Araştırma Makalesi
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Karbon Fiyatlandırması Seçenekleri ve Tasarım Sorunları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 26, 30.06.2023

Öz

Karbon fiyatlandırması, iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede en temel politika aracıdır. Bu amaçla kullanılan iki temel seçenek karbon vergisi ve emisyon ticareti sistemidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı her iki seçeneği: Çevresel Etkinlik, Yönetim, Gelirin Kullanımı, Politik Kabul ve Rekabet Edebilirlik açısından karşılaştırmaktır. Bu karşılaştırmanın sonucunda önemli olanın hangi politika aracının uygulanması gerektiğinden daha çok bir tasarım sorunu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada hem karbon vergisinin hem de emisyon ticareti sisteminin ikilim değişikliği ile mücadelede etkinliğini artıracak tasarım konuları sıralanmıştır. Bu tasarım değişiklikleri henüz bir karbon fiyatlandırma politikası bulunmayan Türkiye dahil birçok ülke açısından gelecekte yapılacak reformlar için bir perspektif sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Acworth, W., Schambil, K., & Bernstein, T. (2020). Market Stability Mechanisms in Emissions Trading Systems, International Carbon Action Partnership, Berlin, 1-26.
  • Aldy J. E. & Robert N. S. (2012). The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon: Theory and Experience, Journal of Environment & Development, 21(2), 152-180.
  • Asian Development Bank (2021). Carbon Prıcıng For Green Recovery and Growth, Philippines, www.adb.org
  • Asian Development Bank (2016). Emissions trading schemes and their linking- challenges and opportunities in Asia and the Pacific Mandaluyong City, Philippines: 1-116. www.adb.org
  • Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. (2009). Combating Global Climate Change: Why a Carbon Tax is a Better Response to Global Warming than Cap and Trade, Stan. Envtl. L. J. 28, No. 1, 3-50.
  • Baranzini, A, Jeroen, C. J. M. van den Bergh, Stefano, C., Richard B. Howarth, E. P. & Jordi, R. (2017). Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations, WIREs Clim Change, 8, 1-17.
  • Bragagni, M., Lorenc, X., Irene, M. & Giuseppe, C. (2022). Sustainable development and the need to reform the carbon tax; 1-9, wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pa
  • Carattini, S., Maria, C. & Sam, F. (2018). Overcoming public resistance to carbon taxes, WIREs Clim Change, 9, 1-26.
  • Carattini, S., Maria, C. & Sam, F. (2017). How to make carbon taxes more acceptable The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) Policy report, 1-58.
  • Center for Climate & Energy Solutions, (2022). California Cap and Trade, https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/
  • Chevallier, J. (2012). Banking and Borrowing in The EU ETS: A Review of Economic Modelling, Current Provısions and Prospects For Future Design, Journal of Economic Surveys,. 26 (1), 157–176.
  • Cosbey, A. (2021). Principles and Best Practice in Border Carbon Adjustment: A modest proposal, IISD Trade and Sustainability Review Brief, September, 1-5.
  • Do, T, N, & Paul ,J. B. (2021). Carbon pricing in Vietnam: Options for adoption, Energy and Climate Change, 2, 1-12.
  • Dominioni, G. & Michael, F. (2022). Environmental Policy in Good and Bad Times: The Countercyclical Effects of Carbon Taxes and Cap-and-Trade, Journal of Environmental Law, 34, 269-286.
  • Dominioni, G. & Dirk, H. (2019). Behavioural Economics and Public Support for Carbon Pricing: A Revenue Recycling Scheme to Address the Political Economy of Carbon Taxation, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10, 554-570.
  • Eden, A., Charlotte, U., William, A., Kristian, W. & Constanze, H. (2018). Benefits of Emissions Trading Taking Stock of the Impacts of Emissions Trading Systems Worldwide, ICAP, August, 1-34.
  • European Environmental Bureau, (2022). Lessons from the German Emissions Trading System for buildings and road transport ; 1-19, https://eeb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/German-Emissions-Trading-System-for-buildings-and-transport.pdf
  • European Commission (2009). EU action against climate change, The EU Emissions Trading Scheme: 1-28, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ardb/evt/1_avrupa_birligi/1_6_raporlar/1_3_diger/environment/eu_emmissions_trading_scheme.pdf
  • Fishman, X., Geogre, D. B. & John, J. (2022). Understanding Border Carbon Adjustments The Pros And Cons of BCA Policy Designs, November IDEAS, Action Results, 1-17.
  • Galdi, G., Stefano ,F. V., Simone, B., Jürg, F., Ted, J., Emily. W. & Li, Z. (2020). Emissions trading systems with different price control mechanisms: implications for linking, Report for the Carbon Market Policy Dialogue, European University Institute, 1-33.
  • Gokhale, H. (2021). Japan’s carbon tax policy: Limitations and policy suggestions, Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 1-15.
  • Goulder, L. H. & Andrew, S. (2013). Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: A Critical Review, NBER Working Paper Series, 19338, 1-40
  • Green, J. F. (2021). Beyond Carbon Pricing: Tax Reform is Climate Policy, Global Policy, 12(3), 372-379.
  • G20 (2021). Communique: Third Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting, http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2021/Communique-Third-G20-FMCBG-meeting-9-10-July-2021.pdf
  • Ian, P., Simon, B. & Karlygash, Z. (2022). Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems? Instrument Choice and Design, IMF Staff Climate Note, 2022/006, 1-24.
  • IEA (2020). Implementing Effective Emissions Trading Systems: Lessons from international experiences, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2551e81a-a401-43a4-bebd-a52e5a8fc853/Implementing_Effective_Emissions_Trading_Systems.pdf
  • Haase, I. Eike, K., Velten, H. & Branner, A. R. (2022) The use of auctioning revenues from the EU ETS for climate action- An analysis based on eight case studies, Ecologic Institute, Berlin.
  • Haites, E. (2018) Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?, Climate Policy, 18(8), 955-966.
  • Haites, E., Duan, M., Kelly, S., Gallagher, S. M., Easwaran, N., Kenneth, R. R. & Masayo, W. (2018). Experience with Carbon Taxes and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems, Duke Environmental Law & Polıcy Forum, 29, 109-182.
  • Hintermann, B. & Maja, Z. (2020). Carbon Pricing in Switzerland: A Fusion of Taxes, Command-and-Control, and Permit Markets, ifo DICE Report I, 18 (1), 35-41.
  • Im, H. & Kim, Y.H. (2022). Carbon Tax or Emission Trading Scheme: Which is Better to Reduce Carbon Emission?: 1-14, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4129081 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4129081
  • IMF, (2022). Portugal Selected Issues, Country Report, 22/204, 1-44.
  • IMF, (2021). Reaching Net Zero Emissions, June: 1-33, https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2021/062221.pdf
  • Izlawanie, M. (2022). Carbon tax as the most appropriate carbon pricing mechanism for developing countries and strategies to design an effective policy, AIMS, Environmental Science, 9 (2), 161-184.
  • Jia, Z. & Boqiang, L. (2020). Rethinking the choice of carbon tax and carbon trading in China, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 159, 1-14.
  • Khan, J. & Bengt, J. (2022). Adoption, implementation and design of carbon pricing policy instruments, Energy Strategy Reviews, 4, 1-8.
  • Klenert, D., Linus, M., Emmanuel, C., Ottmar, E., Cameron, H., Ryan, R. & Nicholas, S., (2018). Making carbon pricing work for citizens, Nature Climate Change, 8, 669–677.
  • Kotzampasakis, M. & Edwin, W. (2020). Linking the EU ETS with California’s Cap-and-Trade Program: A law and economics assessment, Central European Review of Economics and Management, 4)4), 9-45.
  • Lin, A. & Zhıjıe, J. (2020). Can Carbon Tax Complement Emission Trading Scheme? The impact of Carbon tax on Economy, Energy and Environment in China, Climate Change Economics, 11(3),1-29.
  • Linsenmeier, M. Adil, M. & Gregor, S. (2022). Policy Sequencing Towards Carbon PricingEmpirical evidence from G20 economies and other major emitters, IMF, WP/22/66, 1-33.
  • Lucas, G. M. (2017) Behavioral Public Choice and the Carbon Tax, Utah Law Review: 1, 115-158.
  • Marten, M. & Kurt van D. (2019). The use of revenues from carbon pricing, OECD Taxation Working Papers, 43:1-68.
  • Matthew, R. & Robert N. S. (2016) Linkage of greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: learning from experience, Climate Policy, 16(3), 284-300.
  • Nachtigall, D., Jane, E. & Sofie, E. (2022). Carbon pricing and COVID-19: Policy changes, challenges and design options in OECD and G20 countries Environment Working Paper No. 191: 1-92, https://www.oecd.org/environment/workingpapers.htm
  • On Climate Change Policy (2022). Carbon price floors and ceilings https://onclimatechangepolicydotorg.wordpress.com/carbon-pricing/price-floors-and-ceilings/
  • Parry, I, Simon, B. & Karlygash, Z. (2022). Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems? Instrument Choice and Design, IMF Staff Climate Note 2022/006.
  • Parry, I, Peter, D. Cory, H. Martin, K., Kyung, K., Florian, M., James, R. & Christophe, W. (2021). Carbon Pricing What Role for Border Carbon Adjustments? IMF Staff Climate Note, 2021/004, 1-20.
  • Parry, I, & William, A. P. (2009). Emissions Trading versus CO2 Taxes versus Standards, Issue Brief, 5, 80-86.
  • Pereira, A. M., & Rui, M. P. (2019) Achieving the triple dividend in Portugal: a dynamic general-equilibrium evaluation of a carbon tax indexed to emissions trading, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 22(2), 148-163.
  • Pereira, A.M, Rui, M.P. & Pedro, G. R. (2015). A New Carbon Tax in Portugal: A Missed Opportunity to Achieve the Triple Dividend? College of William and Mary Department of Economics Working Paper, 161: 1-31.
  • Pomerleau, K. & Elke, A. (2019). Carbon Tax and Revenue Recycling: Revenue, Economic, and Distributional Implications, Tax Faundation, Fiscal Fact, 674:1-13.
  • Putra, J. J., Hakim, N. & Fidelia; Y. J. (2021). Comparing "carbon tax" and "cap and trade" asmechanism to reduce emission in Indonesia. In: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(5), 106-111.
  • Santikarn, M., Lina, L., Stephanie, L. H.T. & Constanze, H. (2018). A Guide to Linking Emmission Trading Systems, (Editors: Dallas Burtraw, Michael Mehling), International Carbon Action Partnership, Berlin, Germany, 1-110.
  • Santos, G. (2022). Climate change policy and carbon pricing, Energy Policy, 168, 1-6.
  • Saputra, A. I., Limpato, J. & Kuswantoro, H. (2022). Carbon pricing and its monitoring system as a state revenue. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik, 7(3), 207-223.
  • Skovgaard, J. Sofia, S.F & Asa, K. (2019) Mapping and clustering the adoption of carbon pricing policies: what polities price carbon and why?, Climate Policy, 19(9), 1173-1185.
  • Stavins, R. N. (2019). Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: Theory and Practice, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Discussion Paper, ES 19-9, 1-62.
  • Stavins, R. N. (2020). The Future of US Carbon-Pricing Policy, National Bureau of Economic Research, 978-0-226-71117-1, 1-57.
  • Sawyer, D. & Renaud, G. (2022). Border Carbon Adjustments: The case for a cooperative, principles-based approach. Canadian Institute for Climate Choices, 1-22.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2016). Türkiye’de Sera Gazı Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi Kurulmasına Yönelik Yol Haritası, Ecofys, Proje No, CLINL16087:1-137.
  • The World Bank (2022). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022, Washington. Thisted, E.V, & Rune, V. T. (2020) The diffusion of carbon taxes and emission trading schemes: the emerging norm of carbon pricing, Environmental Politics, 29(5). 804-824.
  • Tsai, W.H. (2020). Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset, Energies, 13, 6128, 1-7.
  • UN, (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021: The Heat Is On: 1-112, file:///C:/Users/iibf/Downloads/EGR21.pdf Wara, M. (2015). Instrument Choice, Carbon Emissions, and Information, Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, 4(2), 261-302.

Carbon Pricing Options and Design Issues

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 26, 30.06.2023

Öz

Carbon pricing is the most fundamental policy tool in the fight against climate change. The two main options used for this purpose are the carbon tax and the emissions trading system. The aim of this study is to compare both options in terms of environmental efficiency, administration, allocation of income, political acceptance and competitiveness. As a result of this comparison, it was observed that what matters is a design issue rather than which policy tool should be applied. In this context, the design issues that will increase the effectiveness of both the carbon tax and the emission trading system in combating climate change are listed in the study. These design changes will provide a perspective for future reforms for many countries, including Turkey, which do not yet have a carbon pricing policy.

Kaynakça

  • Acworth, W., Schambil, K., & Bernstein, T. (2020). Market Stability Mechanisms in Emissions Trading Systems, International Carbon Action Partnership, Berlin, 1-26.
  • Aldy J. E. & Robert N. S. (2012). The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon: Theory and Experience, Journal of Environment & Development, 21(2), 152-180.
  • Asian Development Bank (2021). Carbon Prıcıng For Green Recovery and Growth, Philippines, www.adb.org
  • Asian Development Bank (2016). Emissions trading schemes and their linking- challenges and opportunities in Asia and the Pacific Mandaluyong City, Philippines: 1-116. www.adb.org
  • Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. (2009). Combating Global Climate Change: Why a Carbon Tax is a Better Response to Global Warming than Cap and Trade, Stan. Envtl. L. J. 28, No. 1, 3-50.
  • Baranzini, A, Jeroen, C. J. M. van den Bergh, Stefano, C., Richard B. Howarth, E. P. & Jordi, R. (2017). Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations, WIREs Clim Change, 8, 1-17.
  • Bragagni, M., Lorenc, X., Irene, M. & Giuseppe, C. (2022). Sustainable development and the need to reform the carbon tax; 1-9, wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pa
  • Carattini, S., Maria, C. & Sam, F. (2018). Overcoming public resistance to carbon taxes, WIREs Clim Change, 9, 1-26.
  • Carattini, S., Maria, C. & Sam, F. (2017). How to make carbon taxes more acceptable The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) Policy report, 1-58.
  • Center for Climate & Energy Solutions, (2022). California Cap and Trade, https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/
  • Chevallier, J. (2012). Banking and Borrowing in The EU ETS: A Review of Economic Modelling, Current Provısions and Prospects For Future Design, Journal of Economic Surveys,. 26 (1), 157–176.
  • Cosbey, A. (2021). Principles and Best Practice in Border Carbon Adjustment: A modest proposal, IISD Trade and Sustainability Review Brief, September, 1-5.
  • Do, T, N, & Paul ,J. B. (2021). Carbon pricing in Vietnam: Options for adoption, Energy and Climate Change, 2, 1-12.
  • Dominioni, G. & Michael, F. (2022). Environmental Policy in Good and Bad Times: The Countercyclical Effects of Carbon Taxes and Cap-and-Trade, Journal of Environmental Law, 34, 269-286.
  • Dominioni, G. & Dirk, H. (2019). Behavioural Economics and Public Support for Carbon Pricing: A Revenue Recycling Scheme to Address the Political Economy of Carbon Taxation, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10, 554-570.
  • Eden, A., Charlotte, U., William, A., Kristian, W. & Constanze, H. (2018). Benefits of Emissions Trading Taking Stock of the Impacts of Emissions Trading Systems Worldwide, ICAP, August, 1-34.
  • European Environmental Bureau, (2022). Lessons from the German Emissions Trading System for buildings and road transport ; 1-19, https://eeb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/German-Emissions-Trading-System-for-buildings-and-transport.pdf
  • European Commission (2009). EU action against climate change, The EU Emissions Trading Scheme: 1-28, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ardb/evt/1_avrupa_birligi/1_6_raporlar/1_3_diger/environment/eu_emmissions_trading_scheme.pdf
  • Fishman, X., Geogre, D. B. & John, J. (2022). Understanding Border Carbon Adjustments The Pros And Cons of BCA Policy Designs, November IDEAS, Action Results, 1-17.
  • Galdi, G., Stefano ,F. V., Simone, B., Jürg, F., Ted, J., Emily. W. & Li, Z. (2020). Emissions trading systems with different price control mechanisms: implications for linking, Report for the Carbon Market Policy Dialogue, European University Institute, 1-33.
  • Gokhale, H. (2021). Japan’s carbon tax policy: Limitations and policy suggestions, Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 1-15.
  • Goulder, L. H. & Andrew, S. (2013). Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: A Critical Review, NBER Working Paper Series, 19338, 1-40
  • Green, J. F. (2021). Beyond Carbon Pricing: Tax Reform is Climate Policy, Global Policy, 12(3), 372-379.
  • G20 (2021). Communique: Third Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting, http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2021/Communique-Third-G20-FMCBG-meeting-9-10-July-2021.pdf
  • Ian, P., Simon, B. & Karlygash, Z. (2022). Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems? Instrument Choice and Design, IMF Staff Climate Note, 2022/006, 1-24.
  • IEA (2020). Implementing Effective Emissions Trading Systems: Lessons from international experiences, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2551e81a-a401-43a4-bebd-a52e5a8fc853/Implementing_Effective_Emissions_Trading_Systems.pdf
  • Haase, I. Eike, K., Velten, H. & Branner, A. R. (2022) The use of auctioning revenues from the EU ETS for climate action- An analysis based on eight case studies, Ecologic Institute, Berlin.
  • Haites, E. (2018) Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?, Climate Policy, 18(8), 955-966.
  • Haites, E., Duan, M., Kelly, S., Gallagher, S. M., Easwaran, N., Kenneth, R. R. & Masayo, W. (2018). Experience with Carbon Taxes and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems, Duke Environmental Law & Polıcy Forum, 29, 109-182.
  • Hintermann, B. & Maja, Z. (2020). Carbon Pricing in Switzerland: A Fusion of Taxes, Command-and-Control, and Permit Markets, ifo DICE Report I, 18 (1), 35-41.
  • Im, H. & Kim, Y.H. (2022). Carbon Tax or Emission Trading Scheme: Which is Better to Reduce Carbon Emission?: 1-14, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4129081 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4129081
  • IMF, (2022). Portugal Selected Issues, Country Report, 22/204, 1-44.
  • IMF, (2021). Reaching Net Zero Emissions, June: 1-33, https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2021/062221.pdf
  • Izlawanie, M. (2022). Carbon tax as the most appropriate carbon pricing mechanism for developing countries and strategies to design an effective policy, AIMS, Environmental Science, 9 (2), 161-184.
  • Jia, Z. & Boqiang, L. (2020). Rethinking the choice of carbon tax and carbon trading in China, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 159, 1-14.
  • Khan, J. & Bengt, J. (2022). Adoption, implementation and design of carbon pricing policy instruments, Energy Strategy Reviews, 4, 1-8.
  • Klenert, D., Linus, M., Emmanuel, C., Ottmar, E., Cameron, H., Ryan, R. & Nicholas, S., (2018). Making carbon pricing work for citizens, Nature Climate Change, 8, 669–677.
  • Kotzampasakis, M. & Edwin, W. (2020). Linking the EU ETS with California’s Cap-and-Trade Program: A law and economics assessment, Central European Review of Economics and Management, 4)4), 9-45.
  • Lin, A. & Zhıjıe, J. (2020). Can Carbon Tax Complement Emission Trading Scheme? The impact of Carbon tax on Economy, Energy and Environment in China, Climate Change Economics, 11(3),1-29.
  • Linsenmeier, M. Adil, M. & Gregor, S. (2022). Policy Sequencing Towards Carbon PricingEmpirical evidence from G20 economies and other major emitters, IMF, WP/22/66, 1-33.
  • Lucas, G. M. (2017) Behavioral Public Choice and the Carbon Tax, Utah Law Review: 1, 115-158.
  • Marten, M. & Kurt van D. (2019). The use of revenues from carbon pricing, OECD Taxation Working Papers, 43:1-68.
  • Matthew, R. & Robert N. S. (2016) Linkage of greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: learning from experience, Climate Policy, 16(3), 284-300.
  • Nachtigall, D., Jane, E. & Sofie, E. (2022). Carbon pricing and COVID-19: Policy changes, challenges and design options in OECD and G20 countries Environment Working Paper No. 191: 1-92, https://www.oecd.org/environment/workingpapers.htm
  • On Climate Change Policy (2022). Carbon price floors and ceilings https://onclimatechangepolicydotorg.wordpress.com/carbon-pricing/price-floors-and-ceilings/
  • Parry, I, Simon, B. & Karlygash, Z. (2022). Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems? Instrument Choice and Design, IMF Staff Climate Note 2022/006.
  • Parry, I, Peter, D. Cory, H. Martin, K., Kyung, K., Florian, M., James, R. & Christophe, W. (2021). Carbon Pricing What Role for Border Carbon Adjustments? IMF Staff Climate Note, 2021/004, 1-20.
  • Parry, I, & William, A. P. (2009). Emissions Trading versus CO2 Taxes versus Standards, Issue Brief, 5, 80-86.
  • Pereira, A. M., & Rui, M. P. (2019) Achieving the triple dividend in Portugal: a dynamic general-equilibrium evaluation of a carbon tax indexed to emissions trading, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 22(2), 148-163.
  • Pereira, A.M, Rui, M.P. & Pedro, G. R. (2015). A New Carbon Tax in Portugal: A Missed Opportunity to Achieve the Triple Dividend? College of William and Mary Department of Economics Working Paper, 161: 1-31.
  • Pomerleau, K. & Elke, A. (2019). Carbon Tax and Revenue Recycling: Revenue, Economic, and Distributional Implications, Tax Faundation, Fiscal Fact, 674:1-13.
  • Putra, J. J., Hakim, N. & Fidelia; Y. J. (2021). Comparing "carbon tax" and "cap and trade" asmechanism to reduce emission in Indonesia. In: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(5), 106-111.
  • Santikarn, M., Lina, L., Stephanie, L. H.T. & Constanze, H. (2018). A Guide to Linking Emmission Trading Systems, (Editors: Dallas Burtraw, Michael Mehling), International Carbon Action Partnership, Berlin, Germany, 1-110.
  • Santos, G. (2022). Climate change policy and carbon pricing, Energy Policy, 168, 1-6.
  • Saputra, A. I., Limpato, J. & Kuswantoro, H. (2022). Carbon pricing and its monitoring system as a state revenue. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik, 7(3), 207-223.
  • Skovgaard, J. Sofia, S.F & Asa, K. (2019) Mapping and clustering the adoption of carbon pricing policies: what polities price carbon and why?, Climate Policy, 19(9), 1173-1185.
  • Stavins, R. N. (2019). Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: Theory and Practice, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Discussion Paper, ES 19-9, 1-62.
  • Stavins, R. N. (2020). The Future of US Carbon-Pricing Policy, National Bureau of Economic Research, 978-0-226-71117-1, 1-57.
  • Sawyer, D. & Renaud, G. (2022). Border Carbon Adjustments: The case for a cooperative, principles-based approach. Canadian Institute for Climate Choices, 1-22.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2016). Türkiye’de Sera Gazı Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi Kurulmasına Yönelik Yol Haritası, Ecofys, Proje No, CLINL16087:1-137.
  • The World Bank (2022). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022, Washington. Thisted, E.V, & Rune, V. T. (2020) The diffusion of carbon taxes and emission trading schemes: the emerging norm of carbon pricing, Environmental Politics, 29(5). 804-824.
  • Tsai, W.H. (2020). Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset, Energies, 13, 6128, 1-7.
  • UN, (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021: The Heat Is On: 1-112, file:///C:/Users/iibf/Downloads/EGR21.pdf Wara, M. (2015). Instrument Choice, Carbon Emissions, and Information, Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, 4(2), 261-302.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Çelikkaya 0000-0003-4218-404X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelikkaya, A. (2023). Karbon Fiyatlandırması Seçenekleri ve Tasarım Sorunları. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 1-26.

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