Öz
Verimliliğe dayalı büyüme oranını sürekli bir biçimde artırmak için temel koşul ekonomik sisteminin yenilik yaratma kapasitesini geliştirmektir. Böylece Araştırma Geliştirme (AR-GE) faaliyetleri günümüzde büyük önem kazanmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak kamunun gerçekleştirdiği AR-GE faaliyetlerinin hacmi de genişlemiştir. Ancak serbest piyasa mekanizmasını savunan Klasik görüş kamunun yürüttüğü AR-GE faaliyetlerinin özel sektör AR-GE faaliyetlerini kısıtladığı için verimsiz olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Buna karşın, inovasyon sürecini sistematik yöntemle analiz eden Modern yaklaşım kamu AR-GE faaliyetlerinin pozitif dışsallık yarattığını ileri sürmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı yukarıda belirtilen iddiaları test etmektir. Bu kapsamda Avrupa Birliğine üye on dokuz ülkenin 1999-2014 yılları arasındaki yıllık verileri Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik testleri çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik sonuçlar Avrupa ülkelerinde hızla büyüyen kamu AR-GE faaliyetlerinin özel sektör AR-GE faaliyetlerinin üzerinde tamamlayıcılık etkisine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Böylece ulusal inovasyon sistemini geliştirmek için kamu AR-GE faaliyetlerinin artırılmasına yönelik uygulamalar etkin bir politika tercihi olabilir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ARUNDEL, Anthony., GERT van de Paal, LUC Soete, (1995). “PACE Report: Innovation Strategies of Europe’s Largest Firms: Results of Protection of Innovations and Government Programmes”, Final
- Report, MERIT, University of Limburg, Maastricht. BASSANINI Andrea, STEFANO Scarpetta, PHILIP Hemming, (2015). “Economic Growth: The Role of Policies and Institutions”. OECD Working Papers 283 (2001).
- CHAMINADE, Cristina., Edquist, Charles, (2010). “Rationales for Public Intervention in the Innova- tion Process: Systems of Innovation Approach”, içinde Smits, R., Kuhlmann, S., Shapira, P. (Edit)
- The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy, an International Research Handbook, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 95-114. COCCIA Mario. (2010). “Public and Private R&D Investments as Complementary Inputs for Pro- ductivity Growth” International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 10 (1/2): 73-91.
- COCCIA Mario. (2011). “The Interaction between Public and Private R&D Expenditure and National
- Productivity”, Prometheus, 29 (2), 121-130. COCCIA Mario. (2012). “Political Economy of R&D to support the modern competitiveness of na- tions and determinants of economic optimizations and inertia.” Technovation, 32, pp. 370-379.
- COHEN Wesley M, NELSON, RICHARD. R. Nelson, Walsh, JOHN. P. Walsh (2002). “Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D”, Management Science, 48 (1), pp. 1
- DAVID Paul A., HALL Bronwny. (2000). “Heart of Darkness: Modelling Public-Private Funding
- Interactions Inside the R&D Black Box”, Research Policy, 29 (9), 1165-1183.
- FALK, Martin. (2006). “What drives business Research and development (R&D) intensity across
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Countries?” Applied Economics, 38, pp. 547. GUELLEC Dominique, BRUNO van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. (2003). “The Impact of Public
- R&D Expenditure on Business R&D”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 12 (3), pp. 243. GÜR Umut and SAYGILI Şeref (2002). “The Impact of Government R&D in Stimulating Private
- R&D in OECD Countries (1981-1998)”, METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, 11
- September 2002, Ankara, Turkey.
- NADIRI, Ishak, M. (1993), “Innovations and Technological Spillovers”, NBER Working Paper, No
- NARIN, Francis., KIMBERLY S. Hamilton, DOMINIC Olivastro (1997). “The Increasing linkage between US technology and public science”. Research Policy, 26, pp. 317-330.
- OECD. (1996). Venture Capital and Innovation, OECD/ GD (96), Paris.
- PARK, Walter, G. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers and OECD Economic Growth”, Economic Inquiry, 33 (4), pp. 571-591.
- PEDRONI, Peter. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with
- Multiple Regressors” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp. 653-670. SALTER, Ammon. J. and BEN R. Martin. (2001).” The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: a critical review”. Research Policy, 30, pp. 509-532.
- SILAGHI, M. I. Pop, DIANA Alexa, CRISTINA Jude and CRISTIAN Litan (2014). “Do business and public sector research and development expenditures contribute to economic growth in Central and Eastern European Countries? A dynamic panel estimation”, Economic Modelling, 36, pp. 108
- VERBEEK Arnold and LYKOGIANNI Elissavet (2008). “A Time Series Analysis of the Develop- ment in National R&D Intensities and National Public Expenditures on R&D”, Final Study Report for
- Specific Assignment 4 (SPA4), Brussels. WU Yonghong, POPP, Dresler and STUART Bretschneider. (2007). “The Effects of Innovation
- Policies on Business R&D: A Cross-National Empirical Study”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16 (4), pp. 237-253.
Öz
Basic requirement for permanent increase in the ratio of productivity growth is to improve the innovative capability of economic system. Thus, the financing of Research and Development (RD) activities gains huge significance. Accordingly, public RD activities also reach big volumes. However, Classical approach advocating free market mechanism argues that public RD activities are not productive since they have a negative impact on private RD activities. Contrarily, Modern approach analysing the innovation process by using systematic framework asserts that public RD activities create positive spillover effects. Our study aims to test the arguments indicated above. For this aim, we examine the yearly values between 1999 and 2014 for nineteen countries member of European Union by employing Panel Cointegration and Causality techniques. Findings indicate that public RD activities have a complementary effect on private RD activities. Thus, applications towards increasing public RD activities can be preferred in order to enhance the capability of national innovation system
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ARUNDEL, Anthony., GERT van de Paal, LUC Soete, (1995). “PACE Report: Innovation Strategies of Europe’s Largest Firms: Results of Protection of Innovations and Government Programmes”, Final
- Report, MERIT, University of Limburg, Maastricht. BASSANINI Andrea, STEFANO Scarpetta, PHILIP Hemming, (2015). “Economic Growth: The Role of Policies and Institutions”. OECD Working Papers 283 (2001).
- CHAMINADE, Cristina., Edquist, Charles, (2010). “Rationales for Public Intervention in the Innova- tion Process: Systems of Innovation Approach”, içinde Smits, R., Kuhlmann, S., Shapira, P. (Edit)
- The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy, an International Research Handbook, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 95-114. COCCIA Mario. (2010). “Public and Private R&D Investments as Complementary Inputs for Pro- ductivity Growth” International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 10 (1/2): 73-91.
- COCCIA Mario. (2011). “The Interaction between Public and Private R&D Expenditure and National
- Productivity”, Prometheus, 29 (2), 121-130. COCCIA Mario. (2012). “Political Economy of R&D to support the modern competitiveness of na- tions and determinants of economic optimizations and inertia.” Technovation, 32, pp. 370-379.
- COHEN Wesley M, NELSON, RICHARD. R. Nelson, Walsh, JOHN. P. Walsh (2002). “Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D”, Management Science, 48 (1), pp. 1
- DAVID Paul A., HALL Bronwny. (2000). “Heart of Darkness: Modelling Public-Private Funding
- Interactions Inside the R&D Black Box”, Research Policy, 29 (9), 1165-1183.
- FALK, Martin. (2006). “What drives business Research and development (R&D) intensity across
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Countries?” Applied Economics, 38, pp. 547. GUELLEC Dominique, BRUNO van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. (2003). “The Impact of Public
- R&D Expenditure on Business R&D”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 12 (3), pp. 243. GÜR Umut and SAYGILI Şeref (2002). “The Impact of Government R&D in Stimulating Private
- R&D in OECD Countries (1981-1998)”, METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, 11
- September 2002, Ankara, Turkey.
- NADIRI, Ishak, M. (1993), “Innovations and Technological Spillovers”, NBER Working Paper, No
- NARIN, Francis., KIMBERLY S. Hamilton, DOMINIC Olivastro (1997). “The Increasing linkage between US technology and public science”. Research Policy, 26, pp. 317-330.
- OECD. (1996). Venture Capital and Innovation, OECD/ GD (96), Paris.
- PARK, Walter, G. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers and OECD Economic Growth”, Economic Inquiry, 33 (4), pp. 571-591.
- PEDRONI, Peter. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with
- Multiple Regressors” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp. 653-670. SALTER, Ammon. J. and BEN R. Martin. (2001).” The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: a critical review”. Research Policy, 30, pp. 509-532.
- SILAGHI, M. I. Pop, DIANA Alexa, CRISTINA Jude and CRISTIAN Litan (2014). “Do business and public sector research and development expenditures contribute to economic growth in Central and Eastern European Countries? A dynamic panel estimation”, Economic Modelling, 36, pp. 108
- VERBEEK Arnold and LYKOGIANNI Elissavet (2008). “A Time Series Analysis of the Develop- ment in National R&D Intensities and National Public Expenditures on R&D”, Final Study Report for
- Specific Assignment 4 (SPA4), Brussels. WU Yonghong, POPP, Dresler and STUART Bretschneider. (2007). “The Effects of Innovation
- Policies on Business R&D: A Cross-National Empirical Study”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16 (4), pp. 237-253.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Haziran 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Sayı: 640 |