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Küresel Kapitalizmin Sonraki Aşaması: Dijital Platformlar ve Rant Kapitalizmi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 681 - 695, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1350739

Öz

Rant gelirini üretken emeğe başvurmadan elde edilen ekonomik kazanç biçimi olarak gören Marksist rant teorisinin ışığında, bu makale dijital platformların ağ bağlantılı ekosistemindeki zenginlik ve güç yoğunlaşmasını incelemektedir. Bu çalışma, dijital platformların hakimiyetini ve platform kapitalizminin işgücü piyasaları üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkilerini tartışırken; esnek ekonomilerin büyümesini ve bu yeni paradigmada işçi hakları, gelir güvenliği ve düzenleyici çerçevelerle ilgili zorlukları vurgulamaktadır. Teknoloji ve dijital gelişmelerin mümkün kıldığı platformlar, geleneksel iş modellerini dönüştürürken, değerin yaratılma, dağıtılma ve elde edilme yöntemlerini yeniden şekillendirmektedir. Bu platformlar, ekonomik etkileşimlerde ve bilgi alışverişinde devrim yaratırken aynı zamanda Marksist düşüncede tanımlanan rant elde etme unsurlarını da yansıtıyor. Bu durum, ekonomik eşitsizlik ve güç birikimine ilişkin kaygıları arttırarak, rantın bir sömürü mekanizması olduğu yönündeki Marksist eleştiriyi yansıtmaktadır. Dijital platformları Marksist rant teorisi çerçevesinde inceleyen bu çalışma, bu platformların daha geniş kapitalist ilişkiler çerçevesine nasıl uyduğunu kavramayı, teknolojik yenilik, ekonomik yapılar ve sınıf ayrımlarının arasındaki karmaşık etkileşime ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aleksyanska, M., Bastrakova, A. and Kharchenko, N.N. (2019). Working conditions on digital labour platforms: Evidence from leading labour supply economy (IZA Discussion Papers No. 12245). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/196743/1/dp12245.pdf
  • Ali, M. (2023). How many years does a typical user spend on social media. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/30/how-many-years-does-a-typical-user-spend-on-social-media#:~:text=How%20much%20time%20on%20average,a%20little%20over%20a%20month
  • Baran, P.A. and Sweezy, P.M. (1966). Monopoly capitalism; An essay on the American economic and social order. USA: Monthly Review Press.
  • Basu, D. (2018). Marx’s analysis of ground-rent: Theory, examples and applications (UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers No. 2018-04). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/202937/1/1016737963.pdf
  • Boranova, V., Huidrom, R., Nowak, S., Topalova, P., Tulin, V. and Varghese, R. (2021). Wage growth and inflation in Europe: A puzzle? Oxford Economic Papers, 73(4), 1427-1453. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513521275.001
  • Boratav, K. (2017). Bir UNCTAD raporu. Retrieved from https://sendika.org/2017/11/bir-unctad-raporu-korkut-boratav-sol-458050/
  • Bottomore, T. (1992). Marxism. In M. Hawkesworth and M. Kogan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of government and politics. London: Routledge.
  • Cayla, D. (2022). How the digital economy challenges the neoliberal agenda: Lessons from the antitrust policies. Journal of Economic Issues, 56(2), 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2022.2063660
  • Chaffey, D. (2023). Global social media statistics research summary 2023. Smart Insights. Retrieved from https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/
  • Chan, D., Voortman, F. and Rogers, S. (2019). The rise of the platform economy. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nl/Documents/humancapital/deloitte-nl-hc-the-rise-of-the-platform-economy-report.pdf
  • Christophers, B. (2021). Class, assets and work in rentier capitalism. Historical Materialism, 29(2), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1163/1569206X-29021234
  • Curran, D. (2023). Polanyi’s discovery of society and the digital phase of the industrial revolution. European Journal of Social Theory, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310231158726
  • EU Commission. (2021). Improving working conditions in platform work. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_6606
  • EU Commission. (2023). European data strategy. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-data-strategy_en
  • Eurofound. (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work (Eurofound Research Report). Luxembourg: European Union. Retrieved from https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/303ce609-5a40-432b-984b-421ff39fffc1/content
  • Florisson, R. and Irene, M. (2018). Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment-literature review (Eurofound Working Paper No. WPEF18004). Retrieved from http://tankona.free.fr/wpef18004.pdf
  • Godin, R. (2020). Modern zamanların feodalizmi, dijital kapitalizm (Çev. H.D. Alarcın). İleri Haber. Retrieved from https://www.ilerihaber.org/icerik/ceviri-modern-zamanlarin-feodalizmi-dijital-kapitalizm-118376
  • Hoang, L., Blank, G. and Haase, A.Q. (2020). The winners and losers of the platform economy: Who participates? Information, Communication and Society, 23(5), 681-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1720771
  • Hofstadter, R. (1963). Anti-intellectualism in American life. New York: Vintage.
  • Horn, J. (2018). Economic rent. In M. Augier and D.J. Teece (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ILO. (2021). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/dgreports/dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
  • Jahan, S. and Mahmud, A.S. (2015). What is capitalism? Finance & Development, 52(2), 44-45. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/
  • Kovancı, Y.A. (2020). The attempts of trade unions and platform workers regarding the problems that emerge in the context of platform work. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 325-352. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.732877
  • Krungsri Research. (2023). Industry Outlook 2023-2025: Digital Services and Software (Krungsri Research, Research by Industry, Industry Outlook). Retrieved from https://www.krungsri.com/en/research/industry/industry-outlook/services/digital-software/io/io-digital-software-2023-2025
  • Lata, L.N., Burdon, J. and Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Marx, K. (2015). Kapital (Çev. M. Selik ve N. Satlıgan). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Milios, J., Dimoulis, D. and Economakis, G. (2002). Karl Marx and the classics: An essay on value, crises and the capitalist mode of production. New York: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Norel, P. (2013). The emergence of capitalism through the prism of global history. Actuel Marx, 53(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3917/amx.053.0063
  • Pathak, P. (2022). Google, Apple, Meta, Amazon or Twitter? Know which big tech company collects most user data. Retrieved from https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-google-apple- meta-amazon-or-twitter-know-which-big-tech-company-collects-most-user-data-2640965/
  • Polanyi, K. (1957). The great transformation. USA: Beacon Press.
  • Qiao, X. and Feng, T. (2023). Land rent theory and rent research of digital platform enterprises. Journal of Digital Economy, 2, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2023.05.002
  • Radinsky, K. (2023). Data monopolists like Google are threatening the economy. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/03/data-monopolists-like-google-are-threatening-the-economy
  • Rasmussen, S. (2011). Economic rent and the value of land in production economics. Berlin: Springer.
  • Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rikap, C. (2021). Capitalism, power and innovation: Intellectual monopoly capitalism uncovered. United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization: A basic text. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Roach, S.C. (2008). Critical theory and international relations: A reader. New York: Routledge.
  • Robinson, W.I. (2018). The next economic crisis: Digital capitalism and global police state. Race and Class, 60(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818769016
  • Sabbagh, K., Friedrich, R., El-Darwiche, B., Singh, M. and Koster, A. (2013). Digitization for economic growth and job creation: Regional and industry perspectives (The Global Information Technology Report No. 2013). Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2013/GITR_Chapter1.2_2013.pdf
  • Sachs, J.D. (1999). Twentieth-century political economy: A brief history of global capitalism. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15(4), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/15.4.90
  • Sadowski, J. (2020). The internet of landlords: Digital platforms and new mechanisms of rentier capitalism. Antipode, 52(2), 562-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12595
  • Sonenscher, M. (2022). Capitalism: The story behind the word. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Soros, G. (2018). Remarks delivered at the World Economic Forum. Davos: Switzerland.
  • Srnicek, N. (2016). Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Standing, G. (2016). The five lies of rentier capitalism. Retrieved from https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24833/1/five-lies-rentier-capitalism
  • Tellan, T. (2021). Platform kapitalizmi: Bir kavram bizlere ne çağrıştırır? Retrieved from https://www.kooplog.com/platform-kapitalizmi-bir-kavram-bizlere-ne-cagristirir/
  • Tori, D. (2017). The impacts of rent incomes on capitalist accumulation: towards coherence (SSRN Working Paper No. 3065903). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3065903
  • UCL. (2023). Economic rents. Retrieved from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/research/economic-rents
  • UNCTAD. (2017). Trade and. Development Report 2017 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/trade-and-development-report-2017
  • UNCTAD. (2018). Corporate rent-seeking, market power and inequality: Time for a multilateral trust buster? (UNCTAD Policy Brief No. 66). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/corporate- rent-seeking-market-power-and-inequality-time-multilateral-trust-buster
  • UNCTAD. (2019). Digital economy report 2019 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2019
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Digital economy report 2021 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2021_en.pdf
  • Voss, E. and Riede, H. (2018). Digitalisation and workers participation: What trade unions, company level workers and online platform workers in Europe think (Confederation Syndicat European Trade Union Report). Retrieved from https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2018-09/Voss%20Report%20EN2.pdf

Next Stage of Global Capitalism: Digital Platforms and Rentier Capitalism

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 681 - 695, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1350739

Öz

This paper examines the concentration of wealth and power in the networked ecosystem of digital platforms in light of the Marxist theory of rent, which views rental income as a form of economic gain without engaging in productive labor. The article discusses the dominance of digital platforms and their transformative effects of platform capitalism on labor markets, highlighting the growth of gig economies and the challenges of labor rights, income security, and regulatory frameworks in this new paradigm. Since platforms enabled by advancements in technology and digital connectivity, they have revolutionized traditional business models and reshaped the ways in which value is created, distributed, and captured. These platforms, while revolutionizing economic interactions and information exchange, also reflect elements of rent extraction identified in Marxist thought. This amplifies concerns over economic inequality and the accumulation of power, mirroring the Marxist critique of rent as an exploitative mechanism. By scrutinizing digital platforms through a Marxist rent theory framework, this study aims to comprehend how these platforms fit into the broader landscape of capitalist relations, shedding light on the complex interplay between technological innovation, economic structures, and the perpetuation of class divisions.

Kaynakça

  • Aleksyanska, M., Bastrakova, A. and Kharchenko, N.N. (2019). Working conditions on digital labour platforms: Evidence from leading labour supply economy (IZA Discussion Papers No. 12245). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/196743/1/dp12245.pdf
  • Ali, M. (2023). How many years does a typical user spend on social media. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/30/how-many-years-does-a-typical-user-spend-on-social-media#:~:text=How%20much%20time%20on%20average,a%20little%20over%20a%20month
  • Baran, P.A. and Sweezy, P.M. (1966). Monopoly capitalism; An essay on the American economic and social order. USA: Monthly Review Press.
  • Basu, D. (2018). Marx’s analysis of ground-rent: Theory, examples and applications (UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers No. 2018-04). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/202937/1/1016737963.pdf
  • Boranova, V., Huidrom, R., Nowak, S., Topalova, P., Tulin, V. and Varghese, R. (2021). Wage growth and inflation in Europe: A puzzle? Oxford Economic Papers, 73(4), 1427-1453. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513521275.001
  • Boratav, K. (2017). Bir UNCTAD raporu. Retrieved from https://sendika.org/2017/11/bir-unctad-raporu-korkut-boratav-sol-458050/
  • Bottomore, T. (1992). Marxism. In M. Hawkesworth and M. Kogan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of government and politics. London: Routledge.
  • Cayla, D. (2022). How the digital economy challenges the neoliberal agenda: Lessons from the antitrust policies. Journal of Economic Issues, 56(2), 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2022.2063660
  • Chaffey, D. (2023). Global social media statistics research summary 2023. Smart Insights. Retrieved from https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/
  • Chan, D., Voortman, F. and Rogers, S. (2019). The rise of the platform economy. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nl/Documents/humancapital/deloitte-nl-hc-the-rise-of-the-platform-economy-report.pdf
  • Christophers, B. (2021). Class, assets and work in rentier capitalism. Historical Materialism, 29(2), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1163/1569206X-29021234
  • Curran, D. (2023). Polanyi’s discovery of society and the digital phase of the industrial revolution. European Journal of Social Theory, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310231158726
  • EU Commission. (2021). Improving working conditions in platform work. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_6606
  • EU Commission. (2023). European data strategy. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-data-strategy_en
  • Eurofound. (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work (Eurofound Research Report). Luxembourg: European Union. Retrieved from https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/303ce609-5a40-432b-984b-421ff39fffc1/content
  • Florisson, R. and Irene, M. (2018). Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment-literature review (Eurofound Working Paper No. WPEF18004). Retrieved from http://tankona.free.fr/wpef18004.pdf
  • Godin, R. (2020). Modern zamanların feodalizmi, dijital kapitalizm (Çev. H.D. Alarcın). İleri Haber. Retrieved from https://www.ilerihaber.org/icerik/ceviri-modern-zamanlarin-feodalizmi-dijital-kapitalizm-118376
  • Hoang, L., Blank, G. and Haase, A.Q. (2020). The winners and losers of the platform economy: Who participates? Information, Communication and Society, 23(5), 681-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1720771
  • Hofstadter, R. (1963). Anti-intellectualism in American life. New York: Vintage.
  • Horn, J. (2018). Economic rent. In M. Augier and D.J. Teece (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ILO. (2021). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/dgreports/dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
  • Jahan, S. and Mahmud, A.S. (2015). What is capitalism? Finance & Development, 52(2), 44-45. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/
  • Kovancı, Y.A. (2020). The attempts of trade unions and platform workers regarding the problems that emerge in the context of platform work. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 325-352. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.732877
  • Krungsri Research. (2023). Industry Outlook 2023-2025: Digital Services and Software (Krungsri Research, Research by Industry, Industry Outlook). Retrieved from https://www.krungsri.com/en/research/industry/industry-outlook/services/digital-software/io/io-digital-software-2023-2025
  • Lata, L.N., Burdon, J. and Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Marx, K. (2015). Kapital (Çev. M. Selik ve N. Satlıgan). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Milios, J., Dimoulis, D. and Economakis, G. (2002). Karl Marx and the classics: An essay on value, crises and the capitalist mode of production. New York: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Norel, P. (2013). The emergence of capitalism through the prism of global history. Actuel Marx, 53(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3917/amx.053.0063
  • Pathak, P. (2022). Google, Apple, Meta, Amazon or Twitter? Know which big tech company collects most user data. Retrieved from https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-google-apple- meta-amazon-or-twitter-know-which-big-tech-company-collects-most-user-data-2640965/
  • Polanyi, K. (1957). The great transformation. USA: Beacon Press.
  • Qiao, X. and Feng, T. (2023). Land rent theory and rent research of digital platform enterprises. Journal of Digital Economy, 2, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2023.05.002
  • Radinsky, K. (2023). Data monopolists like Google are threatening the economy. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/03/data-monopolists-like-google-are-threatening-the-economy
  • Rasmussen, S. (2011). Economic rent and the value of land in production economics. Berlin: Springer.
  • Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rikap, C. (2021). Capitalism, power and innovation: Intellectual monopoly capitalism uncovered. United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization: A basic text. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Roach, S.C. (2008). Critical theory and international relations: A reader. New York: Routledge.
  • Robinson, W.I. (2018). The next economic crisis: Digital capitalism and global police state. Race and Class, 60(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818769016
  • Sabbagh, K., Friedrich, R., El-Darwiche, B., Singh, M. and Koster, A. (2013). Digitization for economic growth and job creation: Regional and industry perspectives (The Global Information Technology Report No. 2013). Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2013/GITR_Chapter1.2_2013.pdf
  • Sachs, J.D. (1999). Twentieth-century political economy: A brief history of global capitalism. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15(4), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/15.4.90
  • Sadowski, J. (2020). The internet of landlords: Digital platforms and new mechanisms of rentier capitalism. Antipode, 52(2), 562-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12595
  • Sonenscher, M. (2022). Capitalism: The story behind the word. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Soros, G. (2018). Remarks delivered at the World Economic Forum. Davos: Switzerland.
  • Srnicek, N. (2016). Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Standing, G. (2016). The five lies of rentier capitalism. Retrieved from https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24833/1/five-lies-rentier-capitalism
  • Tellan, T. (2021). Platform kapitalizmi: Bir kavram bizlere ne çağrıştırır? Retrieved from https://www.kooplog.com/platform-kapitalizmi-bir-kavram-bizlere-ne-cagristirir/
  • Tori, D. (2017). The impacts of rent incomes on capitalist accumulation: towards coherence (SSRN Working Paper No. 3065903). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3065903
  • UCL. (2023). Economic rents. Retrieved from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/research/economic-rents
  • UNCTAD. (2017). Trade and. Development Report 2017 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/trade-and-development-report-2017
  • UNCTAD. (2018). Corporate rent-seeking, market power and inequality: Time for a multilateral trust buster? (UNCTAD Policy Brief No. 66). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/corporate- rent-seeking-market-power-and-inequality-time-multilateral-trust-buster
  • UNCTAD. (2019). Digital economy report 2019 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2019
  • UNCTAD. (2021). Digital economy report 2021 (UNCTAD). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2021_en.pdf
  • Voss, E. and Riede, H. (2018). Digitalisation and workers participation: What trade unions, company level workers and online platform workers in Europe think (Confederation Syndicat European Trade Union Report). Retrieved from https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2018-09/Voss%20Report%20EN2.pdf
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İktisat Teorisi, Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Duygu Özlük 0000-0001-9818-2671

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Özlük, D. (2023). Next Stage of Global Capitalism: Digital Platforms and Rentier Capitalism. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(4), 681-695. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1350739