Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 15 - 32, 31.12.2021

Esra Bal E. Başak Tavman

Öz

Covid-19 pandemic has an interfering effect on consumer behaviours. This study
examines four types of consumer behavioral responses with a new conceptual model of
panic buying dimensions. The study investigated the influence of perceived scarcity,
perceived threat and Covid-19 situational variables on consumers’ brand switching,
product trial, purchase acceleration and stockpiling behaviours during the early times of
pandemic. Using an online survey, the data were obtained from 262 Turkish
consumers. The findings revealed that consumers’ perceived threat during the pandemic
has significantly correlated with brand switching, product trial, purchase acceleration
and stockpiling behaviours, whereas the perceived scarcity has only influenced the
product trial behaviours of the consumers. Finally, situational variables were found to
have a statistically significant influence on brand switching and product trial
behaviours. The results of the study acknowledge the importance of preparation of the
brands and retailers for effective and quick responses to consumers in the face of an
unusual and extraordinary social situation such as pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

consumer behavioral responses Covid-19 outbreak perceived scarcity perceived threat

Kaynakça

  • Addo, P. C., Jiaming, F., Kulbo, N. B., & Liangqiang, L. (2020). COVID-19: fear appeal favoring purchase behavior towards personal protective equipment. The Service Industries Journal, 40(7-8), 471-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1751823
  • Advantage Solutions. (2020). Shoppers’ Response to COVID-19 and the Outlook for Change. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://advantagesolutions.net/news/shoppers-response-to-covid-19-and-the-outlook-for-change/
  • Aggarwal, P., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2003). Use it or lose it: purchase acceleration effects of time‐limited promotions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 2(4), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.116
  • Badgaiyan, A. J., & Verma, A. (2015). Does urge to buy impulsively differ from impulsive buying behaviour? Assessing the impact of situational factors. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 145-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.10.002
  • Baker, S.R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., ve Yannelis, C., (2020), “How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic”, (No. w26949), National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa009
  • Beard-Knowland, T. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on How We Eat. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2020-05/impact_of_covid-19_on_how_we_eat_ipsos_sia.pdf
  • Belk, R. W. (1975). Situational variables and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer research, 2(3), 157-164. Available online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2489050
  • Blattberg, R. C., & Neslin, S. A. (1990). Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies. Prentice Hall. Carufel, R. (2020). The Covid crisis pushed shoppers to switch retailers and brands -why many won’t go back. Retrieved September 19, 2020, from https://www.agilitypr.com/pr-news/public-relations/the-covid-crisis-pushed-shoppers-to-switch-retailers-and-brands-why-many-wont-go-back/
  • Charm et al. (2020). The great consumer Shift: Ten charts that show how US shopping behavior is changing. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-great-consumer-shift-ten-charts-that-show-how-us-shopping-behavior-is-changing
  • Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.010
  • Chocarro, R., Cortiñas, M., & Villanueva, M. L. (2013). Situational variables in online versus offline channel choice. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(5), 347-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2013.03.004
  • Conway III, L. G., Woodard, S. R., & Zubrod, A. (2020). Social psychological measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus perceived threat, government response, impacts, and experiences questionnaires. https://psyarxiv.com/z2x9a/
  • Dholakia, U., 2020. Why are we panic buying during the coronavirus pandemic? Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-science-behind-behavior/202003/why-are-we-panic-buying-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Fei, W, X., Hua, H, Y., & Hong, W, O. (2019). Incidence and influencing factors of public panic buying during epidemic of 2017 – 2018 seasonal influenza. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 35 (6), 746-749.
  • Foroughi, A., Buang, N. A., & Sadeghi, R. H. M. (2012). Exploring the influence of situational factors (money & time available) on impulse buying behaviour among different ethics. International Journal of Fundamental Psychology & Social Sciences (IJFPSS), 2(2), 41-44. Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com
  • Gangwar, M., Kumar, N., & Rao, R. C. (2014). Consumer stockpiling and competitive promotional strategies. Marketing Science, 33(1), 94-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2013.0814
  • Gao, C., & Liu, J. (2016). Network-based modeling for characterizing human collective behaviors during extreme events. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 47(1), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2016.2608658
  • Garbe, L., Rau, R., & Toppe, T. (2020). Influence of perceived threat of Covid-19 and HEXACO personality traits on toilet paper stockpiling. Plos one, 15(6), e0234232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234232
  • Gehrt, K. C., & Yan, R. N. (2004). Situational, consumer, and retailer factors affecting Internet, catalog, and store shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550410515515
  • Ghasrodasht, E. K. (2018). Explaining brand switching behavior using pull–push–mooring theory and the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Brand Management, 25(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-017-0080-2
  • Gilbert, D. C., & Jackaria, N. (2002). The efficacy of sales promotions in UK supermarkets: a consumer view. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
  • Google, 2020. COVID-19 community mobility reports. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/
  • Grier, S., & Davis, B. (2013). Are all proximity effects created equal? Fast food near schools and body weight among diverse adolescents. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 32(1), 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjppm.11.158
  • Grover, R., & Srinivasan, V. (1992). Evaluating the multiple effects of retail promotions on brand loyal and brand switching segments. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 76-89.
  • Gupta, S. (2012). The psychological effects of perceived scarcity in a retail setting and its impact on consumer buyer behavior. In Robert Mittelstaedt Doctoral Symposium Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224379202900107
  • Gupta, S., & Gentry, J. W. (2016). The behavioral responses to perceived scarcity–the case of fast fashion. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 26(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2016.1147476
  • Hamilton, R., Thompson, D., Bone, S., & Chaplin, L. N. (2014). Consumer substitution decisions: an integrative framework. Marketing Letters, 25(3), 305 –317. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2013.0814
  • Hamilton, R., Thompson, D., Bone, S., & Chaplin, L. N. (2019). The effects of scarcity on consumer decision journeys. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47, 532–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-018-0604-7
  • Hand, C., Riley, F. D. O., Harris, P., Singh, J., & Rettie, R. (2009). Online grocery shopping: the influence of situational factors. European journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560910976447
  • Ipsos (2020). Covid-19 Insights: Consumer Behavior. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/en-dk/covid-19-insights-consumer-behaviour
  • Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Emergency decision making: a theoretical analysis of responses to disaster warnings. Journal of human stress, 3(2), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/0097840X.1977.9936085
  • Kempf, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (1998). Consumer Processing of Product Trial and the Influence of Prior Advertising: A Structural Modeling Approach. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 35(3), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224379803500304 Kim, J. (2020). Impact of the perceived threat of COVID-19 on variety-seeking. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.07.001
  • Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I'll Trade You Diamonds for Toilet Paper: Consumer Reacting, Coping and Adapting Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.05.028
  • Knutson, M. (2020). Covid-19, Brand Switching and Changing Consumer Habits. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.zionandzion.com/research/covid-19-brand-switching-and-changing-consumer-habits/
  • Kristofferson, K., McFerran, B., Morales, A. C., & Dahl, D. W. (2017). The dark side of scarcity promotions: how exposure to limited-quantity promotions can induce aggression. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(5), 683-706. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw056
  • Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102224
  • Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n337
  • Lee, S. Y., & Seidle, R. (2012). Narcissists as consumers: The effects of perceived scarcity on processing of product information. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 40(9), 1485-1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.9.1485
  • Leggett, R. (2020). Quality and efficiacy may beat out price sensitives amid coronavirus concerns September 10, 2020, from https://www.nielsen.com/ssa/en/insights/article/2020/quality-and-efficacy-may-beat-out-price-sensitivities-amid-coronavirus-concerns/
  • Longdong, E. Y. E., & Pangemanan, S. S. (2015). Analyzing The Effect Of Virtual Atmospheric Cues, Sales Promotions, and Situational Factors on Online Impulse Buying in Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v3i3.9333
  • Lynn, M. (1991). Scarcity effects on value: A quantitative review of the commodity theory literature. Psychology & Marketing, 8(1), 43-57.
  • Martinez, R. (2020). Covid-19 Drives Lasting Changes in Global Consumer Behavior and Business Operations Retrieved August 20, 2020, from https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/responsible-business-blog/2020/covid-19-drives-lasting-changes-in-global-consumer-behavior-and-businesses-operations.html
  • Mehta, R., & Zhu, M. (2016). Creating when you have less: The impact of resource scarcity on product use creativity. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(5), 767-782. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv051
  • Mela, C. F., Jedidi, K., & Bowman, D. (1998). The long-term impact of promotions on consumer stockpiling behavior. Journal of Marketing research, 35(2), 250-262. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151852
  • Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Effects of Resource Scarcity on Perceptions of Control and Impulsivity. ACR North American Advances. http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/1017570/volumes/v42/NA-42
  • Morganosky, M. A., & Cude, B. J. (2000). Consumer response to online grocery shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550010306737
  • Muhammad, N. S., Sujak, H., & Abd Rahman, S. (2016). Buying groceries online: the influences of electronic service quality (eServQual) and situational factors. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30140-X
  • Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2012). Threat (s) and conformity deconstructed: Perceived threat of infectious disease and its implications for conformist attitudes and behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.863
  • Nasır, S., & Bal, E. (2016). Sales promotional strategies and buying behavior in an emerging market at the post recession period. In Handbook of Research on Consumerism and Buying Behavior in Developing Nations (pp. 239-262). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0282-1.ch011
  • Nguyen, H. V., Tran, H. X., Van Huy, L., Nguyen, X. N., Do, M. T., & Nguyen, N. Online Book Shopping in Vietnam: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Situation. Publishing Research Quarterly, 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-020-09732-2
  • PwC (2020). Evolving priorities: Covid-19 Rapidly Reshapes Consumer Behavior. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://www.pwc.com/us/en/industries/consumer-markets/library/covid-19-consumer-behavior-survey.html
  • Pomerance, J., Light, N., & Williams, L. E. (2020). In these uncertain times: Fake news amplifies the desires to save and spend in response to COVID-19.
  • Rogers, D. (2020). Consumers are putting brands on notice over coronavirus behaviour, study finds. Retrieved September 16, 2020, from https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/consumers-putting-brands-notice-coronavirus-behaviour-study-finds/1678821
  • Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv048
  • Samson, A., & Voyer, B. G. (2014). Emergency purchasing situations: Implications for consumer decision-making. Journal of Economic Psychology, 44, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.05.004
  • Sevi, B., & Eskenazi, T. (2018). The Impact of Perceived Threat of Infectious Disease on the Framing Effect. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4(3), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-018-0145-9
  • Sevilla, J., & Redden, J. P. (2014). Limited availability reduces the rate of satiation. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(2), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmr.12.0090
  • Shah, A. K., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797614563958
  • Shaikh, A., (2020), “Effective Factors in Changing the Buying Behavior of Consumer Due to Covid-19”, Studies in Indian Place Names, 40 (68), pp.408-414.
  • Sheth, J. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Consumer Behavior: Will the Old Habits Return or Die?. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.05.059
  • Sheu, J.-B., & Kuo , H.-T. (2020). Dual speculative hoarding: A wholesaler-retailer channel behavioral phenomenon behind potential natural hazard threats. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101430
  • Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.06.015
  • Stanciu, S., Radu, R. I., Sapira, V., Bratoveanu, B. D., & Florea, A. M. (2020). Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations. Research on the Effects of COVID-19 in Romania. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.35219/eai1584040975
  • Statista (2019). Turkey: Social network penetration 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/284503/turkey-social-network-penetration/
  • Sterman, J. D., & Doğan, G. (2015). “I'm not hoarding, i'm just stocking up before the hoarders get here.”: Behavioral causes of phantom ordering in supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 39, 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2015.07.002
  • Sternquist, B., & Goldsmith, E. B. (2018). International retailing. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  • Taylor, J. W. (1974). The role of risk in consumer behavior: A comprehensive and operational theory of risk taking in consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 38(2), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/1250198
  • Van Herpen, E., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2014). When less sells more or less: The scarcity principle in wine choice. Food Quality and Preference, 36, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.004
  • Verhallen, T. M., & Robben, H. S. (1994). Scarcity and Preference: An Experiment on Unavailability and Product Evaluation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 15(2), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(94)90007-8
  • Voinea, L., & Filip, A. (2011). Analyzing the main changes in new consumer buying behavior during the economic crisis. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 1(1), 14–19. https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijept.org%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2F1%2Farticles%2F3%2Fpublic%2F3-32-1-PB.pdf;h=repec:aes:ijeptp:v:1:y:2011:i:1:p:14-19
  • Wang, E., An, N., Gao, Z., Kiprop, E., & Geng, X. (2020). Consumer food stockpiling behavior and willingness to pay for food reserves in COVID-19. Food Security, 12(4), 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01092-1
  • Wen, X., Sun, S., Li, L., He, Q., & Tsai, F.-S. (2019). Avian Influenza—Factors Affecting Consumers' Purchase Intentions toward Poultry Products. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(21), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214139
  • Wijaya, T. (2020). Factor Analysis of Panic Buying During the Covid-19 Period in Indonesia. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3603750
  • Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., Ma, F., & Li, K. X. (2020). The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103513
  • Yuen, K., Li, K., Ma, F., & Wang, X. (2020). The effect of emotional appeal on seafarers' safety behaviour: An extended health belief model. Journal of Transport & Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100810
  • Zhu, M., & Ratner, R. K. (2015). Scarcity polarizes preferences: The impact on choice among multiple items in a product class. Journal of Marketing Research, 52(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmr.13.0451

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 15 - 32, 31.12.2021

Esra Bal E. Başak Tavman

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Addo, P. C., Jiaming, F., Kulbo, N. B., & Liangqiang, L. (2020). COVID-19: fear appeal favoring purchase behavior towards personal protective equipment. The Service Industries Journal, 40(7-8), 471-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1751823
  • Advantage Solutions. (2020). Shoppers’ Response to COVID-19 and the Outlook for Change. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://advantagesolutions.net/news/shoppers-response-to-covid-19-and-the-outlook-for-change/
  • Aggarwal, P., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2003). Use it or lose it: purchase acceleration effects of time‐limited promotions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 2(4), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.116
  • Badgaiyan, A. J., & Verma, A. (2015). Does urge to buy impulsively differ from impulsive buying behaviour? Assessing the impact of situational factors. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 145-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.10.002
  • Baker, S.R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., ve Yannelis, C., (2020), “How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic”, (No. w26949), National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa009
  • Beard-Knowland, T. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on How We Eat. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2020-05/impact_of_covid-19_on_how_we_eat_ipsos_sia.pdf
  • Belk, R. W. (1975). Situational variables and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer research, 2(3), 157-164. Available online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2489050
  • Blattberg, R. C., & Neslin, S. A. (1990). Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies. Prentice Hall. Carufel, R. (2020). The Covid crisis pushed shoppers to switch retailers and brands -why many won’t go back. Retrieved September 19, 2020, from https://www.agilitypr.com/pr-news/public-relations/the-covid-crisis-pushed-shoppers-to-switch-retailers-and-brands-why-many-wont-go-back/
  • Charm et al. (2020). The great consumer Shift: Ten charts that show how US shopping behavior is changing. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-great-consumer-shift-ten-charts-that-show-how-us-shopping-behavior-is-changing
  • Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.010
  • Chocarro, R., Cortiñas, M., & Villanueva, M. L. (2013). Situational variables in online versus offline channel choice. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(5), 347-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2013.03.004
  • Conway III, L. G., Woodard, S. R., & Zubrod, A. (2020). Social psychological measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus perceived threat, government response, impacts, and experiences questionnaires. https://psyarxiv.com/z2x9a/
  • Dholakia, U., 2020. Why are we panic buying during the coronavirus pandemic? Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-science-behind-behavior/202003/why-are-we-panic-buying-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Fei, W, X., Hua, H, Y., & Hong, W, O. (2019). Incidence and influencing factors of public panic buying during epidemic of 2017 – 2018 seasonal influenza. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 35 (6), 746-749.
  • Foroughi, A., Buang, N. A., & Sadeghi, R. H. M. (2012). Exploring the influence of situational factors (money & time available) on impulse buying behaviour among different ethics. International Journal of Fundamental Psychology & Social Sciences (IJFPSS), 2(2), 41-44. Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com
  • Gangwar, M., Kumar, N., & Rao, R. C. (2014). Consumer stockpiling and competitive promotional strategies. Marketing Science, 33(1), 94-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2013.0814
  • Gao, C., & Liu, J. (2016). Network-based modeling for characterizing human collective behaviors during extreme events. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 47(1), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2016.2608658
  • Garbe, L., Rau, R., & Toppe, T. (2020). Influence of perceived threat of Covid-19 and HEXACO personality traits on toilet paper stockpiling. Plos one, 15(6), e0234232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234232
  • Gehrt, K. C., & Yan, R. N. (2004). Situational, consumer, and retailer factors affecting Internet, catalog, and store shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550410515515
  • Ghasrodasht, E. K. (2018). Explaining brand switching behavior using pull–push–mooring theory and the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Brand Management, 25(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-017-0080-2
  • Gilbert, D. C., & Jackaria, N. (2002). The efficacy of sales promotions in UK supermarkets: a consumer view. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.
  • Google, 2020. COVID-19 community mobility reports. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/
  • Grier, S., & Davis, B. (2013). Are all proximity effects created equal? Fast food near schools and body weight among diverse adolescents. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 32(1), 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjppm.11.158
  • Grover, R., & Srinivasan, V. (1992). Evaluating the multiple effects of retail promotions on brand loyal and brand switching segments. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 76-89.
  • Gupta, S. (2012). The psychological effects of perceived scarcity in a retail setting and its impact on consumer buyer behavior. In Robert Mittelstaedt Doctoral Symposium Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224379202900107
  • Gupta, S., & Gentry, J. W. (2016). The behavioral responses to perceived scarcity–the case of fast fashion. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 26(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2016.1147476
  • Hamilton, R., Thompson, D., Bone, S., & Chaplin, L. N. (2014). Consumer substitution decisions: an integrative framework. Marketing Letters, 25(3), 305 –317. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2013.0814
  • Hamilton, R., Thompson, D., Bone, S., & Chaplin, L. N. (2019). The effects of scarcity on consumer decision journeys. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47, 532–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-018-0604-7
  • Hand, C., Riley, F. D. O., Harris, P., Singh, J., & Rettie, R. (2009). Online grocery shopping: the influence of situational factors. European journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560910976447
  • Ipsos (2020). Covid-19 Insights: Consumer Behavior. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/en-dk/covid-19-insights-consumer-behaviour
  • Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Emergency decision making: a theoretical analysis of responses to disaster warnings. Journal of human stress, 3(2), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/0097840X.1977.9936085
  • Kempf, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (1998). Consumer Processing of Product Trial and the Influence of Prior Advertising: A Structural Modeling Approach. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 35(3), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224379803500304 Kim, J. (2020). Impact of the perceived threat of COVID-19 on variety-seeking. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.07.001
  • Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I'll Trade You Diamonds for Toilet Paper: Consumer Reacting, Coping and Adapting Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.05.028
  • Knutson, M. (2020). Covid-19, Brand Switching and Changing Consumer Habits. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.zionandzion.com/research/covid-19-brand-switching-and-changing-consumer-habits/
  • Kristofferson, K., McFerran, B., Morales, A. C., & Dahl, D. W. (2017). The dark side of scarcity promotions: how exposure to limited-quantity promotions can induce aggression. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(5), 683-706. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw056
  • Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102224
  • Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n337
  • Lee, S. Y., & Seidle, R. (2012). Narcissists as consumers: The effects of perceived scarcity on processing of product information. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 40(9), 1485-1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.9.1485
  • Leggett, R. (2020). Quality and efficiacy may beat out price sensitives amid coronavirus concerns September 10, 2020, from https://www.nielsen.com/ssa/en/insights/article/2020/quality-and-efficacy-may-beat-out-price-sensitivities-amid-coronavirus-concerns/
  • Longdong, E. Y. E., & Pangemanan, S. S. (2015). Analyzing The Effect Of Virtual Atmospheric Cues, Sales Promotions, and Situational Factors on Online Impulse Buying in Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v3i3.9333
  • Lynn, M. (1991). Scarcity effects on value: A quantitative review of the commodity theory literature. Psychology & Marketing, 8(1), 43-57.
  • Martinez, R. (2020). Covid-19 Drives Lasting Changes in Global Consumer Behavior and Business Operations Retrieved August 20, 2020, from https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/responsible-business-blog/2020/covid-19-drives-lasting-changes-in-global-consumer-behavior-and-businesses-operations.html
  • Mehta, R., & Zhu, M. (2016). Creating when you have less: The impact of resource scarcity on product use creativity. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(5), 767-782. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv051
  • Mela, C. F., Jedidi, K., & Bowman, D. (1998). The long-term impact of promotions on consumer stockpiling behavior. Journal of Marketing research, 35(2), 250-262. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151852
  • Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Effects of Resource Scarcity on Perceptions of Control and Impulsivity. ACR North American Advances. http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/1017570/volumes/v42/NA-42
  • Morganosky, M. A., & Cude, B. J. (2000). Consumer response to online grocery shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550010306737
  • Muhammad, N. S., Sujak, H., & Abd Rahman, S. (2016). Buying groceries online: the influences of electronic service quality (eServQual) and situational factors. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30140-X
  • Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2012). Threat (s) and conformity deconstructed: Perceived threat of infectious disease and its implications for conformist attitudes and behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.863
  • Nasır, S., & Bal, E. (2016). Sales promotional strategies and buying behavior in an emerging market at the post recession period. In Handbook of Research on Consumerism and Buying Behavior in Developing Nations (pp. 239-262). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0282-1.ch011
  • Nguyen, H. V., Tran, H. X., Van Huy, L., Nguyen, X. N., Do, M. T., & Nguyen, N. Online Book Shopping in Vietnam: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Situation. Publishing Research Quarterly, 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-020-09732-2
  • PwC (2020). Evolving priorities: Covid-19 Rapidly Reshapes Consumer Behavior. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://www.pwc.com/us/en/industries/consumer-markets/library/covid-19-consumer-behavior-survey.html
  • Pomerance, J., Light, N., & Williams, L. E. (2020). In these uncertain times: Fake news amplifies the desires to save and spend in response to COVID-19.
  • Rogers, D. (2020). Consumers are putting brands on notice over coronavirus behaviour, study finds. Retrieved September 16, 2020, from https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/consumers-putting-brands-notice-coronavirus-behaviour-study-finds/1678821
  • Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv048
  • Samson, A., & Voyer, B. G. (2014). Emergency purchasing situations: Implications for consumer decision-making. Journal of Economic Psychology, 44, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.05.004
  • Sevi, B., & Eskenazi, T. (2018). The Impact of Perceived Threat of Infectious Disease on the Framing Effect. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4(3), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-018-0145-9
  • Sevilla, J., & Redden, J. P. (2014). Limited availability reduces the rate of satiation. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(2), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmr.12.0090
  • Shah, A. K., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797614563958
  • Shaikh, A., (2020), “Effective Factors in Changing the Buying Behavior of Consumer Due to Covid-19”, Studies in Indian Place Names, 40 (68), pp.408-414.
  • Sheth, J. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Consumer Behavior: Will the Old Habits Return or Die?. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.05.059
  • Sheu, J.-B., & Kuo , H.-T. (2020). Dual speculative hoarding: A wholesaler-retailer channel behavioral phenomenon behind potential natural hazard threats. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101430
  • Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.06.015
  • Stanciu, S., Radu, R. I., Sapira, V., Bratoveanu, B. D., & Florea, A. M. (2020). Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations. Research on the Effects of COVID-19 in Romania. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.35219/eai1584040975
  • Statista (2019). Turkey: Social network penetration 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/284503/turkey-social-network-penetration/
  • Sterman, J. D., & Doğan, G. (2015). “I'm not hoarding, i'm just stocking up before the hoarders get here.”: Behavioral causes of phantom ordering in supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 39, 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2015.07.002
  • Sternquist, B., & Goldsmith, E. B. (2018). International retailing. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  • Taylor, J. W. (1974). The role of risk in consumer behavior: A comprehensive and operational theory of risk taking in consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 38(2), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/1250198
  • Van Herpen, E., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2014). When less sells more or less: The scarcity principle in wine choice. Food Quality and Preference, 36, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.004
  • Verhallen, T. M., & Robben, H. S. (1994). Scarcity and Preference: An Experiment on Unavailability and Product Evaluation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 15(2), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(94)90007-8
  • Voinea, L., & Filip, A. (2011). Analyzing the main changes in new consumer buying behavior during the economic crisis. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 1(1), 14–19. https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijept.org%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2F1%2Farticles%2F3%2Fpublic%2F3-32-1-PB.pdf;h=repec:aes:ijeptp:v:1:y:2011:i:1:p:14-19
  • Wang, E., An, N., Gao, Z., Kiprop, E., & Geng, X. (2020). Consumer food stockpiling behavior and willingness to pay for food reserves in COVID-19. Food Security, 12(4), 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01092-1
  • Wen, X., Sun, S., Li, L., He, Q., & Tsai, F.-S. (2019). Avian Influenza—Factors Affecting Consumers' Purchase Intentions toward Poultry Products. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(21), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214139
  • Wijaya, T. (2020). Factor Analysis of Panic Buying During the Covid-19 Period in Indonesia. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3603750
  • Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., Ma, F., & Li, K. X. (2020). The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103513
  • Yuen, K., Li, K., Ma, F., & Wang, X. (2020). The effect of emotional appeal on seafarers' safety behaviour: An extended health belief model. Journal of Transport & Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100810
  • Zhu, M., & Ratner, R. K. (2015). Scarcity polarizes preferences: The impact on choice among multiple items in a product class. Journal of Marketing Research, 52(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmr.13.0451
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Esra Bal 0000-0003-0070-7025

E. Başak Tavman 0000-0002-2544-9467

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 14 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bal, E., & Tavman, E. B. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 15-32.
AMA Bal E, Tavman EB. Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context. ebyuiibfdergisi. Aralık 2021;3(2):15-32.
Chicago Bal, Esra, ve E. Başak Tavman. “Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 15-32.
EndNote Bal E, Tavman EB (01 Aralık 2021) Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3 2 15–32.
IEEE E. Bal ve E. B. Tavman, “Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context”, ebyuiibfdergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 15–32, 2021.
ISNAD Bal, Esra - Tavman, E. Başak. “Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3/2 (Aralık 2021), 15-32.
JAMA Bal E, Tavman EB. Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context. ebyuiibfdergisi. 2021;3:15–32.
MLA Bal, Esra ve E. Başak Tavman. “Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context”. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 15-32.
Vancouver Bal E, Tavman EB. Impact of Covid-19 outbreak on Consumer Behavioral Responses in the Turkish Context. ebyuiibfdergisi. 2021;3(2):15-32.
 Kapak Resmi İndir