BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Environmental Concerns, International Trade and Locational Preferences

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 305 - 325, 01.09.2017

Yusuf Bayraktutan İlker İnmez

Öz

Increased global environmental problems caused to questioning the relationship between environment and liberalization of international trade which raised some concerns about how diversity of environmental policies in developed and developing countries may influence the trade patterns and industrial locations. This situation makes an impression that dirty industries are heading towards the countries with weaker environmental policy. Direction of polluting industries to developing countries won’t make global environmental problems any better, as put forward by the so called “pollution haven hypothesis”. In this study, we aim to evaluate the debate over environmental issues, locational differentiation of polluting industries and free trade, which started in 1970’s and continues intensifying since 1990’s

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental Problems İnternational Trade Pollution Haven Effect

Kaynakça

  • Adaman, Fikret, and Begüm Özkaynak (2002). “The Economics-Environment Relationship: Neoclassical, Institutional, and Marxist Approaches”, Studies in Political Economy, 69: 109-135.
  • Amiti, Mary, and Beata S. Javorcik (2008). “Trade costs and location of foreign firms in China”, Journal of Development Economics, 85: 129–149.
  • Ambec, S., M. A. Cohen, S. Elgie, and P. Lanoie (2013). “The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness?”. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(1): 2-22.
  • Anderson, Blake, and M. M'Gonigle (2012). “Does Ecological Economics Have a Future? Contradiction and Reinvention in the Age of Climate Change”, Ecological Economics, 84: 37–48.
  • Armsworth, Paul R., and Joan E. Roughgarden (2001). “An Invitation to Ecological Economics”, Trends in Ecology & Evolution,16(5): 229–234.
  • Batabyal, Amitrajeet A, and Hamid Beladi (2001). The Economics of International Trade and the Environment. USA: CRC Press.
  • Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., and Hamid Beladi (2001). “Introduction and Overview of the Economics of International Trade and the Environment”, in Amitrajeet A . Batabyal, and Hamid Beladi (eds.). The Economics of International Trade and the Environment. USA: CRC Press: 1–8.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2003). “Bilgi ve Uluslararası Ticaret Teorileri”, CÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2): 175-186.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2006). “Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (NAFTA)”, şu kitapta: Ş. Çalış, B. Akgün ve Ö. Kutlu (editörler), Uluslararası Örgütler ve Türkiye, Çizgi Kitabevi Y., Konya, ss. 381-404.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf, (2010) Global Ekonomide Bütünleşme Trendleri Bölgeselleşme ve Küreselleşme, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2015). Uluslararası İktisat, Yazın Y., İstanbul.
  • Benton, Ted (2000). “Marksizm ve Doğal Sınırlar Ekolojik Bir Eleştiri ve Yeniden Yapılanma”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran ve Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 82-120.
  • Burkett, Paul (2005). “Marx’s Vision of Sustainable Human Development”. Monthly Review, 57(5). development/ 15.05.2012.
  • Chao, Chi-Chur, and Eden S. H. Yu (2007). “Trade liberalization, foreign ownership, and the environment in a small open economy”, International Review of Economics & Finance 16 (4): 471–477.
  • Copeland, Brian R., and M. Scott Taylor (1995). “Trade and Transboundary Pollution”. The American Economic Review 85 (4): 716–737.
  • Carson, Rachel (1962). The Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Harmonds Worth; New edition 1982. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  • Dağdemir, Özcan (2003). Çevre Sorunlarına Ekonomik Yaklaşımlar ve Optimal Politika Arayışları, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Daly, Herman E., and Joshua Farley (2003). Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. USA: Island Press.
  • Damania, Richard, Per G. Fredriksson, and John A. List (2003). “Trade liberalization, corruption, and environmental policy formation: theory and evidence”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46: 490–512.
  • Foster, John Bellamy, (2000). “Marx ve Çevre”, Marksizm ve Ekoloji, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran, Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 147-165.
  • Gare, Arran (2000). “Sovyetlerde Çevrecilik: İzlenilmeyen Yol”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran ve Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 121-146.
  • IISD, (2005). Environment and Trade A Handbook. United Nations Environment Programme, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada.
  • Jayadevappa, Ravishankar, and Sumedha Chhatre (2000). “International trade and environmental quality: a survey”, Ecological Economics, 32 (2): 175–194.
  • Rutqvist, Jakob (2009). “Porter or Pollution Haven? An analysis of the dynamics of competitiveness and environmental regulations”, http://www.jakobrutqvist.net/wp- content/uploads/2010/05/porter-or-pollution-haven-jakob-rutqvist.pdf/ 10.05.2012.
  • Jeppesen, Tim, , John A. List, and Henk Folmer (2002). “Environmental Regulations and New Plant Location Decisions: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Regional Science, 42(1): 19–49.
  • LeClair, Mark S., and Dina Franceschi (2006). “Externalities in international trade: The case for differential tariffs”, Ecological Economics, 58 (3): 462–472.
  • Liddle, Brantley, (2001). “Free trade and the environment-development system”, Ecological Economics, 39 (1): 21–36.
  • Lu, Haitian and Hong Huang (2008). “Dirty Industry Migration Globally and to China— an Empirical Study”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 4(2): 176-202.
  • Markusen, James, Edward R. Morey, and Nancy D. Olewiler (2011). “Environmental Policy when Market Structure and Plant Locations are Endogenous”: 51-66, in Amitrajeet, A. Batabyal, and Hamid Beladi (eds.), The Economics of International Trade and the Environment, USA: CRC Press.
  • Marx, Karl (1867). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, Proofed and corrected by Andy Blunden and Chris Clayton (2008), Mark Harris (2010), Dave Allinson (2015). Volume-I.pdf /09.03.2016.
  • Marx, Karl (1894). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume III (The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole), Edited by Friedrich Engels, Proofed and Corrected by https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/ III.pdf /09.03.2012. Clayton 2006-7, Mark Harris 2010. Capital-Volume
  • Managi, Shunsuke, Akira Hibiki, and Tetsuya Tsurumi (2009). “Does trade openness improve environmental quality?”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3): 346–363.
  • Michida, Etsuyo, and Koji Nishikimi (2007). “North-South trade and industry-specific pollutants”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 54 (2): 229–243.
  • Muradian, Roldan, and Joan Martinez-Alier (2001). “Trade and the environment: from a Southern’ perspective”. Ecological Economics, 36 (2): 281–297.
  • Öztürk, Lütfü (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, İmaj Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Pindyck, Robert S. (2007). “Uncertainty in Environmental Economics”, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1): 45–65.
  • Skirberkk, Gunnar (2000). “Marksizm ve Ekoloji”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, M. Duran, G. Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 49-81.
  • Spash, Clive L., and Anthony M. Ryan (2010). “Ecological, Heterodox and Neoclassical Economics: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39624/ 15.09.2012. the Differences”, MPRA Paper No. 39624
  • Sterner, Thomas (2002). Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Washington D. C.: Resources for the Future Press.
  • The Economist (1992). “Let Them Eat Pollution”, February 8, 1992, Issue 7745: 82.
  • UN (United Nations, 2010). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, New York http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15% 20-low%20 res%2020100615%20-.pdf/ 23.10.2011.
  • UNCTAD (2013). World Investment Report 2013: Global Value-Chains: Investment and Trade for Development. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNCTAD (2014). World Investment Report 2014. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNCTAD (2015). World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNEP (2005). Environment and Trade A Handbook, 2nd ed., Canada: The United Nations Environment Programme International Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Wallach, Lori, and Michelle Sforza (2002). DTÖ: Kimin Ticaret Örgütü: Şirket Küreselleşmesine Direnmek için Nedenler (Çev. D. Aytaş), Metis Y., İstanbul.
  • World Bank (1992). World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • World Resource Institute (2015). http://cait.wri.org/wri/Country /18.04.2015
  • WTO (2004). Trade and Environment at WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratope/envire/envir wto2004 _e.pdf/ 02.04.2015.
  • WTO (2012a). International Trade Statistics 2012, http://www.wto.org/english/rese/statise/its 2012e/its12_ toce.htm/ 22.10.2012.
  • WTO (2012b). Understanding the WTO: The Environment: A Specific Concern http://www.wto.org/ english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey2_e.htm/ 22.10.2012.
  • WTO (2012c). “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided”, http:// climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_ degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf/ 30.11.2012.

Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 305 - 325, 01.09.2017

Yusuf Bayraktutan İlker İnmez

Öz

Küresel ölçekte çevre sorunlarının mahiyeti, uluslararası ticaretin serbestleşmesi ile çevre sorunları arasındaki ilişkinin sorgulanır hale gelmesine yol açmıştır. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki çevre politikaları farklılığının, ticaret yönü ve endüstrilerin kuruluş yerine olası etkileri, akademik tartışmalara da konu olmuştur. Endişeler, kirli endüstrilerin, sıkı çevre politikası uygulayan gelişmiş ekonomilerden, daha zayıf çevre politikası uygulayan ülkelere yöneldiği izleniminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kirlilik yoğun üretimde uzmanlaşmasına neden olacak bu süreç, çevre sorunlarının küresel ölçekte azaltılamaması hatta artması ile sonuçlanabilecektir. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların, çevre politikalarına bağlı olarak kuruluş yeri seçimini belirleyeceği iddiası, kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 1970’lerde başlayıp 1990’lardan itibaren artarak süren serbest ticaret, çevre sorunları ve kuruluş yeri seçimi tartışmalarını değerlendirmektedir. GOÜ’lerin, kirli endüstrilerin merkezi haline gelerek ihracat yoluyla GÜ’ler ve dünyanın ihtiyaçlarını sağlaması, maliyet açısından cazip görünse de, küresel yaşam kalitesi açısından trajik sonuçlar doğurabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevre Sorunları Uluslararası Ticaret Kirlilik Sığınağı Etkisi

Kaynakça

  • Adaman, Fikret, and Begüm Özkaynak (2002). “The Economics-Environment Relationship: Neoclassical, Institutional, and Marxist Approaches”, Studies in Political Economy, 69: 109-135.
  • Amiti, Mary, and Beata S. Javorcik (2008). “Trade costs and location of foreign firms in China”, Journal of Development Economics, 85: 129–149.
  • Ambec, S., M. A. Cohen, S. Elgie, and P. Lanoie (2013). “The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness?”. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(1): 2-22.
  • Anderson, Blake, and M. M'Gonigle (2012). “Does Ecological Economics Have a Future? Contradiction and Reinvention in the Age of Climate Change”, Ecological Economics, 84: 37–48.
  • Armsworth, Paul R., and Joan E. Roughgarden (2001). “An Invitation to Ecological Economics”, Trends in Ecology & Evolution,16(5): 229–234.
  • Batabyal, Amitrajeet A, and Hamid Beladi (2001). The Economics of International Trade and the Environment. USA: CRC Press.
  • Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., and Hamid Beladi (2001). “Introduction and Overview of the Economics of International Trade and the Environment”, in Amitrajeet A . Batabyal, and Hamid Beladi (eds.). The Economics of International Trade and the Environment. USA: CRC Press: 1–8.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2003). “Bilgi ve Uluslararası Ticaret Teorileri”, CÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2): 175-186.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2006). “Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (NAFTA)”, şu kitapta: Ş. Çalış, B. Akgün ve Ö. Kutlu (editörler), Uluslararası Örgütler ve Türkiye, Çizgi Kitabevi Y., Konya, ss. 381-404.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf, (2010) Global Ekonomide Bütünleşme Trendleri Bölgeselleşme ve Küreselleşme, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2015). Uluslararası İktisat, Yazın Y., İstanbul.
  • Benton, Ted (2000). “Marksizm ve Doğal Sınırlar Ekolojik Bir Eleştiri ve Yeniden Yapılanma”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran ve Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 82-120.
  • Burkett, Paul (2005). “Marx’s Vision of Sustainable Human Development”. Monthly Review, 57(5). development/ 15.05.2012.
  • Chao, Chi-Chur, and Eden S. H. Yu (2007). “Trade liberalization, foreign ownership, and the environment in a small open economy”, International Review of Economics & Finance 16 (4): 471–477.
  • Copeland, Brian R., and M. Scott Taylor (1995). “Trade and Transboundary Pollution”. The American Economic Review 85 (4): 716–737.
  • Carson, Rachel (1962). The Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Harmonds Worth; New edition 1982. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  • Dağdemir, Özcan (2003). Çevre Sorunlarına Ekonomik Yaklaşımlar ve Optimal Politika Arayışları, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Daly, Herman E., and Joshua Farley (2003). Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. USA: Island Press.
  • Damania, Richard, Per G. Fredriksson, and John A. List (2003). “Trade liberalization, corruption, and environmental policy formation: theory and evidence”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46: 490–512.
  • Foster, John Bellamy, (2000). “Marx ve Çevre”, Marksizm ve Ekoloji, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran, Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 147-165.
  • Gare, Arran (2000). “Sovyetlerde Çevrecilik: İzlenilmeyen Yol”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, Metin Duran ve Gökçer Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 121-146.
  • IISD, (2005). Environment and Trade A Handbook. United Nations Environment Programme, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada.
  • Jayadevappa, Ravishankar, and Sumedha Chhatre (2000). “International trade and environmental quality: a survey”, Ecological Economics, 32 (2): 175–194.
  • Rutqvist, Jakob (2009). “Porter or Pollution Haven? An analysis of the dynamics of competitiveness and environmental regulations”, http://www.jakobrutqvist.net/wp- content/uploads/2010/05/porter-or-pollution-haven-jakob-rutqvist.pdf/ 10.05.2012.
  • Jeppesen, Tim, , John A. List, and Henk Folmer (2002). “Environmental Regulations and New Plant Location Decisions: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Regional Science, 42(1): 19–49.
  • LeClair, Mark S., and Dina Franceschi (2006). “Externalities in international trade: The case for differential tariffs”, Ecological Economics, 58 (3): 462–472.
  • Liddle, Brantley, (2001). “Free trade and the environment-development system”, Ecological Economics, 39 (1): 21–36.
  • Lu, Haitian and Hong Huang (2008). “Dirty Industry Migration Globally and to China— an Empirical Study”, International Review of Business Research Papers, 4(2): 176-202.
  • Markusen, James, Edward R. Morey, and Nancy D. Olewiler (2011). “Environmental Policy when Market Structure and Plant Locations are Endogenous”: 51-66, in Amitrajeet, A. Batabyal, and Hamid Beladi (eds.), The Economics of International Trade and the Environment, USA: CRC Press.
  • Marx, Karl (1867). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, Proofed and corrected by Andy Blunden and Chris Clayton (2008), Mark Harris (2010), Dave Allinson (2015). Volume-I.pdf /09.03.2016.
  • Marx, Karl (1894). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume III (The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole), Edited by Friedrich Engels, Proofed and Corrected by https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/ III.pdf /09.03.2012. Clayton 2006-7, Mark Harris 2010. Capital-Volume
  • Managi, Shunsuke, Akira Hibiki, and Tetsuya Tsurumi (2009). “Does trade openness improve environmental quality?”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3): 346–363.
  • Michida, Etsuyo, and Koji Nishikimi (2007). “North-South trade and industry-specific pollutants”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 54 (2): 229–243.
  • Muradian, Roldan, and Joan Martinez-Alier (2001). “Trade and the environment: from a Southern’ perspective”. Ecological Economics, 36 (2): 281–297.
  • Öztürk, Lütfü (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, İmaj Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Pindyck, Robert S. (2007). “Uncertainty in Environmental Economics”, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1): 45–65.
  • Skirberkk, Gunnar (2000). “Marksizm ve Ekoloji”, şu kitapta: Göksel N. Demirer, M. Duran, G. Özgür (Der.), Marksizm ve Ekoloji, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara: 49-81.
  • Spash, Clive L., and Anthony M. Ryan (2010). “Ecological, Heterodox and Neoclassical Economics: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39624/ 15.09.2012. the Differences”, MPRA Paper No. 39624
  • Sterner, Thomas (2002). Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Washington D. C.: Resources for the Future Press.
  • The Economist (1992). “Let Them Eat Pollution”, February 8, 1992, Issue 7745: 82.
  • UN (United Nations, 2010). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, New York http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15% 20-low%20 res%2020100615%20-.pdf/ 23.10.2011.
  • UNCTAD (2013). World Investment Report 2013: Global Value-Chains: Investment and Trade for Development. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNCTAD (2014). World Investment Report 2014. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNCTAD (2015). World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. Switzerland: UN Publications.
  • UNEP (2005). Environment and Trade A Handbook, 2nd ed., Canada: The United Nations Environment Programme International Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Wallach, Lori, and Michelle Sforza (2002). DTÖ: Kimin Ticaret Örgütü: Şirket Küreselleşmesine Direnmek için Nedenler (Çev. D. Aytaş), Metis Y., İstanbul.
  • World Bank (1992). World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • World Resource Institute (2015). http://cait.wri.org/wri/Country /18.04.2015
  • WTO (2004). Trade and Environment at WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratope/envire/envir wto2004 _e.pdf/ 02.04.2015.
  • WTO (2012a). International Trade Statistics 2012, http://www.wto.org/english/rese/statise/its 2012e/its12_ toce.htm/ 22.10.2012.
  • WTO (2012b). Understanding the WTO: The Environment: A Specific Concern http://www.wto.org/ english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey2_e.htm/ 22.10.2012.
  • WTO (2012c). “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided”, http:// climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_ degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf/ 30.11.2012.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Yusuf Bayraktutan

İlker İnmez Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayraktutan, Y., & İnmez, İ. (2017). Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3), 305-325.
AMA Bayraktutan Y, İnmez İ. Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri. UEAD. Eylül 2017;3(3):305-325.
Chicago Bayraktutan, Yusuf, ve İlker İnmez. “Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret Ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3, sy. 3 (Eylül 2017): 305-25.
EndNote Bayraktutan Y, İnmez İ (01 Eylül 2017) Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3 3 305–325.
IEEE Y. Bayraktutan ve İ. İnmez, “Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri”, UEAD, c. 3, sy. 3, ss. 305–325, 2017.
ISNAD Bayraktutan, Yusuf - İnmez, İlker. “Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret Ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/3 (Eylül 2017), 305-325.
JAMA Bayraktutan Y, İnmez İ. Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri. UEAD. 2017;3:305–325.
MLA Bayraktutan, Yusuf ve İlker İnmez. “Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret Ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 305-2.
Vancouver Bayraktutan Y, İnmez İ. Çevre Sorunları, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Kuruluş Yeri Tercihleri. UEAD. 2017;3(3):305-2.