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FACTORS THREATENING SUSTAINABLE SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE RIO DE LA PLATA BASIN

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 30 - 55, 25.12.2022

Öz

The aim of this research is to determine the factors that threaten sustainable socioeconomic development in the Rio de la Plata Basin, the second largest river in the South American Continent in terms of drainage area. Within the scope of the research, the literature was scanned and data on the subject were obtained. From these data reviewed by the text analysis method, the following conclusions were reached: In order to expand the agricultural areas, large forest areas in Plata Basin are eliminated. This situation in the basin causes problems such as flood, erosion and sedimentation. Another factor that threatens sustainable development in the basin is pollution. The source of this situation is the insufficient infrastructure in many of the rapidly growing cities, the lack of adequate treatment facilities in industrial areas and the intensive use of chemicals in agricultural areas. In addition, floods occur in the basin from time to time. Moreover, the economic growth, which is achieved by destroying the environment and the change in the climate around the world will probably increase the floods in Plata Basin and the damages arising therefrom. However, drought is effective in some parts of the research area. Consequently; there is a water shortage, agriculture and livestock activities are damaged and there are disruptions in river transportation. Another factor threatening sustainable development in the basin is the loss of habitat caused by human interventions. Hidrovia Channel Project is another issue that has the potential to threaten sustainable development in the basin. Indeed, the opening of this channel in the basin; can further increase deforestation and habitat destruction.

Kaynakça

  • AIACC. (2005). Global Climate Change and the Coastal Areas of the Río de la Plata. A Final Report Submitted to Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change. Project No. LA 26, Washington.
  • Antico, A., Torres, M. E., Diaz, H. F. (2016). Contributions of different time scales to extreme Paraná floods. Climate Dynamics. 46(11-12): 3785-3792.
  • Aquino, L. (2016). WWF Paraguay’s on the Pilcomayo River Situation. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.wwf.org.py/?272891/WWF-Paraguays-on-the-Pilcomayo-River-Situation
  • Báez, J., Domecq, R. M. and Lugo, L. (2014). Risk Analysis in Transboundary Water of the Rivers Pilcomayo and Paraguay. W. L. Filho, F. Alves, S. Caeiro, U. M. Azeiteiro (Eds). International Perspectives on Climate Change: Latin America and Beyond. Springer.
  • Barros, V., Doyle, M., Camilloni, I. (2005, April). Potential impacts of climate change in the Plata basin. Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climatic Variability and Change (Proceedings of symposium S6 held during the 7th IAHS Scientific Assembly at Foz do Iguaçu). IAHS Publ. 295: 1-8.
  • Bilgili, M. Y. (2017). Ekonomik, Ekolojik ve Sosyal Boyutlarıyla Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 10(49): 559-569.
  • Brawer, M. (1991). Atlas of South America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Brazilian Committee On Dams. (2009). The Hydroelectric Power Plant Eng. Sérgio Motta (Porto Primavera) In The Paraná River. C. Piasentin (Ed). Main Brazilian Dams III. Rio de Janeiro: ICOLD.
  • Britannica. (2019). Paraná River. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Parana-River.
  • Cataldo, D., Colombo, J. C., Boltovskoy, D., Bilos, C. (2001). Environmental toxicity assessment in the Paraná River delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles. Environmental Pollution. 112(3): 379-389.
  • Codignotto, J. O., Dragani, W. C. Martin, P. B., Simionato, C. G. Medina, R. A. Alonso, G. (2012). Wind-wave climate change and increasing erosion in the outer Río de la Plata, Argentina. Continental Shelf Research. 38: 110-116.
  • Cordeiro, N. V. (1999). Environmental Management Issues in the Plata Basin. A. K. Biswas, N. V. Cordeiro. B. P. F. Braga, C. Tortajada (Eds). Management of Latin American River Basins Amazon, Plata, and São Francisco. The United Nations University Press. Tokyo, 148-173.
  • Davies, R. (2014). Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina All Hit by Floods. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, http://floodlist.com/america/floods-paraguay-brazil-argentina
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  • Harris, J. M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development. Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper 00-04, Tufts University, USA.
  • Holmer, N. M. (1960). Indian Place Names in South America and the Antilles: Part I. Names. 8: 133-149.
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  • ICMBIO. (t.y.). Itatiaia National Park. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaitatiaia/en/guia-do-visitante.html
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  • Işık, K. ve Kurt, Y. (2005, Aralık). Habitat Fragmentasyonu ve Biyoçeşitliliğe Etkileri. Türk Ormancılığında, Uluslararası Süreçte Acilen Eyleme Dönüştürülmesi Gereken Konular, Mevzuat ve Yapılanmaya Yansımaları Sempozyumu, Antalya, 1-15.
  • Kerim, A., Süme, V. (2019). Taşkınlar, Taşkın Koruma ve Kontrol Yapıları; Rize İlinde Örnek Çalışmalar. Türk Hidrolik Dergisi, 3(1): 1-13.
  • Krapovickas, S. K. and Di Giacomo. A. S. (1998). Conservation of Pampas and Campos grasslands in Argentina. PARKS. 8(3): 47-53.
  • Kurt, H. (2017). Çevre Sorunlarının Kavşağında Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(3): 825-837.
  • LACGEO. (2019). The Pampas (South America). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://lacgeo.com/pampas-south-america
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  • Mariano, K. L. P. (2013). Two to Tango: An Analysis of Brazilian-Argentine Relations. Brazilian Political Science Review, Çeviren: Albert Roy Leatherman. 7(1): 118-121.
  • Mauas, P. J. D., Buccino, A. P., Flamenco, E. (2010). Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics on Space Climate. 1-13.
  • MCIA. (2015). Paraguay Country Handbook. Quantico: Marine Corps Intelligence Activity.
  • Mızraklı, A., Güzenge, E., Yalçın, Ş. A. (2008). Ormanların Su Kaynakları Potansiyeli Üzerine Etkileri, Bu Alanların Belirlenmesi, Korunması ve DİM Planlama Örneği. TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı 1. Cilt. 49-60.
  • Minello, M. C. S., Paçó, A. L., Martines, M. A. U., Caetano, L., Dos Santos, A., Padilha, P. M., Castro, G. R. (2009). Sediment grain size distribution and heavy metals determination in a dam on the Parana River at Ilha Solteira, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 44(9): 861-865.
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RİO DE LA PLATA HAVZASI’NDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR SOSYO-EKONOMİK KALKINMAYI TEHDİT EDEN UNSURLAR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 30 - 55, 25.12.2022

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, drenaj alanı bakımından Güney Amerika Kıtası’nın ikinci büyük nehri olan Rio de la Plata Havzası’ndaki sürdürülebilir sosyoekonomik kalkınmayı tehdit eden unsurların neler olduğunu belirlemektir. Araştırma kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak konuyla ilgili veriler temin edilmiştir. Metin analizi yöntemiyle gözden geçirilen bu verilerden şu sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır: Tarım alanlarını genişletmek maksadıyla Plata Havzası’nda oldukça büyük ormanlık alanlar ortadan kaldırılmaktadır. Bu da havzada; sel ve taşkın, erozyon ve tortulaşma gibi sorunlara sebep olmaktadır. Havzadaki sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı tehdit eden unsurlardan bir diğeri, kirliliktir. Bu durumun kaynağı; hızla büyüyen şehirlerin birçoğunda altyapının yetersiz olması, sanayi alanlarının yeterli arıtma tesisine sahip olmayışı ve tarım alanlarında yoğun bir şekilde kimyasalların kullanılmasıdır. Bundan başka zaman zaman havzada sel ve taşkınlar da yaşanmaktadır. Dahası çevreyi tahrip etmek suretiyle gerçekleştirilen ekonomik büyüme ve dünya çapında iklimde yaşanan değişim, muhtemelen Plata Havzası’ndaki selleri ve bundan kaynaklanan zararları daha da artıracaktır. Buna karşın araştırma sahasının kimi yerlerindeyse kuraklık etkilidir. Buna bağlı olarak; su sıkıntısı yaşanmakta, tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetleri zarar görmekte ve akarsu ulaşımında aksamalar olmaktadır. Havzadaki sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı tehdit eden unsurlardan bir diğeri, beşeri müdahaleler neticesinde meydana gelen habitat kaybıdır. Hidrovia Kanal Projesi de havzadaki sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı tehdit etme potansiyeli bulunan hususlardan bir diğeridir. Nitekim bu kanalın açılması havzadaki; ormansızlaşma ve habitat yıkımlarını daha da artırabilir.

Kaynakça

  • AIACC. (2005). Global Climate Change and the Coastal Areas of the Río de la Plata. A Final Report Submitted to Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change. Project No. LA 26, Washington.
  • Antico, A., Torres, M. E., Diaz, H. F. (2016). Contributions of different time scales to extreme Paraná floods. Climate Dynamics. 46(11-12): 3785-3792.
  • Aquino, L. (2016). WWF Paraguay’s on the Pilcomayo River Situation. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.wwf.org.py/?272891/WWF-Paraguays-on-the-Pilcomayo-River-Situation
  • Báez, J., Domecq, R. M. and Lugo, L. (2014). Risk Analysis in Transboundary Water of the Rivers Pilcomayo and Paraguay. W. L. Filho, F. Alves, S. Caeiro, U. M. Azeiteiro (Eds). International Perspectives on Climate Change: Latin America and Beyond. Springer.
  • Barros, V., Doyle, M., Camilloni, I. (2005, April). Potential impacts of climate change in the Plata basin. Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climatic Variability and Change (Proceedings of symposium S6 held during the 7th IAHS Scientific Assembly at Foz do Iguaçu). IAHS Publ. 295: 1-8.
  • Bilgili, M. Y. (2017). Ekonomik, Ekolojik ve Sosyal Boyutlarıyla Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 10(49): 559-569.
  • Brawer, M. (1991). Atlas of South America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Brazilian Committee On Dams. (2009). The Hydroelectric Power Plant Eng. Sérgio Motta (Porto Primavera) In The Paraná River. C. Piasentin (Ed). Main Brazilian Dams III. Rio de Janeiro: ICOLD.
  • Britannica. (2019). Paraná River. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Parana-River.
  • Cataldo, D., Colombo, J. C., Boltovskoy, D., Bilos, C. (2001). Environmental toxicity assessment in the Paraná River delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles. Environmental Pollution. 112(3): 379-389.
  • Codignotto, J. O., Dragani, W. C. Martin, P. B., Simionato, C. G. Medina, R. A. Alonso, G. (2012). Wind-wave climate change and increasing erosion in the outer Río de la Plata, Argentina. Continental Shelf Research. 38: 110-116.
  • Cordeiro, N. V. (1999). Environmental Management Issues in the Plata Basin. A. K. Biswas, N. V. Cordeiro. B. P. F. Braga, C. Tortajada (Eds). Management of Latin American River Basins Amazon, Plata, and São Francisco. The United Nations University Press. Tokyo, 148-173.
  • Davies, R. (2014). Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina All Hit by Floods. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, http://floodlist.com/america/floods-paraguay-brazil-argentina
  • Ertek, A. (1991). Amerika. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 3: 30-37. Ankara: TDV İSAM.
  • European Commission. (2007). Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. Official Journal of the European Union. 15(1): 27-34.
  • FAO. (2016). Transboundary River Basin Overview - La Plata. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome.
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  • Global Energy Observatory. (t.y. b). Eng Souza Dias (Jupia) Hydroelectric Power Plant Brazil. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=43355
  • Global Energy Observatory. (t.y. c). Yacyreta Hydroelectric Power Plant Argentina-Paraguay. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42225
  • Harris, J. M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development. Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper 00-04, Tufts University, USA.
  • Holmer, N. M. (1960). Indian Place Names in South America and the Antilles: Part I. Names. 8: 133-149.
  • Hughes, J. S. and Huszar, P. C. (1997). The South American Hidrovia Debate. Choices. 12(1): 4-9.
  • ICMBIO. (t.y.). Itatiaia National Park. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaitatiaia/en/guia-do-visitante.html
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  • Işık, K. ve Kurt, Y. (2005, Aralık). Habitat Fragmentasyonu ve Biyoçeşitliliğe Etkileri. Türk Ormancılığında, Uluslararası Süreçte Acilen Eyleme Dönüştürülmesi Gereken Konular, Mevzuat ve Yapılanmaya Yansımaları Sempozyumu, Antalya, 1-15.
  • Kerim, A., Süme, V. (2019). Taşkınlar, Taşkın Koruma ve Kontrol Yapıları; Rize İlinde Örnek Çalışmalar. Türk Hidrolik Dergisi, 3(1): 1-13.
  • Krapovickas, S. K. and Di Giacomo. A. S. (1998). Conservation of Pampas and Campos grasslands in Argentina. PARKS. 8(3): 47-53.
  • Kurt, H. (2017). Çevre Sorunlarının Kavşağında Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(3): 825-837.
  • LACGEO. (2019). The Pampas (South America). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://lacgeo.com/pampas-south-america
  • Larsen, H. Ipsen, N. H., Ulmgren, L. (1997). Chapter 1-Policy and Principles. R. Helmer, I. Hespanhol (Eds) Water Pollution Control-A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles. E & FN Spon, London.
  • Mariano, K. L. P. (2013). Two to Tango: An Analysis of Brazilian-Argentine Relations. Brazilian Political Science Review, Çeviren: Albert Roy Leatherman. 7(1): 118-121.
  • Mauas, P. J. D., Buccino, A. P., Flamenco, E. (2010). Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics on Space Climate. 1-13.
  • MCIA. (2015). Paraguay Country Handbook. Quantico: Marine Corps Intelligence Activity.
  • Mızraklı, A., Güzenge, E., Yalçın, Ş. A. (2008). Ormanların Su Kaynakları Potansiyeli Üzerine Etkileri, Bu Alanların Belirlenmesi, Korunması ve DİM Planlama Örneği. TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı 1. Cilt. 49-60.
  • Minello, M. C. S., Paçó, A. L., Martines, M. A. U., Caetano, L., Dos Santos, A., Padilha, P. M., Castro, G. R. (2009). Sediment grain size distribution and heavy metals determination in a dam on the Parana River at Ilha Solteira, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 44(9): 861-865.
  • Monteiro, P. (t.y.). Itaipu Dam. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://monteiro.ce.berkeley.edu/lectures/bonus/itaipu-dam.pdf
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  • Nickson, A. (2010). Revising the Past: The Paraguayan Energy Sector in Perspective. Powering Up: Latin America’s Energy Challenges. 5: 29-37.
  • Nunez, C. (2019). Global warming solutions, explained. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-solutions/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20improvements%20to%20energy,trapping%20heat%20on%20the%20planet
  • Ochieng, E., Price, A., Moore, D. (2013). Management of Global Construction Projects. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Oliveira, W. F., Oteiza, D., Denevan, W. M., Stewart, N. R. (2014). Río de la Plata. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-la-Plata.
  • Özmehmet, E. (2012). Dünyada ve Türkiye Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Yaklaşımları. Journal of Yaşar University. 3(12): 1-23.
  • Pereira, O. D. (1974). Itaipu: Pros e Contras. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.
  • Schumacher, E. (1983). Floods And Drought Sweep Across South America. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/12/world/floods-and-drought-sweep-across-south-america.html
  • Scudder, T. (2005). The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs. London: Earthscan Publications.
  • Sidder, A. (2016).Wildlife Dying En Masse as South American River Runs Dry. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/07/pilcomayo-river-paraguay-caiman-capybara-fish-drought-death-water/
  • Silva, L. P. B. (2017). La Plata River Basin: The Production of Scale in South American Hydropolitics. L. A. Swatuk and C. C. Springer (Eds), Water, Energy, Food and People Across the Global South. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sindico, F., Hirata, R., Manganelli, A. (2018). The Guarani Aquifer System: From a Beacon of hope to a question mark in the governance of transboundary aquifers. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 20: 49-59.
  • Şahbaz, H. (2020). Oder Nehri Havzası’nda Yaşayanları Tehdit Eden Beşeri ve Doğal Faktörler. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 3(1): 56-69.
  • The World Bank. (2018). Major River Basins of the World. Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2021, https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/major-river-basins-world/resource/e9d516ac-feda-4d67-8821-5dc2058f7fe9
  • UN Secretary-General World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. New York: World Commission o Environment and Development.
  • UNECE. (2009). Transboundary Flood Risk Management: Experiences from the UNECE Region. New York and Geneva: United Nations Publications.
  • UNESCO-WHC. (2000). Pantanal Conservation Area. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/999
  • USGS. (2000). Parana River Delta. Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2021, https://eros.usgs.gov/image-gallery/earth-as-art-1/parana-river-delta
  • Valente, M. (2009). Agriculture-Argentina: Worst Drought in 100 Years. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/01/agriculture-argentina-worst-drought-in-100-years/
  • Varanasi, B. (2014). Humanomics. Bloomington: Author House.
  • Wendland, E., Rabelo, J., Roehrig, J. (2004). Guarani Aquifer System-The Strategical Water Source In South America. Technology Resource Management and Development. 3: 181-188.
  • Wolf, A. T., UNEP, FAO. (2002). Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • World Bank Sustainable Development Department. (2010). Southern Cone Inland Waterways Transportation Study-The Paraguay-Paraná Hidrovía: Its Role in the Regional Economy and Impact on Climate Change. Report 54900 – LAC.
  • World Bank. (2004). The Inspection Panel (Annual Report). Washington: World Bank Publications.
  • WWF. (t.y.). The Pantanal: Saving the world’s largest tropical wetland. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021, https://www.worldwildlife.org/projects/the-pantanal-saving-the-world-s-largest-tropical-wetland
  • Yeni, O. (2014). Sürdürülebilirlik ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Bir Yazın Taraması. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 16(3): 181-208.
  • Ziober, B. R., Zanirato, S. H. (2014). Actions to Safeguard Biodiversity during the Building of the Itaipu Binacional Hydroelectric Plant. Ambiente & Sociedade. XVII(1): 59-78.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Şahbaz

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahbaz, H. (2022). RİO DE LA PLATA HAVZASI’NDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR SOSYO-EKONOMİK KALKINMAYI TEHDİT EDEN UNSURLAR. Dünya Multidisipliner Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 30-55.


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