Araştırma Makalesi
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The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1837 - 1855, 18.09.2023

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1281452

Öz

With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalization’s unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies’ exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Companies Export Import

Kaynakça

  • Adelman, I. (1984). Beyond Export-Led Growth. World Development, 12(9), 937-949.
  • Arrighi, G. (1999). Global Market. Journal of World-Systems Research, 5(2), 217-51.
  • Bacha, E. L. (1978). An Interpretation of Unequal Exchange from Prebisch-Singer to Emmanuel. Journal of Development Economics, 5(4), 319-330.
  • Balassa, B. (1988). The Interaction of Factor and Product Market Distortions in Developing Countries. World Development, 16, 449-463.
  • Brunton, D. C. (1990). Pax Britannica: Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Chang, H. J. (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.
  • Chen, C., Chang, L. & Zhang, Y. (1995) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Post-1978 Economic Development. World Development, 23, 691-703.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. (2021). Uluslararası Yatırım Pozisyonu. EVDS | Tüm Seriler (tcmb.gov.tr).
  • Dowling, M. (1997). Asia’s Economic Miracle: An Historical Perspective. Australian Economic Review, 30(1), 113-123.
  • Dunning, J. H. & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational Enterprises and The Global Economy. Cheltenham. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. London: The Monthly Review Press.
  • Erkök, B. (2022). An Input-Output Analysis: The Linkages and Leakages of Exporting Sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 34(126), 65-85.
  • Gramsci, A. (1999). Selections from The Prison Notebooks. Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Trans.). London: Elec Book.
  • Harvey, D. (2006a). Neo‐Liberalism as Creative Destruction. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 88(2), 145-158.
  • Harvey, D. (2006b). Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London, New York: Verso.
  • Hirschman, A. O. (1968). The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(1), 1-32.
  • İstanbul Chamber of Commerce. (2022). First Five Hundred and Second Five Hundred Largest Industrial Enterprises. Retrieved from http://www.iso500.org.tr/.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022a). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey - CDIS Home - IMF Data.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022b). IMF Blog. United States Is World’s Top Destination for Foreign Direct Investment (imf.org).
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2023). About the IMF. About the IMF.
  • Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2022) Republic of Türkiye Investment Office - Invest in Türkiye.
  • Leamer, E. E. (1995). The Heckscher-Ohlin Model in Theory and Practice. Princeton Studies in International Finance, (77). Department of Economics, Princeton University.
  • Marin, D. (1992). Is The Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Industrialized Countries?. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 678-688.
  • Melitz, M. J. (2005). When and How Should Infant Industries Be Protected?. Journal of International Economics, 66(1), 177-196.
  • Milanoviç, B. (2003). Two Faces of Globalization: Against Globalization as We Know It. World Development, 31(4), 667-683.
  • OECD. (2008). Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment. https://www.oecd.org/investment/fdibenchmarkdefinition.htm. 10.08.2018.
  • OECD. (2022). FDI Stock. Foreign direct investment (FDI) - FDI stocks - OECD Data.
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (1954). Retrieved from 8615.pdf (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (1989) 20249.pdf (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (2003). T (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete) (2012). Retrieved from untitled (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (2018). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Pomfret, R. (1997). Growth and Transition: Why Has China’s Performance Been So Different?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 25, 422-440.
  • Ricardo, D. (2017). On Foreign Trade: 200 Years of Ricardian Trade Theory: Challenges of Globalization, 233-268. Originally published in: Ricardo, D. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 3rd ed., John Murray, London, 1821.
  • Rugman, A. M. & Brain, C. (2003). Multinational Enterprises Are Regional, Not Global. Multinational Business Review, 11(1), 3-12.
  • Sarkar, P. (1986). The Singer-Prebisch Hypothesis: A Statistical Evaluation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 10(4), 355-371.
  • Seyidoğlu, H. (2009). Uluslararası İktisat: Teori Politika ve Uygulama (17. Baskı). Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sengupta, J. K. & Espana, J. R. (1994). Exports and Economic Growth in Asian NICs: An Econometric Analysis for Korea. Applied Economics, 26(1), 41-51.
  • Stopford, J. (1998). Multinational Corporations. Foreign Policy, 113, 12-24.
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Dahilde İşleme Rejimi. Dahilde İşleme Rejimi (ticaret.gov.tr). The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2023). Who We Are - Invest in Türkiye.
  • TurkStat (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics. TÜİK Kurumsal (tuik.gov.tr).
  • UNCTAD. (2022). World Investment Report 2022. United Nations Publication. New York and Geneva.
  • Yao, S. (2006). On Economic Growth, FDI and Exports in China. Applied Economics, 38(3), 339-351.
  • Yeldan, E. (2008). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi: Bölüşüm Birikim Büyüme. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Yue, C. S. (1999). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development of Southeast Asia. The Pacific Review, 12(2), 249-270.
  • World Bank. (2022a). The World Bank Data. GDP (constant 2015 US$) - Turkiye, World | Data (worldbank.org) and GDP (current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022b). The World Bank Data. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022c). The World Bank Data. Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022d). The World Bank Data. Current account balance (BoP, current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022e). The World Bank Data. Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2023). What We Do. What We do (worldbank.org)
  • World Trade Organization. (2023). What is WTO. WTO | What is the WTO?.
  • Williamson, J. (1997). The Washington Consensus Revisited. Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century, 48.

Küreselleşme ve Çok Uluslu Şirketlerin Türkiye'nin İhracatı Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1837 - 1855, 18.09.2023

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1281452

Öz

Küreselleşmeyle birlikte, küreselleşmeye ve sermayenin dünya çapında entegrasyonuna hayati bir yer atfeden tarihsel bloklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bahse konu bloklar, küreselleşmenin tartışılmaz kabulünü ileri sürmüş, desteklemiş ve savunmuşlardır. Bu doğrultuda, 1980’li yıllarda Türkiye'nin de aralarında bulunduğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler, sermaye ve teknoloji eksikliğini gidermek amacıyla farklı teşvikler ile çok uluslu şirket yatırımlarını özendirmeye yönelik politikalar uygulamaya başlamışlardır. Türkiye bahse konu destekleri otomobil, kimya ve enerji gibi çeşitli sektörlerde faaliyet göstermekte olan çok uluslu şirketlere sunmaktadır. Nitekim son yıllarda Türkiye'nin ihracat hacminde büyük bir artış yaşanmış; 1980 yılına kıyasla yetmiş beş kattan fazla artarak 2021 yılında 225 milyar dolara ulaşmıştır. Bu artışta söz konusu şirketler de önemli rol oynamışlardır. Çok uluslu şirket ihracatlarının, toplam ihracat içindeki payının 2007-2017 yılları arasında yaklaşık yüzde 18 seviyesinde bulunduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak 2019 yılından itibaren bu oran düşmeye başlamış; bahse konu şirket ihracatlarının toplam ihracat içindeki payı 2021 yılında yüzde 12'ye gerilemiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye'nin en çok ihracat yapan ilk on şirketini incelediğimizde, bahse konu şirketlerden yarısının otomotiv sektöründe faaliyet gösteren çok uluslu şirketler olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak, otomotiv sektörü 15 yılı aşkın bir süredir lider ihracatçı sektör konumundayken, kimya sektörü 2022 yılında lider ihracatçı sektör haline gelmiştir. Otomotiv sektörünün dış ticaret rakamlarını değerlendirdiğimizde ise, özellikle üretim merkezlerinden yaptıkları ithalatın yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Öyle ki bahse konu şirketler 100 birimlik ihracata karşılık yaklaşık 70 birim ithalat yapmaktadırlar. Bu durum Türkiye'nin cari işlemler dengesini ciddi şekilde bozmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Çok Uluslu Şirketler İhracat İthalat

Kaynakça

  • Adelman, I. (1984). Beyond Export-Led Growth. World Development, 12(9), 937-949.
  • Arrighi, G. (1999). Global Market. Journal of World-Systems Research, 5(2), 217-51.
  • Bacha, E. L. (1978). An Interpretation of Unequal Exchange from Prebisch-Singer to Emmanuel. Journal of Development Economics, 5(4), 319-330.
  • Balassa, B. (1988). The Interaction of Factor and Product Market Distortions in Developing Countries. World Development, 16, 449-463.
  • Brunton, D. C. (1990). Pax Britannica: Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Chang, H. J. (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.
  • Chen, C., Chang, L. & Zhang, Y. (1995) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Post-1978 Economic Development. World Development, 23, 691-703.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. (2021). Uluslararası Yatırım Pozisyonu. EVDS | Tüm Seriler (tcmb.gov.tr).
  • Dowling, M. (1997). Asia’s Economic Miracle: An Historical Perspective. Australian Economic Review, 30(1), 113-123.
  • Dunning, J. H. & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational Enterprises and The Global Economy. Cheltenham. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. London: The Monthly Review Press.
  • Erkök, B. (2022). An Input-Output Analysis: The Linkages and Leakages of Exporting Sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 34(126), 65-85.
  • Gramsci, A. (1999). Selections from The Prison Notebooks. Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Trans.). London: Elec Book.
  • Harvey, D. (2006a). Neo‐Liberalism as Creative Destruction. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 88(2), 145-158.
  • Harvey, D. (2006b). Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London, New York: Verso.
  • Hirschman, A. O. (1968). The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(1), 1-32.
  • İstanbul Chamber of Commerce. (2022). First Five Hundred and Second Five Hundred Largest Industrial Enterprises. Retrieved from http://www.iso500.org.tr/.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022a). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey - CDIS Home - IMF Data.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022b). IMF Blog. United States Is World’s Top Destination for Foreign Direct Investment (imf.org).
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2023). About the IMF. About the IMF.
  • Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2022) Republic of Türkiye Investment Office - Invest in Türkiye.
  • Leamer, E. E. (1995). The Heckscher-Ohlin Model in Theory and Practice. Princeton Studies in International Finance, (77). Department of Economics, Princeton University.
  • Marin, D. (1992). Is The Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Industrialized Countries?. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 678-688.
  • Melitz, M. J. (2005). When and How Should Infant Industries Be Protected?. Journal of International Economics, 66(1), 177-196.
  • Milanoviç, B. (2003). Two Faces of Globalization: Against Globalization as We Know It. World Development, 31(4), 667-683.
  • OECD. (2008). Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment. https://www.oecd.org/investment/fdibenchmarkdefinition.htm. 10.08.2018.
  • OECD. (2022). FDI Stock. Foreign direct investment (FDI) - FDI stocks - OECD Data.
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (1954). Retrieved from 8615.pdf (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (1989) 20249.pdf (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (2003). T (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete) (2012). Retrieved from untitled (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete). (2018). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü (resmigazete.gov.tr).
  • Pomfret, R. (1997). Growth and Transition: Why Has China’s Performance Been So Different?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 25, 422-440.
  • Ricardo, D. (2017). On Foreign Trade: 200 Years of Ricardian Trade Theory: Challenges of Globalization, 233-268. Originally published in: Ricardo, D. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 3rd ed., John Murray, London, 1821.
  • Rugman, A. M. & Brain, C. (2003). Multinational Enterprises Are Regional, Not Global. Multinational Business Review, 11(1), 3-12.
  • Sarkar, P. (1986). The Singer-Prebisch Hypothesis: A Statistical Evaluation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 10(4), 355-371.
  • Seyidoğlu, H. (2009). Uluslararası İktisat: Teori Politika ve Uygulama (17. Baskı). Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sengupta, J. K. & Espana, J. R. (1994). Exports and Economic Growth in Asian NICs: An Econometric Analysis for Korea. Applied Economics, 26(1), 41-51.
  • Stopford, J. (1998). Multinational Corporations. Foreign Policy, 113, 12-24.
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Dahilde İşleme Rejimi. Dahilde İşleme Rejimi (ticaret.gov.tr). The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2023). Who We Are - Invest in Türkiye.
  • TurkStat (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics. TÜİK Kurumsal (tuik.gov.tr).
  • UNCTAD. (2022). World Investment Report 2022. United Nations Publication. New York and Geneva.
  • Yao, S. (2006). On Economic Growth, FDI and Exports in China. Applied Economics, 38(3), 339-351.
  • Yeldan, E. (2008). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi: Bölüşüm Birikim Büyüme. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Yue, C. S. (1999). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development of Southeast Asia. The Pacific Review, 12(2), 249-270.
  • World Bank. (2022a). The World Bank Data. GDP (constant 2015 US$) - Turkiye, World | Data (worldbank.org) and GDP (current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022b). The World Bank Data. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022c). The World Bank Data. Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022d). The World Bank Data. Current account balance (BoP, current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2022e). The World Bank Data. Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - Turkiye | Data (worldbank.org).
  • World Bank. (2023). What We Do. What We do (worldbank.org)
  • World Trade Organization. (2023). What is WTO. WTO | What is the WTO?.
  • Williamson, J. (1997). The Washington Consensus Revisited. Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century, 48.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Banu Erkök 0000-0002-3410-9210

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Erkök, B. (2023). The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(3), 1837-1855. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1281452
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