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Factors Affecting Covid-19 Vaccine Decisions in Turkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 2516 - 2538, 18.09.2023

Yıldırım Beyazıt Çiçen

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1320531

Öz

In this study, factors affecting COVID-19 vaccination in Türkiye during the pandemic period were investigated. As vaccine preference affects the spread of infection, it is important to know which demographic factors influence vaccine preference in pandemics. The pandemic also negatively affected economic indicators like growth, unemployment, and inflation. As of 2023, the negative economic effects have not fully recovered. Through questionnaires, the study was conducted. Online surveys were conducted in May 2022, when the pandemic continued, and 327 people responded. Because of the rapid development of the vaccine and doubts about its effectiveness, some people chose not to vaccinate. When they are offered a fee for getting vaccinated, 95% refuse this offer. People who have been vaccinated primarily do so to protect their own and their families' health, and they prefer the Biontech vaccine. In the case of paid vaccinations, 33% of people prefer not to get vaccinated. According to statistical analysis, there is a significant difference in age groups and residence in the NUTS1 region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemics Covid-19 Vaccine Doubt Attitude

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, B. C. & Rajagopalan, S. (2022). Inframarginal Externalities: COVID-19, Vaccines, and Universal Mandates. Public Choice, 1-18.
  • Alcaide González, M. Á., De la Poza Plaza, E. & Guadalajara Olmeda, N. (2022). How has the Announcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Impacted the Market?. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 5615-5631.
  • Ankara, H. G., Degerli, H. & Degerli, H. (2023). In or Out? Identifying the Factors Playing Role in Covid-19 Vaccine Decision in Turkey. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-20.
  • Arora, S., Katz, R., Williams, J. V., Arora, R., Laxminarayan, R., Madhi, S. A., ... & Cohn, A. M. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A National Survey. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2019479.
  • Atun, R., Ebrahim, S., Glasziou, P., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jefferson, T., Jadad, A. R., ... & O'Brien, B. (2019). Global Vaccine Confidence, Social Trust, and Vaccine Hesitancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(11), 1265-1276.
  • Ataç, Ö., Elmaslar, B., Yavuz, E. F., Yurdabak, F. E., Kaya, F., Aktaş, Ş., Atak, M. & Hayran, O. (2022). Attitudes and Practices Against COVID-19 Vaccines in Turkiye. Northern Clinics of Istanbul, 9(5), 484-494.
  • Aung, T., Aung, M. T., & Win, H. K. (2022). The Role of Education in Shaping Trust in COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1035.
  • Bartoš, V., Bauer, M., Cahlíková, J. & Chytilová, J. (2022). Communicating Doctors’ Consensus Persistently Increases COVID-19 Vaccinations. Nature, 606(7914), 542-549.
  • Bourdin, S., Tuzcu, S. E. & Satıcı, E. (2023). Explaining COVID‐19 Vaccine Uptake: A Spatial Sociodemographic Study in Turkey. Papers in Regional Science, 102(2), 307-329.
  • Cengiz, B., Sayılır, M. Ü., Zengin, N. Y., Küçük, Ö. N., Soylu, A. R. (2022). Does the COVID-19 Vaccination Rate Change According to the Education and Income: A Study on Vaccination Rates in Cities of Turkey between 2021-September and 2022-February. Vaccines, 10(11), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111933
  • Çakın, M. & Külekçi Akyavuz, E. (2021). Educational Adventure of Students in the COVID-19 Period in Turkey: Determination of Parents' Views. International Journal on Social and Education Sciences (IJonSES), 3(1), 109-125.
  • Cortis, D. (2020). On Determining the Age Distribution of COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 202.
  • Gollust, S. E., Saloner, B., Hest, R. & Blewett, L. A. (2020). Us Adults’ Preferences for Public Allocation of a Vaccine for Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2023020-e2023020.
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B. & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61-74.
  • Grekousis, G., Feng, Z., Marakakis, I., Lu, Y. & Wang, R. (2022). Ranking the Importance of Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Underlying Health Factors on US COVID-19 Deaths: A Geographical Random Forest Approach. Health & Place, 74, 102744.
  • Henrich, N. & Holmes, B. (2009). The Public’s Acceptance of Novel Vaccines During a Pandemic: A Focus Group Study and Its Application to Influenza H1N1. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 2(1), 7088.
  • Huron, D. (2021). The Covid-19 Vaccine: A Global Public Good? A Wake-Up Call from Social Welfare Theory to The Commons. Gestion et Management Public, 9(4), 171-177.
  • İkiışık, H., Akif Sezerol, M., Taşçı, Y. & Maral, I. (2021). COVID‐19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Community‐Based Research in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(8), e14336.
  • Kaplan, A. K., Sahin, M. K., Parildar, H. & Adadan Guvenc, I. (2021). The Willingness to Accept the COVID‐19 Vaccine and Affecting Factors Among Healthcare Professionals: A Cross‐Sectional Study in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(7), e14226.
  • Karlsson, L. C., Soveri, A., Lewandowsky, S., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Nolvi, S., Karukivi, M., Lindfelt, M. & Antfolk, J. (2021). Fearing the Disease or the Vaccine: The Case of COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110590.
  • Kilic, M., Ustundag Ocal, N. & Uslukilic, G. (2021). The Relationship of Covid-19 Vaccine Attitude with Life Satisfaction, Religious Attitude and Covid-19 Avoidance in Turkey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(10), 3384-3393.
  • Köse, S., Mandiracioglu, A., Özbel, Y., Zeyrek, S., Akdeniz, D. D. & Kafil, H. S. (2023). Covid-19 Vaccination Acceptance and Hesitancy among the Turkish Adult Population. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 18.
  • Larson, H. J., Cooper, L. Z., Eskola, J., Katz, S. L. & Ratzan, S. (2011). Addressing the Vaccine Confidence Gap. The Lancet, 378(9790), 526-535.
  • Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E. & Wilson, R. (2015). Measuring Vaccine Hesitancy: The Development of a Survey Tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165-4175.
  • Lashgari, M., Ahi, Q., Shahabizadeh, F. & Mansouri, A. (2023). Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Worry, Anxiety, and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Women with COVID-19-induced Anxiety. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 35(5), 1-13.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., White, T. M., Picchio, C. A., Rabin, K., Ratzan, S. C., Leigh Parsons, J., Hu, J. & El-Mohandes, A. (2022). Revisiting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Around the World Using Data from 23 Countries in 2021. Nature Communications, 13(1), 3801.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., ... & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A Global Survey of Potential Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228.
  • Medeni, V. & Medeni, I. (2022). Status of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination in People Aged 18 Years and over in a Town: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey. Cellular Microbiology, 2022.
  • Oruç, M. A. & Öztürk, O. (2021). Attitudes of Health Care Professionals towards COVID-19 Vaccine-A Sequence from Turkey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(10), 3377-3383.
  • Pivonello, R., Auriemma, R. S., Pivonello, C., Isidori, A. M., Corona, G., Colao, A. & Millar, R. P. (2021). Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: Are Men Weaker or Women Stronger?. Neuroendocrinology, 111(11), 1066-1085.
  • Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160.
  • Sarkar, S., O'Hare, N., Jones, M., Nandi, A., Jones, J., Roberts, I., ... & Pebody, R. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United Kingdom: A National Survey. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 13-18.
  • Tervonen, T., Jimenez-Moreno, A. C., Krucien, N., Gelhorn, H., Marsh, K. & Heidenreich, S. (2021). Willingness to Wait for a Vaccine Against COVID-19: Results of a Preference Survey. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 14(3), 373-377.
  • Tian, H., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Wu, C. H., Chen, B., Kraemer, M. U., Li, B., Cai, J., Xu, B., Yang, Q., Wang, B., Yang, P., Cui, Y., Song, Y., Zheng, P., Wang, Q., Bjornstad, O. N., Yang, R., Grenfell, B. T., Pybus, O. G. & Dye, C. (2020). An Investigation of Transmission Control Measures During the First 50 Days of the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Science, 368(6491), 638-642.
  • Valckx, S., Crèvecoeur, J., Verelst, F., Vranckx, M., Hendrickx, G., Hens, N., Damme, P. V., Pepermans, K., Beutels, P. & Neyens, T. (2022). Individual Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Between and During Pandemic Waves (July–December 2020). Vaccine, 40(1), 151-161.
  • Wang, J., Jing, R., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Lyu, Y., Knoll, M. D. & Fang, H. (2020). Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines, 8(3), 482.
  • Yasmin, F., Najeeb, H., Moeed, A., Naeem, U., Asghar, M. S., Chughtai, N. U., Yousaf, Z., Seboka, B. T., Ullah, I., Lin, C.-Y. & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 770985.
  • Yurttaş, B., Poyraz, B. C., Sut, N., Ozdede, A., Oztas, M., Uğurlu, S., Tabak, F., Hamuryudan, V. & Seyahi, E. (2021). Willingness To Get The COVID-19 Vaccine Among Patients with Rheumatic Diseases, Healthcare Workers and General Population in Turkey: A Web-Based Survey. Rheumatology International, 41, 1105-1114.
  • Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, C., & Wang, L. (2022). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Trust in COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(2), e27245.

Türkiye’de COVID-19 Aşı Kararlarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 2516 - 2538, 18.09.2023

Yıldırım Beyazıt Çiçen

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1320531

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de COVID-19 pandemisinde bireylerin aşı yaptırma kararını etkileyen faktörler araştırılmıştır. Pandemide toplumun aşıya karşı tutumu enfeksiyonun yayılmasında temel etkendir. Bu nedenle, hangi demografik faktörlerin aşı tercihinde etkili olduğunun bilinmesi önemlidir. Diğer yandan pandeminin ekonomik büyüme, işsizlik ve enflasyon gibi iktisadi göstergeler üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olmuştur. 2023 yılı itibariyle iktisadi alandaki olumsuz etkilerin tam anlamıyla düzelmemiş olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bu araştırma, anket yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket, pandeminin devam ettiği 2022 yılının Mayıs ayında yapılmıştır. Çevrimiçi platform ortamında sunulan anket çalışmasına 327 kişi katılım sağlamıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre aşı olmayanlar, temel olarak aşının hızlı geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin şüpheli olması sebebiyle aşı olmamıştır. Aşı olmayan bireylere aşı olmaları karşılığında ücret teklif edildiğinde %95’i bu teklifi reddetmektedir. Aşı olanlar, başta kendi ve aile sağlığını korumak için aşı yaptırmıştır ve ağırlıklı olarak Biontech aşısını tercih etmiştir. Aşının ücretli olması durumunda katılımcıların %33’ü aşı olmamayı tercih etmektedir. Yapılan istatistiksel analize göre yaş gruplarında ve İBBS1 bölgesi ikametgahında anlamlı farklılık bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemi Covid-19 Aşı Şüphe Tutum

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, B. C. & Rajagopalan, S. (2022). Inframarginal Externalities: COVID-19, Vaccines, and Universal Mandates. Public Choice, 1-18.
  • Alcaide González, M. Á., De la Poza Plaza, E. & Guadalajara Olmeda, N. (2022). How has the Announcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Impacted the Market?. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 5615-5631.
  • Ankara, H. G., Degerli, H. & Degerli, H. (2023). In or Out? Identifying the Factors Playing Role in Covid-19 Vaccine Decision in Turkey. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-20.
  • Arora, S., Katz, R., Williams, J. V., Arora, R., Laxminarayan, R., Madhi, S. A., ... & Cohn, A. M. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A National Survey. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2019479.
  • Atun, R., Ebrahim, S., Glasziou, P., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jefferson, T., Jadad, A. R., ... & O'Brien, B. (2019). Global Vaccine Confidence, Social Trust, and Vaccine Hesitancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(11), 1265-1276.
  • Ataç, Ö., Elmaslar, B., Yavuz, E. F., Yurdabak, F. E., Kaya, F., Aktaş, Ş., Atak, M. & Hayran, O. (2022). Attitudes and Practices Against COVID-19 Vaccines in Turkiye. Northern Clinics of Istanbul, 9(5), 484-494.
  • Aung, T., Aung, M. T., & Win, H. K. (2022). The Role of Education in Shaping Trust in COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1035.
  • Bartoš, V., Bauer, M., Cahlíková, J. & Chytilová, J. (2022). Communicating Doctors’ Consensus Persistently Increases COVID-19 Vaccinations. Nature, 606(7914), 542-549.
  • Bourdin, S., Tuzcu, S. E. & Satıcı, E. (2023). Explaining COVID‐19 Vaccine Uptake: A Spatial Sociodemographic Study in Turkey. Papers in Regional Science, 102(2), 307-329.
  • Cengiz, B., Sayılır, M. Ü., Zengin, N. Y., Küçük, Ö. N., Soylu, A. R. (2022). Does the COVID-19 Vaccination Rate Change According to the Education and Income: A Study on Vaccination Rates in Cities of Turkey between 2021-September and 2022-February. Vaccines, 10(11), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111933
  • Çakın, M. & Külekçi Akyavuz, E. (2021). Educational Adventure of Students in the COVID-19 Period in Turkey: Determination of Parents' Views. International Journal on Social and Education Sciences (IJonSES), 3(1), 109-125.
  • Cortis, D. (2020). On Determining the Age Distribution of COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 202.
  • Gollust, S. E., Saloner, B., Hest, R. & Blewett, L. A. (2020). Us Adults’ Preferences for Public Allocation of a Vaccine for Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2023020-e2023020.
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B. & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61-74.
  • Grekousis, G., Feng, Z., Marakakis, I., Lu, Y. & Wang, R. (2022). Ranking the Importance of Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Underlying Health Factors on US COVID-19 Deaths: A Geographical Random Forest Approach. Health & Place, 74, 102744.
  • Henrich, N. & Holmes, B. (2009). The Public’s Acceptance of Novel Vaccines During a Pandemic: A Focus Group Study and Its Application to Influenza H1N1. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 2(1), 7088.
  • Huron, D. (2021). The Covid-19 Vaccine: A Global Public Good? A Wake-Up Call from Social Welfare Theory to The Commons. Gestion et Management Public, 9(4), 171-177.
  • İkiışık, H., Akif Sezerol, M., Taşçı, Y. & Maral, I. (2021). COVID‐19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Community‐Based Research in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(8), e14336.
  • Kaplan, A. K., Sahin, M. K., Parildar, H. & Adadan Guvenc, I. (2021). The Willingness to Accept the COVID‐19 Vaccine and Affecting Factors Among Healthcare Professionals: A Cross‐Sectional Study in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(7), e14226.
  • Karlsson, L. C., Soveri, A., Lewandowsky, S., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Nolvi, S., Karukivi, M., Lindfelt, M. & Antfolk, J. (2021). Fearing the Disease or the Vaccine: The Case of COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110590.
  • Kilic, M., Ustundag Ocal, N. & Uslukilic, G. (2021). The Relationship of Covid-19 Vaccine Attitude with Life Satisfaction, Religious Attitude and Covid-19 Avoidance in Turkey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(10), 3384-3393.
  • Köse, S., Mandiracioglu, A., Özbel, Y., Zeyrek, S., Akdeniz, D. D. & Kafil, H. S. (2023). Covid-19 Vaccination Acceptance and Hesitancy among the Turkish Adult Population. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 18.
  • Larson, H. J., Cooper, L. Z., Eskola, J., Katz, S. L. & Ratzan, S. (2011). Addressing the Vaccine Confidence Gap. The Lancet, 378(9790), 526-535.
  • Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E. & Wilson, R. (2015). Measuring Vaccine Hesitancy: The Development of a Survey Tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165-4175.
  • Lashgari, M., Ahi, Q., Shahabizadeh, F. & Mansouri, A. (2023). Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Worry, Anxiety, and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Women with COVID-19-induced Anxiety. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 35(5), 1-13.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., White, T. M., Picchio, C. A., Rabin, K., Ratzan, S. C., Leigh Parsons, J., Hu, J. & El-Mohandes, A. (2022). Revisiting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Around the World Using Data from 23 Countries in 2021. Nature Communications, 13(1), 3801.
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., ... & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A Global Survey of Potential Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228.
  • Medeni, V. & Medeni, I. (2022). Status of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination in People Aged 18 Years and over in a Town: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey. Cellular Microbiology, 2022.
  • Oruç, M. A. & Öztürk, O. (2021). Attitudes of Health Care Professionals towards COVID-19 Vaccine-A Sequence from Turkey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(10), 3377-3383.
  • Pivonello, R., Auriemma, R. S., Pivonello, C., Isidori, A. M., Corona, G., Colao, A. & Millar, R. P. (2021). Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: Are Men Weaker or Women Stronger?. Neuroendocrinology, 111(11), 1066-1085.
  • Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160.
  • Sarkar, S., O'Hare, N., Jones, M., Nandi, A., Jones, J., Roberts, I., ... & Pebody, R. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United Kingdom: A National Survey. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 13-18.
  • Tervonen, T., Jimenez-Moreno, A. C., Krucien, N., Gelhorn, H., Marsh, K. & Heidenreich, S. (2021). Willingness to Wait for a Vaccine Against COVID-19: Results of a Preference Survey. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 14(3), 373-377.
  • Tian, H., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Wu, C. H., Chen, B., Kraemer, M. U., Li, B., Cai, J., Xu, B., Yang, Q., Wang, B., Yang, P., Cui, Y., Song, Y., Zheng, P., Wang, Q., Bjornstad, O. N., Yang, R., Grenfell, B. T., Pybus, O. G. & Dye, C. (2020). An Investigation of Transmission Control Measures During the First 50 Days of the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Science, 368(6491), 638-642.
  • Valckx, S., Crèvecoeur, J., Verelst, F., Vranckx, M., Hendrickx, G., Hens, N., Damme, P. V., Pepermans, K., Beutels, P. & Neyens, T. (2022). Individual Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Between and During Pandemic Waves (July–December 2020). Vaccine, 40(1), 151-161.
  • Wang, J., Jing, R., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Lyu, Y., Knoll, M. D. & Fang, H. (2020). Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines, 8(3), 482.
  • Yasmin, F., Najeeb, H., Moeed, A., Naeem, U., Asghar, M. S., Chughtai, N. U., Yousaf, Z., Seboka, B. T., Ullah, I., Lin, C.-Y. & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 770985.
  • Yurttaş, B., Poyraz, B. C., Sut, N., Ozdede, A., Oztas, M., Uğurlu, S., Tabak, F., Hamuryudan, V. & Seyahi, E. (2021). Willingness To Get The COVID-19 Vaccine Among Patients with Rheumatic Diseases, Healthcare Workers and General Population in Turkey: A Web-Based Survey. Rheumatology International, 41, 1105-1114.
  • Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, C., & Wang, L. (2022). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Trust in COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(2), e27245.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Davranışsal İktisat, Sağlık Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yıldırım Beyazıt Çiçen 0000-0002-3425-280X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çiçen, Y. B. (2023). Türkiye’de COVID-19 Aşı Kararlarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(3), 2516-2538. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1320531
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