Öz
As both economic and social developments take place in the world, some increases in material consumption show themselves. Therefore, the use of such materials has significant effects on environmental pollution. In order to determine this, the material footprint is an important determinant. Accordingly, in this study, it is aimed to determine the variables that may affect the material footprint and thus to determine the factors that may cause environmental pollution. While the material footprint is considered as the dependent variable in the study, the material consumption, material efficiency, population, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and globalization variables, which are thought to be effective on the material footprint, are considered as independent variables. For this purpose, the 1990-2016 period data of the top five countries that consume the most materials in the world (China, United States of America, India, Brazil, Japan) are used. Panel ARDL MG method is used to analyze the relationship between variables. As a result, a positive relationship was found between material consumption, economic growth, population and material footprint in these countries.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Material Footprint Environmental Pollution Environmental Economics
Kaynakça
- Agnolucci, P., Flachenecker, F., & Söderberg, M. (2017). The causal impact of economic growth on material use in Europe. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 6(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2017.13257.
- Alfsen, K.H., & H.V. Sæbø. (1993). Environmental quality ındicators : background , principles and examples from Norway. Environmental & Resource Economics, 3, 415–435. doi:10.1007/BF00310246.
- Alola, A. A., Akadiri, S. S., & Usman, O. (2021). Domestic material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the EU‐28 countries: Implications for environmental sustainability targets. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 388-397.
- Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Environmental Kuznets curve revisited: an analysis using ecological and material footprint. Ecological Indicators, 115, 106416.
- Charlier, D., & Fizaine, F. (2020). Does becoming richer lead to a reduction in natural resource consumption? an empirical refutation of the kuznets material curve (No. 2020.05).
- Fernández-Herrero, L., & Duro, J. A. (2019). What causes inequality in material productivity between countries?. Ecological Economics, 162, 1-16.
- Grabarczyk, P., Wagner, M., Frondel, M., & Sommer, S. (2018). A cointegrating polynomial regression analysis of the material kuznets curve hypothesis. Resources Policy, 57, 236-245.
- Ibrahim, M. D., & Alola, A. A. (2020). Integrated analysis of energy-economic development-environmental sustainability nexus: case study of MENA countries. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 139768.
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
- Kassouri, Y., Alola, A. A., & Savaş, S. (2021). The dynamics of material consumption in phases of the economic cycle for selected emerging countries. Resources Policy, 70, 101918.
- Olowu, G., Olaseinde-Williams, G. O., & Bein, M. (2019). Does financial and agriculture sector development reduce unemployment rates? evidence from Southern African countries. Agricultural Economics, 65(5), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.17221/263/2018-AGRICECON
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Razzaq, A., Ajaz, T., Li, J. C., Irfan, M., & Suksatan, W. (2021). Investigating the asymmetric linkages between infrastructure development, green innovation, and consumption-based material footprint: Novel empirical estimations from highly resource-consuming economies. Resources Policy, 74, 102302.
- Sahoo, M., Saini, S., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2021). Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 37689–37704.
- Sarafidis, V., Yamagata, T., & Robertson, D. (2009). A test of cross section dependence for a linear dynamic panel model with regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 148(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.10.006 Steger, S., & Bleischwitz, R. (2011). Drivers for the use of materials across countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(8), 816-826.
- Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., Erdoğan, S., & Kassouri, Y. (2020). Investigating the non-linear effects of globalization on material consumption in the EU countries: evidence from PSTR estimation. Resources policy, 67, 101667.
- United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
- UNSTAT, (2021), Material Footprint, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files /Metadata-08-04-01.pdf (E.T. 09.09.2022).
- Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Assessment of the role of renewable energy consumption and trade policy on environmental degradation using innovation accounting: Evidence from the US. Renewable Energy, 150, 266-277.
- Wiedmann, T. O., Schandl, H., Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Suh, S., West, J., & Kanemoto, K. (2015). The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 112(20), 6271-6276.
- Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul. Beta Yayınevi.
Öz
Dünya üzerinde gerek ekonomik gerekse de sosyal gelişmeler yaşandıkça malzeme tüketiminde bir takım artışlar kendini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla da bu malzeme kullanımının çevre kirliliği üzerinde önemli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bunun tespit edilebilmesi için de malzeme ayak izi önemli bir belirleyici olarak kendini göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmada malzeme ayak izi üzerinde etkili olabilecek değişkenlerin belirlenmesi böylece de çevresel kirlenmeye neden olabilecek unsurların tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada malzeme ayak izi bağımlı değişken olarak ele alınırken; malzeme ayak izi üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen malzeme tüketimi, malzeme verimliliği, nüfus, enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme, ticari açıklık ve küreselleşme değişkenleri bağımsız değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla dünyada en çok malzeme tüketen ilk beş ülkenin (Çin, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hindistan, Brezilya, Japonya) 1990-2016 dönemi verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edilmesinde ise Panel ARDL MG yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçta söz konusu ülkelerde malzeme tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve nüfus ile malzeme ayak izi arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agnolucci, P., Flachenecker, F., & Söderberg, M. (2017). The causal impact of economic growth on material use in Europe. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 6(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2017.13257.
- Alfsen, K.H., & H.V. Sæbø. (1993). Environmental quality ındicators : background , principles and examples from Norway. Environmental & Resource Economics, 3, 415–435. doi:10.1007/BF00310246.
- Alola, A. A., Akadiri, S. S., & Usman, O. (2021). Domestic material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the EU‐28 countries: Implications for environmental sustainability targets. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 388-397.
- Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Environmental Kuznets curve revisited: an analysis using ecological and material footprint. Ecological Indicators, 115, 106416.
- Charlier, D., & Fizaine, F. (2020). Does becoming richer lead to a reduction in natural resource consumption? an empirical refutation of the kuznets material curve (No. 2020.05).
- Fernández-Herrero, L., & Duro, J. A. (2019). What causes inequality in material productivity between countries?. Ecological Economics, 162, 1-16.
- Grabarczyk, P., Wagner, M., Frondel, M., & Sommer, S. (2018). A cointegrating polynomial regression analysis of the material kuznets curve hypothesis. Resources Policy, 57, 236-245.
- Ibrahim, M. D., & Alola, A. A. (2020). Integrated analysis of energy-economic development-environmental sustainability nexus: case study of MENA countries. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 139768.
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
- Kassouri, Y., Alola, A. A., & Savaş, S. (2021). The dynamics of material consumption in phases of the economic cycle for selected emerging countries. Resources Policy, 70, 101918.
- Olowu, G., Olaseinde-Williams, G. O., & Bein, M. (2019). Does financial and agriculture sector development reduce unemployment rates? evidence from Southern African countries. Agricultural Economics, 65(5), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.17221/263/2018-AGRICECON
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Razzaq, A., Ajaz, T., Li, J. C., Irfan, M., & Suksatan, W. (2021). Investigating the asymmetric linkages between infrastructure development, green innovation, and consumption-based material footprint: Novel empirical estimations from highly resource-consuming economies. Resources Policy, 74, 102302.
- Sahoo, M., Saini, S., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2021). Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 37689–37704.
- Sarafidis, V., Yamagata, T., & Robertson, D. (2009). A test of cross section dependence for a linear dynamic panel model with regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 148(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.10.006 Steger, S., & Bleischwitz, R. (2011). Drivers for the use of materials across countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(8), 816-826.
- Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., Erdoğan, S., & Kassouri, Y. (2020). Investigating the non-linear effects of globalization on material consumption in the EU countries: evidence from PSTR estimation. Resources policy, 67, 101667.
- United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
- UNSTAT, (2021), Material Footprint, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files /Metadata-08-04-01.pdf (E.T. 09.09.2022).
- Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Assessment of the role of renewable energy consumption and trade policy on environmental degradation using innovation accounting: Evidence from the US. Renewable Energy, 150, 266-277.
- Wiedmann, T. O., Schandl, H., Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Suh, S., West, J., & Kanemoto, K. (2015). The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 112(20), 6271-6276.
- Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul. Beta Yayınevi.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Nisan 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Nisan 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1 |
