of two different public hospitals providing secondary care in Ankara. Convenience sampling method was employed. The data were collected by the researchers using the online questionnaire technique. The total number of questionnaire package that were evaluated and used in the analysis of the data is 326. SPSS and AMOS package programs were used in the analysis of the data. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA test and structural equation modeling were applied to the data. The findings obtained with the structural equation analysis showed that the construct validity of the model was confirmed. It has been determined that the direct causal effect of the COVID-19 fear level of health professionals on risk avoidance behaviors is positive and 0.29 units, while the direct causal effect on the work interaction avoidance behaviors is positive and 0.17 units. In addition, a significant relationship was found between female gender and risk avoidance behavior. The level of fear experienced among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 epidemic seem to increase their tendency to show risk avoidance and work interaction avoidance behaviors.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 of COVID- 19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
  • Ashforth, B. E., & Lee, R. T. (1990). Defensive behavior in organizations: A preliminary model. Human Relations, 43, 621–648.
  • Ashford, S. J., Blatt, R., & VandeWalle, D. (2003). Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research on feedback-seeking behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 29, 773–799.
  • Bai, Y., Lin, C. C., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Chue, C. M., & Chou, P. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055-1057.
  • Baker, M. G., Peckham T. K., & Seixas N. S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: a key factor in containing the risk of COVID-19 infection. PLOS One, 15(4), https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02. 20030288.
  • Bagozzi, R. P. & Fornell, C. (1982). Theoretical Concepts, Measurement, and Meaning, in, Vol. 2, C. Fornell (Ed.) A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis, Praeger, ss. 5-23.
  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş Amos Uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 167–203.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd Edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chen, P., Sparrow, P., & Cooper, C. (2016). The relationship between person-organization fit and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(5), 946-959. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0236.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16.
  • Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, F. (2020). Prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety among pediatric medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak in Guiyang, China. Psychiatry Res., 288: 113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113005
  • Cheong, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Lee, H. Y. et al. (2007). Concerns and preparedness for an avian influenza pandemic: a comparison between community hospital and tertiary hospital healthcare workers. Ind Health, 45, 653–61.
  • Chong, M. Y., Wang, W. C., Hsieh, W. C. et al. (2004). Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. Br J Psychiatry, 185, 127–33.
  • De Matos, C. A., Ituassu, C. T., & Rossi, C. A. V. (2007). Consumer Attitudes toward Counterfeits: A Review and Extension. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(1), 36–47. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 48: 39-50.
  • Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, 49(1), 1-3.
  • Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. Sage Publications.
  • Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A.K., & Zhou, X. P. (2020). Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38(3), 192-195.
  • Huremović, D. (2019). Psychiatry of Pandemics (1st Ed.). New York: Springer.
  • Imai, T., Takahashi, K., Hasegawa, N., Lim, M. K., & Koh D. (2005). SARS risk perceptions in healthcare workers, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 404–10.
  • Ji, D., Ji, Y. J., Duan, X. Z., Li, W. G., Sun, Z. Q., Song, X. A., Meng, Y. H., Tang, H. M., Chu, F., Niu, X. X., Chen, G. F., Li, J., & Duan, H. J. (2017). Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Oncotarget, 8(8), 12784-12791. (doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14498).
  • Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Yang, B. X., Hu, S., Zhang, K., Wang, G., Ma, C., & Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87: 11-17.
  • Kaya, B. (2020). Pandeminin Ruh Sağlığına Etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 23: 123-124. (doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.64325).
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  • Laia, C. C., Shih, T. P., Ko, W. C., Tang, H. J., & Hsueh, P. R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(3), 105924.
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  • Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., Chu, C. M., Wong, P. C., Tsang, K., & Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
  • Lee, S. H., Juang, Y. Y., Su, Y. J., Lee, H. L., Lin, Y. H., & Chao, C. C. (2005). Facing SARS: psychological impacts on SARS team nurses and psychiatric services in a Taiwan general hospital. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27(5), 352-358.
  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the, 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry, 87, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
  • Leppin, A. & Aro, A. R. (2009). Risk perceptions related to SARS and avian influenza: theoretical foundations of current empirical research. Int J Behav Med, 16: 7–29.
  • Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J., Zhan, G., Xu, X., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Zhou, C., Pan, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, H., Yang, J., Zhu, B., Hu, Y., Hashimoto, K., Jia, Y., Wang, H., Wang, R., Liu, C., & Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88(2020), 916-919.
  • Marjanovic, Z., Greenglass, E. R., & Coffey, S. (2007). The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses’ coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(6), 991-998.
  • Masur, H., Emanuel, E., & Lane, H. C. (2003). Severe acute respiratory syndrome: providing care in the face of uncertainty. JAMA, 289, 2861–3.
  • Matsuishi, K., Kawazoe, A., Imai, H., Ito, A., Mouri, K., Kitamura, N., Miyake, K., Mino, K., Isobe, M., Takamiya, S., Hitokoto, H., & Mita, T. (2012). Psychological impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on general hospital workers in Kobe. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 66(4), 353-360.
  • Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C. M. B., Goldbloom, D. S., Gupta, M., Hunter, J. J., McGillis, H. L., Nagle, L. M., Pain, C., Peczeniuk, S. S., Raymond, G., Read, N., Rourke, S. B., Steinberg, R. J., Stewart, T. E., VanDeVelde-Coke, S., Veldhorst, G. G., & Wasylenki, D. A. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924-1932.
  • Meertens, R. M. & Lion, R. (2008). Measuring an Individual's Tendency to Take Risks: The Risk Propensity Scale 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(6), 1506-1520.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical Methods for Health Care Research (5th edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Nickell, L. A., Crighton, E. J., Tracy, C. S. et al. (2004). Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution. CMAJ, 170, 793–8.
  • Nifadkar, S., Tsui, A. S., & Ashforth, B. E. (2012). The way you make me feel and behave: Supervisor-triggered newcomer affect and approach-avoidance behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1146-1168.
  • Oxford, J. S., Sefton, A., Jackson, R., Innes, W., Daniels, R. S., & Johnson, N. P. (2002). World War I may have allowed the emergence of “Spanish” influenza. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2(2), 111-114.
  • Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect, 15(8), 743-747.
  • Porten, K., Faensen, D., & Krause, G. (2006). SARS outbreak in Germany 2003: workload of local health departments and their compliance in quarantine measures-implications for outbreak modeling and surge capacity?. J Public Health Manag Pract., 12(3), 242-247. doi:10.1097/00124784-200605000-00004.
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066.
  • Reynolds, D. L., Garay, J. R., Deamond, S. L., Moran, M. K., Gold, W., & Styra, R. (2008). Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect, 136(7), 997-1007. Robertson, E., Hershenfield, K., Grace, S. L., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 403-407.
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Front Psychiatry, 11: 790. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790. eCollection 2020.
  • Sasangohar, F., Jones, S. L., Masud, F. N., Vahidy, F. S., Kash, B. A. (2020). Provider Burnout and Fatigue During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned from a High-Volume Intensive Care Unit. Anesthesia and Analgesi, 131(1), 106-111. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004866.
  • Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behaviour (Seventh Edition). Prentice-Hall: New Jersey.
  • Shapira, Y., Marganitt, B., Roxiner, I., Scochet, T., Bar, Y., & Shemer, J. (1991). Willingness of staff to report to their hospital duties following an unconventional missile attach: a statewide survey. Isr Med Sci., 27(11-12), 704–711.
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281-282.
  • Stone, P. W., Clarke, S. P., Cimiotti, J., & Correa-de-Araujo, R. (2004). Nurses’ working conditions: implications for infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis, 10: 1984–1999.
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  • Tam, C. W. C., Pang, E. P. F., Lam, L. C. W., & Chiu, H. F. K. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med., 34(7), 1197–1204. Doi: 10.1017/s0033291704002247.
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  • Tuncay, F. E., Koyuncu, E., & Özel, Ş. (2020). Pandemilerde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Psikososyal Sağlığını Etkileyen Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörlerine İlişkin Bir Derleme. Ankara Medical Journal, 2, 488-501.
  • Turkish Academy of Sciences (2020). TUBA COVID-19 Pandemic Assessment Report. Turkey Academy of Sciences Publications, TUBA Reports, No: 34, ISBN: 978-605-2249-43-7, http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/Covid-19%20Raporu-Final+.pdf (Erişim: 04.04.2021)
  • Turkish Medical Association. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic 6th Month Evaluation Report. ISBN 978-605-9665-58-2, https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6.pdf (Erişim: 04.04.2021).
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(5), 1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • Wang, J., Zhou, M. & Liu, F. (2020b). Reasons for health care workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(1), 100-101.
  • Wong, T. Y., Koh, G. C., Cheong, S. K. et al. (2008). A cross-sectional study of primary-care physicians in Singapore on their concerns and preparedness for an avian influenza outbreak. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 37, 458–64.
  • Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, J. C., Susser, E., Lu, J., & Hoven, C. W. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-311.
  • Zhang, M., Zhou, M., Tang, F., Wang, Y., Nie, W., Zhang, L., & Gou, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(2), 183-187.
  • Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fuat Yalman 0000-0002-1041-1837

Tekin Sancar 0000-0002-5277-3449

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Haziran 2021
Kabul Tarihi 16 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalman, F., & Sancar, T. (2022). The Impact of the Level of Fear Experienced During the COVID-19 Epidemic on Risk Aversion and Work Interaction Avoidance Behaviors: An Application on Health Professionals. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 182-206. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.952551