Araştırma Makalesi
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Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 709 - 726, 22.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1355923

Öz

Income inequality can be accepted one of the most significant problems of the 21st century. This research aims to explore the factors influencing support for income equality at both the individual and macro levels worldwide. By analyzing the latest data from the World Values Survey, which includes responses from 50,615 individuals across 42 countries, and incorporating key macroeconomic variables obtaining World Bank, this study identifies several crucial determinants of attitudes towards addressing income inequality using logistic regression analysis. The research findings reveal that factors such as material well-being, life satisfaction, institutional trust, job status, place of residence, level of education, and religiosity play a significant role in shaping individual perceptions of income inequality, particularly in the context of support for either redistributive policy or free-market capitalism as potential solutions to mitigate income disparities. Additionally, macro-level variables reveal a substantial influence on support for income equality. Income per capita, income share of top 10, the unemployment rate, and women’s representation in parliament as a proxy for gender equality are found to significantly increase the likelihood of endorsing efforts to reduce income inequality. Our results remain robust when controlling for alternative income-related variables

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2006) Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Acemoğlu. D, & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. New York: Crown Business.
  • Aigner, D. J., & Heins, A. J. (1967). On the determinants of income equality. The American Economic Review, 57(1), 175-184.
  • Archer, K. J., & Lemeshow, S. (2006). Goodness-of-fit Test for a Logistic Regression Model Fitted using Survey Sample Data. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600106
  • Bartels, L. M. (2016). Unequal democracy: The political economy of the new gilded age. Princeton University Press.
  • Bernerth, J. B., Cole, M. S., Taylor, E. C., & Walker, H. J. (2018). Control variables in leadership research: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 131-160.
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., Zucman, G. et al. (2022). World Inequality Report 2022, World Inequality Lab, wir2022.wid.world
  • Chang, H.-J. (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (1st ed.). Anthem Press
  • Chang, H.-J. & Gershman, J. (30 Dec, 2003). Kicking Away The Ladder: The “Real” History Of Free Trade, Foreign Policy in Focus, https://fpif.org/kicking_away_the_ladder_the_real_history_of_free_trade/, Accessed 19.09.2023.
  • Chang, H. (2015). Kalkınma Reçetelerinin Gerçek Yüzü, (Çev. T. Akıncılar) 6. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Colagrossi, M., Karagiannis, S., & Raab, R. (2019). The median voter takes it all: Preferences for redistribution and income inequality in the EU-28. JRC Working Papers in Economics and Finance. No. 2019/6, doi:10.2760/797251
  • Corneo, G. and Gruner, H. P. (2002) Individual Preferences for Redistribution, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 87–107.
  • Dabla-Norris, M. E., Kochhar, M. K., Suphaphiphat, M. N., Ricka, M. F., & Tsounta, M. E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. International Monetary Fund.
  • Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. S. (2023). Trust and attitudes toward income inequality: Does individualism matter?. European Journal of Political Economy, 78, 102351.
  • Easterly, W. (2001) The Middle-Class Consensus and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Growth, 6, 317–335. Finseraas, H. (2009). Income inequality and demand for redistribution: a multilevel analysis of European public opinion. Scandinavian Political Studies. 32 (1), 94–119.
  • Franko, W. (2017). Understanding Public Perceptions of Growing Economic Inequality. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 17(3), 319-348. doi:10.1177/1532440017707799
  • Gelman, A. (2008). Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations. Statistics in medicine, 27(15), 2865-2873.
  • Gould, E. D., & Hijzen, A. (2017). In Equality, We Trust. Finance & Development, 54(1). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/gould.htm.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (195).Basic Econometrics. 4. New York: United State Military Academy.
  • Green, William H.(2000). Econometric Analysis. 4. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hovhannisyan, A., Castillo-Ponce, R. A., & Valdez, R. I. (2019). The determinants of income inequality: The role of education. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(4), 451-464.
  • Jones, C. I. (2015). Pareto and Piketty: The macroeconomics of top income and wealth inequality. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 29-46.
  • Katz, M. B., Stern, M. J., & Fader, J. J. (2005). Women and the paradox of economic inequality in the twentieth-century. Journal of Social History, 65-88.
  • Kenworthy, L., & McCall, L. (2008). Inequality, public opinion and redistribution. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 35-68.
  • McCall, L., & Kenworthy, L. (2009). Americans' social policy preferences in the era of rising inequality. Perspectives on Politics, 7(3), 459-484.
  • Medve-Balint, G., & Boda, Z. (2014). The poorer you are, the more you trust? The effect of inequality and income on institutional trust in East-Central Europe. Sociologicky Casopis, 50(3), 419.
  • Meltzer, A. H., & Richard, S. F. (1983). Tests of a rational theory of the size of government. Public Choice, 41(3), 403-418.
  • Milanovic, B. (2000). The median-voter hypothesis, income inequality, and income redistribution: an empirical test with the required data. European Journal of Political Economy, 16 (3), 367–410.
  • Milanovic, B. (2012). Global income inequality by the numbers: in history and now-an overview-. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6259).
  • Moene, K. O. & M. Wallerstein (2003). Earnings inequality and welfare spending: a disaggregated analysis. World Politics, 55 (4), 485–516.
  • Perrin, F. (2022). Can the historical gender gap index deepen our understanding of economic development? Journal of Demographic Economics, 88(3), 379-417.
  • Piketty, T. (2013[2014]). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. (A. Goldhammer, Trans.) Harvard University Press.
  • Pressman, S. (2015). Understanding Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). Akıllı küreselleşme. Çev: Burcu Aksu. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Rodrigiuez, F. (1999). Does distributional skewness lead to redistribution? Evidence from the United States. Economics & Politics 11 (2), 171–199.
  • Ruel, E., & Hauser, R. M. (2013). Explaining the gender wealth gap. Demography, 50(4), 1155-1176.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Globalization and its discontents revisited: Anti-globalization in the era of Trump. WW Norton & Company.
  • Smith, A. (1776 [2018)]. Uluslararın Zenginliği (Cilt 1). (Ayşe Yunus, Mehmet Bakırcı Trans). İstanbul: Yeni Alan Yayıncılık
  • Trump, K.-S. (2023). What does it take to be rich? Asking reasonable survey questions about income inequality. Research & Politics, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680231187563
  • United Nations Department of Economic. (2021). World social report 2021: reconsidering rural development. United Nations.
  • Wietzke, F. B. (2016). Kicking away the ladder? Poverty reduction and public support for redistribution in emerging economies. Socio-Economic Review, 14(3), 419-442.
  • Wietzke, F. B. and Sumner, A. (2014) What Are the Political and Social Implications of the ‘New Middle Classes’ in Developing Countries? International Development Institute Working Paper 2014–03, London, King’s College.
  • Williamson, J. (2004). The Strange History of the Washington Consensus. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 195–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4538920.
  • Wong, T. K., Wan, P. S., & Law, K. W. (2009). Public perceptions of income inequality in Hong Kong: Trends, causes and implications. Journal of Contemporary China, 18(61), 657-673.
  • Xu, P., & Garand, J. C. (2010). Economic context and Americans' perceptions of income inequality. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1220-1241.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 709 - 726, 22.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1355923

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2006) Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Acemoğlu. D, & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. New York: Crown Business.
  • Aigner, D. J., & Heins, A. J. (1967). On the determinants of income equality. The American Economic Review, 57(1), 175-184.
  • Archer, K. J., & Lemeshow, S. (2006). Goodness-of-fit Test for a Logistic Regression Model Fitted using Survey Sample Data. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600106
  • Bartels, L. M. (2016). Unequal democracy: The political economy of the new gilded age. Princeton University Press.
  • Bernerth, J. B., Cole, M. S., Taylor, E. C., & Walker, H. J. (2018). Control variables in leadership research: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 131-160.
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., Zucman, G. et al. (2022). World Inequality Report 2022, World Inequality Lab, wir2022.wid.world
  • Chang, H.-J. (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (1st ed.). Anthem Press
  • Chang, H.-J. & Gershman, J. (30 Dec, 2003). Kicking Away The Ladder: The “Real” History Of Free Trade, Foreign Policy in Focus, https://fpif.org/kicking_away_the_ladder_the_real_history_of_free_trade/, Accessed 19.09.2023.
  • Chang, H. (2015). Kalkınma Reçetelerinin Gerçek Yüzü, (Çev. T. Akıncılar) 6. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Colagrossi, M., Karagiannis, S., & Raab, R. (2019). The median voter takes it all: Preferences for redistribution and income inequality in the EU-28. JRC Working Papers in Economics and Finance. No. 2019/6, doi:10.2760/797251
  • Corneo, G. and Gruner, H. P. (2002) Individual Preferences for Redistribution, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 87–107.
  • Dabla-Norris, M. E., Kochhar, M. K., Suphaphiphat, M. N., Ricka, M. F., & Tsounta, M. E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. International Monetary Fund.
  • Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. S. (2023). Trust and attitudes toward income inequality: Does individualism matter?. European Journal of Political Economy, 78, 102351.
  • Easterly, W. (2001) The Middle-Class Consensus and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Growth, 6, 317–335. Finseraas, H. (2009). Income inequality and demand for redistribution: a multilevel analysis of European public opinion. Scandinavian Political Studies. 32 (1), 94–119.
  • Franko, W. (2017). Understanding Public Perceptions of Growing Economic Inequality. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 17(3), 319-348. doi:10.1177/1532440017707799
  • Gelman, A. (2008). Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations. Statistics in medicine, 27(15), 2865-2873.
  • Gould, E. D., & Hijzen, A. (2017). In Equality, We Trust. Finance & Development, 54(1). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/gould.htm.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (195).Basic Econometrics. 4. New York: United State Military Academy.
  • Green, William H.(2000). Econometric Analysis. 4. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hovhannisyan, A., Castillo-Ponce, R. A., & Valdez, R. I. (2019). The determinants of income inequality: The role of education. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(4), 451-464.
  • Jones, C. I. (2015). Pareto and Piketty: The macroeconomics of top income and wealth inequality. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 29-46.
  • Katz, M. B., Stern, M. J., & Fader, J. J. (2005). Women and the paradox of economic inequality in the twentieth-century. Journal of Social History, 65-88.
  • Kenworthy, L., & McCall, L. (2008). Inequality, public opinion and redistribution. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 35-68.
  • McCall, L., & Kenworthy, L. (2009). Americans' social policy preferences in the era of rising inequality. Perspectives on Politics, 7(3), 459-484.
  • Medve-Balint, G., & Boda, Z. (2014). The poorer you are, the more you trust? The effect of inequality and income on institutional trust in East-Central Europe. Sociologicky Casopis, 50(3), 419.
  • Meltzer, A. H., & Richard, S. F. (1983). Tests of a rational theory of the size of government. Public Choice, 41(3), 403-418.
  • Milanovic, B. (2000). The median-voter hypothesis, income inequality, and income redistribution: an empirical test with the required data. European Journal of Political Economy, 16 (3), 367–410.
  • Milanovic, B. (2012). Global income inequality by the numbers: in history and now-an overview-. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6259).
  • Moene, K. O. & M. Wallerstein (2003). Earnings inequality and welfare spending: a disaggregated analysis. World Politics, 55 (4), 485–516.
  • Perrin, F. (2022). Can the historical gender gap index deepen our understanding of economic development? Journal of Demographic Economics, 88(3), 379-417.
  • Piketty, T. (2013[2014]). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. (A. Goldhammer, Trans.) Harvard University Press.
  • Pressman, S. (2015). Understanding Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). Akıllı küreselleşme. Çev: Burcu Aksu. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Rodrigiuez, F. (1999). Does distributional skewness lead to redistribution? Evidence from the United States. Economics & Politics 11 (2), 171–199.
  • Ruel, E., & Hauser, R. M. (2013). Explaining the gender wealth gap. Demography, 50(4), 1155-1176.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Globalization and its discontents revisited: Anti-globalization in the era of Trump. WW Norton & Company.
  • Smith, A. (1776 [2018)]. Uluslararın Zenginliği (Cilt 1). (Ayşe Yunus, Mehmet Bakırcı Trans). İstanbul: Yeni Alan Yayıncılık
  • Trump, K.-S. (2023). What does it take to be rich? Asking reasonable survey questions about income inequality. Research & Politics, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680231187563
  • United Nations Department of Economic. (2021). World social report 2021: reconsidering rural development. United Nations.
  • Wietzke, F. B. (2016). Kicking away the ladder? Poverty reduction and public support for redistribution in emerging economies. Socio-Economic Review, 14(3), 419-442.
  • Wietzke, F. B. and Sumner, A. (2014) What Are the Political and Social Implications of the ‘New Middle Classes’ in Developing Countries? International Development Institute Working Paper 2014–03, London, King’s College.
  • Williamson, J. (2004). The Strange History of the Washington Consensus. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 195–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4538920.
  • Wong, T. K., Wan, P. S., & Law, K. W. (2009). Public perceptions of income inequality in Hong Kong: Trends, causes and implications. Journal of Contemporary China, 18(61), 657-673.
  • Xu, P., & Garand, J. C. (2010). Economic context and Americans' perceptions of income inequality. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1220-1241.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İş Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özge Erdölek Kozal 0000-0002-5542-6290

Gülçin Gürel Günal 0000-0003-4780-4420

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 17 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdölek Kozal, Ö., & Gürel Günal, G. (2023). Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World. Ege Academic Review, 23(4), 709-726. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1355923
AMA Erdölek Kozal Ö, Gürel Günal G. Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World. eab. Ekim 2023;23(4):709-726. doi:10.21121/eab.1355923
Chicago Erdölek Kozal, Özge, ve Gülçin Gürel Günal. “Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World”. Ege Academic Review 23, sy. 4 (Ekim 2023): 709-26. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1355923.
EndNote Erdölek Kozal Ö, Gürel Günal G (01 Ekim 2023) Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World. Ege Academic Review 23 4 709–726.
IEEE Ö. Erdölek Kozal ve G. Gürel Günal, “Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World”, eab, c. 23, sy. 4, ss. 709–726, 2023, doi: 10.21121/eab.1355923.
ISNAD Erdölek Kozal, Özge - Gürel Günal, Gülçin. “Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World”. Ege Academic Review 23/4 (Ekim 2023), 709-726. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1355923.
JAMA Erdölek Kozal Ö, Gürel Günal G. Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World. eab. 2023;23:709–726.
MLA Erdölek Kozal, Özge ve Gülçin Gürel Günal. “Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World”. Ege Academic Review, c. 23, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 709-26, doi:10.21121/eab.1355923.
Vancouver Erdölek Kozal Ö, Gürel Günal G. Kicking Away the Ladder or Not? Unraveling Income Inequality Perceptions in the World. eab. 2023;23(4):709-26.