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THE EVALUATION OF THE FAMINE STELE, A DIVINE INVOCATION NARRATIVE IN ANCIENT EGYPT, IN TERMS OF ADMINISTRATION

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 50, 183 - 200, 30.12.2022

Öz

The most permanent change in the life style of humanity has been with the emergence of agricultural production, and ensuring the continuity of the products grown by people has become a necessity for the continuation of life. Although famine, which is one of the most undesirable situations for people who continue their lives with agriculture, is generally associated with the absence of rain, famine in Ancient Egypt emerged when the Nile River did not rise enough. The Nile River was creating a flood that lasted for about a hundred days from June to September according to the Gregorian calendar. With the end of the flood, very plentiful products could be obtained from the lands that were ready for planting. However, the fact that the flood did not reach the previously prepared fields resulted in the failure of the expected production. The Recent archaeological researches show that the rise of the Nile River is less than it is expected in some periods and In other time periods, it increases quite a lot. In addition to archaeological researches, many Ancient Egyptian texts describe that the flooding of the Nile River, which gives life, resulted in famine. The most striking one among these texts is the inscription called “Famine Stele”. The events described in the Famine Stele, which was found to be inscribed on a granite rock during the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes V, who ruled between 204 and 180 BC, takes place during the reign of King Zoser, who ruled Egypt between 2667 and 2648 BC. The Famine Stele begins with the narration that Egypt experienced a great famine because the Nile River had not flooded for seven years, and King Zoser's suffer seeing the situation of the people. Afterwards, King Zoser sought help from Imhotep who was a high clergyman. Imhotep reached an area called Yebu on his way to find Hapy, the god of the Nile River. The god Khnum entered the dream of Imhotep, who performed presentations and secret rituals for other gods and Khnum the chief god of the Yebu region. In Imhotep's dream, God Khnum gave the good news that he would allow the Nile River to rise again, after first describing his majesty and majesty. After Imhotep woke up from his sleep, he wrote down what happened in his dream and conveyed this happy news to his king, Zoser. In the last part of the Famine Stele, there is a warning that those who damage and deny the inscription will be punished. Engraved on a solid granite rock, the Famine Stele was discovered by Charles Edwin Wilbour in 1889 and the first complete translation was made by Heinrich Brugsch in 1891. Afterwards, many Egyptian historians made new translations and corrections to the text. In this study, the narrative in the Famine Stele has been evaluated in terms of the management understanding of Ancient Egypt, which has developed and changed over the millennia. In addition, the traces of the transformation from sanctification to deification of the kings, which is the most decisive indicator of the understanding of government in Ancient Egypt, which was in coordination with the belief system, was tried to be conveyed through the Famine Stele narrative, which contains superhuman elements.

Kaynakça

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ESKİ MISIR’DA TANRISAL BİR YAKARIŞ ANLATISI OLAN KITLIK STELİ’NIN YÖNETİM ANLAYIŞI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMES

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 50, 183 - 200, 30.12.2022

Öz

İnsanlığın yaşam tarzındaki en kalıcı değişim, tarımsal üretim biçiminin ortaya çıkışı ile olmuş ve insanların yetiştirdikleri ürünlerin devamlılığının sağlaması hayatın sürdürülmesi için bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Tarım ile yaşamını devam ettiren insanlar için yaşanacak en istenmedik durumlardan biri olan kıtlık, genelde yağmurun yağmayışı ile bağdaştırılsa da Eski Mısır’da kıtlık, Nil Nehri’nin yeteri kadar yükselmeyişiyle ortaya çıkmaktaydı. Nil Nehri, miladi takvime göre haziran ayından eylül ayına kadar yaklaşık yüz gün süren bir taşkın meydana getirmekteydi. Taşkının sona ermesi ile ekime hazır olan topraklardan oldukça verimli ürün alınabilmekteydi. Fakat taşkının yeteri kadar yükselip önceden hazırlanmış olan tarlalara ulaşmayışı, beklenilen üretimin yapılamayışı ile sonuçlanmaktaydı. Günümüze kadar yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalar, Nil Nehri’nin bazı dönemlerde beklenilenden az; bazı dönemlerde ise oldukça fazla yükseldiğini göstermektedir. Arkeolojik araştırmaların yanı sıra birçok Eski Mısır metninde de hayat veren Nil Nehrinin taşmayışının kıtlık ile sonuçlandığı anlatılmaktadır. Bu metinler içerisinde en dikkat çekeni “Kıtlık Steli” olarak isimlendirilen yazıttır. MÖ 204 ile 180 yılları arasında hüküm süren V. Ptolemy Epiphanes döneminde granit bir kaya üzerine yazdırıldığı tespit edilen Kıtlık Steli’nde anlatılan olaylar, MÖ 2667 ile 2648 yıllarında Mısır’ı yöneten Kral Zoser’in döneminde geçmektedir. Kıtlık Steli, Nil Nehri’nin yedi yıldan beri taşmamasından dolayı Mısır’ın büyük bir kıtlık yaşadığı ve Kral Zoser’in halkının durumu görerek kalbinde büyük sıkıntılar çektiğinin anlatımı ile başlamaktadır. Sonrasında Kral Zoser, yüksek bir ruhban sınıfı mensubu olan İmhotep’ten yardım istemiştir. İmhotep, Nil Nehri’nin tanrısı olan Hapy’i bulmak için çıktığı yolda Yebu olarak adlandırılan bir bölgeye ulaşmıştır. Yebu bölgesinin baş tanrısı olarak kabul edilen Khnum ile diğer tanrılar için sunumlar ve gizli ritüeller gerçekleştiren İmhotep’in rüyasına Tanrı Khnum girmiştir. İmhotep’in rüyasında Tanrı Khnum, öncelikle yüceliğini ve azametini anlattıktan sonra Nil Nehri’nin tekrar yükselmesine müsaade edeceği müjdesini vermiştir. İmhotep, uykusundan uyandıktan sonra rüyasında olanları yazarak kralı Zoser’e bu mutlu haberi ulaştırmıştır. Kıtlık Steli’nin son bölümünde yazıta zarar verenlerin ve yalanlayanların cezalandırılacağına dair bir uyarı bulunmaktadır. Yekpare bir granit kaya üzerine kazılmış olan Kıtlık Steli, 1889 yılında Charles Edwin Wilbour tarafından keşfedilmiş ve ilk tam tercümesi Heinrich Brugsch tarafından 1891 yılında yapılmıştır. Sonrasında birçok Mısır tarihçisi metine yeni tercüme ve düzeltme önerileri yapmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Kıtlık Steli’ndeki anlatı, Eski Mısır’ın binyıllar boyunca gelişim ve değişim gösteren yönetim anlayışı açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca inanç sistemi ile eş güdüm gösteren Eski Mısır’daki yönetim anlayışının en belirleyici göstergesi olan kralların, kutsallaştırılmasından tanrılaştırılmasına geçen dönüşümün izleri, insanüstü öğeler barındıran Kıtlık Steli anlatısı üzerinden aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, R. M. (1956). Some Hypotheses on the Development of Early Civilizations. American Antiquity, 21/3, 227-232.
  • Allen, R. C. (1997). Agriculture and the Origins of the State in Ancient Egypt. Explorations in Economic History, 34/2, 135-154.
  • Al-Rajhı, A. M. (2012). Taxes in Ancient Egypt in the Era of the Twelfth Pharaos' Dynasty. Mediterranean World, 21, 205-216.
  • Amiran, R. (1968). Note on One Sign in the Narmer Palette. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 7, 127-127.
  • Andelkovic, B. (2006). Models of State Formation in Predynastic Egypt. Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa: İçinde Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak. ed. K. Kroeper - M. Chłodnicki - M. Kobusiewicz. 593-609. Poznan Archaeological Museum Press.
  • Antoine, J. C. (2017). Modelling the Nile Agricultural Floodplain in Eleventh and Tenth Century BC Middle Egypt. İçinde The Nile: Natural and Cultural Landscape in Egypt. ed. Harco Willems - Jan-Michael Dahms. 15-52. Transcript-Verlag.
  • Asaad, T. (2015). Sleep in Ancient Egypt. İçinde Sleep Medicine. ed. Sudhansu Chokroverty - Michel Billiard. 13-19. Springer.
  • Bagnall, R. S. (1985). Agricultural Productivity and Taxation in Later Roman Egypt. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 115, 289-308.
  • Baines, J. (2008). On the Evolution, Purpose and Forms of Egyptian Annals. İçinde Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer. ed. Evamaria Engel - Vera Müller - Ulrich Hartung. 19-40. Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Baines, J. (1990). Recording the Temple of Sethos I at Abydos in Egypt. Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum, 11, 65-95.
  • Baker, A. (1986). Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press.
  • Baker, R. F. - Baker C. F. (2001) Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids. Oxford University Press.
  • Bardoňová, M. (2019). Grain Storage in Ancient Egypt (2600-1650 BC). Typology and socio-economic Implications. Charles University, Czech Institute of Egyptology, Doktora Tezi,
  • Barguet, P. (1953). La Stele de la Famine a’ Sehel. Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.
  • Bell, B. (1970). The Oldest Records of the Nile Floods. The Geographical Journal, 136/4, 569-573.
  • Bleeker, C. J. (1973). Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Brill.
  • Brewer, D. J. (2014). Ancient Egypt: Foundations of A Civilization. Routledge.
  • Bugde, E. A. Wallis. (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians. Methuen.
  • Bunson, M. (2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing, New York.
  • Bussmann, R. (2014). Urbanism and Temple Religion in Egypt: A Comment on Hierakonpolis. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 100/1, 311-337.
  • Castillos, J. J. (2019). Chaos in Ancient Egypt. Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion, 257, 25-36.
  • Clark, R. T. R. (1959) Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
  • Davidovits, J. (1988). The Famine Stele Provides the Hieroglyphic Names of Chemicals And Minerals Involved In The Construction Of Pyramids. Paper Presented in Vth International Congress of Egyptology. Archaeopress.
  • Davidovits, J. (2008). They Built the Pyramids. Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin.
  • Depuydt, L. (1997). Civil calendar and Lunar calendar in Ancient Egypt. Peeters Publishers.
  • Engel, Eva-Maria. (2013). The Organization of a Nascent State: Egypt Until the Beginning of the 4th Dynasty. İçinde Ancient Egyptian Administration. ed. J. C. M. García. 19-40. Brill.
  • Ezzamel, M. (2002). Accounting Working for the State: Tax Assessment and Collection During the New Kingdom, Ancient Egypt. Accounting and Business Research, 32/ 1, 17-39.
  • Fassone, A.- Ferraris, E. (2008). Egypt: Pharaonic Period. University of California Press.
  • Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. University of Chicago Press.
  • Gahlin, L. (2007). Creation Myths. İçinde The Egyptian World. ed. Toby Wilkinson. 296-308. Routledge.
  • Giles, F. J. (1952). Amenhotpe, Ikhnaton and the Succession. Aegyptus, 32/2, 293-310.
  • Goedicke, H. (1995). “Narmer”. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 85, 81-84.
  • Griffiths, J. G. (1959). Some Remarks on the Enneads of Gods. Orientalia, 28/1, 34-56.
  • Hagen, R. M. – Hagen, R. (1999). Egypt: People, Gods, Pharaohs. Tashen Verlag.
  • Haiying, Y. (1994). The Famine Stela on Sehel Island: Translation Commentary and Historical-comparative Analysis. Northeast Normal University, Doktora Tezi,
  • Hart, G. (1990). Egyptian Myths. University of Texas Press.
  • Hassan, F. A. (1988). The Predynastic of Egypt. Journal of World Prehistory, 2/2,135-185.
  • Hayes, W. C. (1959). The Scepter of Egypt: From the Earliest Times to the end of the Middle Kingdom. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Heagy, T. C. (2014). Who was Menes?. Archéo-Nil, 24, 59-92.
  • Hoffmeier, J. K. (2015). Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism. Oxford University Press.
  • Hollis, S. T. (1998). Otiose Deities and the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 35, 61-72.
  • Hordon, R. M. (2011). Ancient Water Systems and Hydraulic Devices. Water Resources Impact, 13/6, 3-5.
  • Hsu, S. W. (2012). The Development of Ancient Egyptian Royal Inscriptions. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 98/1, 269-283.
  • Hurry, J. Boyd. (1926). Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser and Afterwards the Egyptain God of Medicine. Sandpiper Books.
  • Kitchen, K. A. (1991). The Chronology of Ancient Egypt. World Archaeology, 23/2, 201-208.
  • Köhler, E. C. (2017). The Development of Social Complexity in Early Egypt. A View from the Perspective of the Settlements and Material Culture of the Nile Valley. Egypt and the Levant, 27, 335-356.
  • Kuiper, K. (2011). Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Rosen.
  • Kulmar, T. (2018). On a Possible Characteristic of the Governing System of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten). Folklore, 7, 115-128.
  • Leprohon, R. J. (1996). The Programmatic Use of the Royal Titulary in the Twelfth Dynasty. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 33, 165-171.
  • Levinson, H. Z. - Levinson, A. R. (1985). Storage and Insect Species of Stored Grain and Tombs in Ancient Egypt. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 100/1‐5, 321-339.
  • Levy, T. E. – Brink, E. C. – Goren, Yuval - Alon, David. (1995). New Light on King Narmer and the Protodynastic Egyptian Presence in Canaan. The Biblical Archaeologist, 58/1, 26-35.
  • Lichtheim, M. (1980). Ancient Egyptian Literature -3: The Late Period. University of California Press.
  • Maitland, M. (2018). Dirt, Purity, and Spatial Control: Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Egyptian Society and Culture in the Middle Kingdom. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 17, 47-72.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De. (2010). A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Montserrat, D. (2014). Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. Routledge.
  • Moret, A. (2001). The Nile and Egyptian Civilization. Dover Publications.
  • Morgan, J. de (1894). In Catalogue des Monuments et Inscriptions de l’Egypte Antique, 1 série. İçinde Tome 1, ed. S. A. Abbas. 78-83. Adolphe Holzhausen.
  • Musso, C. G. (2005). Imhotep: the Dean Among the Ancient Egyptian Physicians. An Example of a Complete Physician. Humane Medicine Health Care, 5, 169-171.
  • Nardo, D. (2013). Egyptian Mythology. Gale Publishing.
  • Nelson, H. H. (1944). The Egyptian Temple: The Theban Temples of the Empire Period. The Biblical Archaeologist, 7/3, 44-53.
  • O’Connor, D. B. (2009). Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris. Thames & Hudson.
  • O’Mara, P. F. (2003). Censorinus, the Sothic Cycle, and Calendar Year One in Ancient Egypt: The Epistemological Problem. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 62/1, 17-26.
  • Olgun, H. (2018). Hz. Musa’nın Yüzleştiği Statüko: Kadim Mısır’ın Ma’at Doktrini. Milel ve Nihal, 15, 149-169.
  • Pinch, G. (2002). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
  • Pleyte, Willem. (1891). Schenkingsoorkonde van Sehele; Letterkunde, 3 Reeks, Deel VIII. Royal Academy of Sciences.
  • Putterman, L. (2008). Agriculture, Diffusion and Development: Ripple Effects of the Neolithic Revolution. Economica, 75/300, 729-748.
  • Quack, J. F. (2013). Conceptions of Purity in Egyptian Religion. İçinde Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism. ed. Christian Frevel - Christophe s. 115-158. Nihan. Brill.
  • Quirke, Stephen. (2014).Exploring Religion in Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Redford, D. B. (2013). Akhenaten: New theories and Old Facts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 369/1, 9-34.
  • Redford, D. B. (1986). Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals, and Day-Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History. Benben Publications.
  • Ruiz, A. (2001). The Spirit of Ancient Egypt. Algora Publishing.
  • Ryholt, K. (2004). The Turin KingList. Ägypten und Levante/Egypt and the Levant, 14, 135-155.
  • Sauneron, S. (2000). The Priests of Ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press.
  • Sethe, K. (1901). Dodekaschoinos, İçinde Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Aegyptens, ed: Erstes Heft. 19-26. J. C. Hinrisch.
  • Shafer, B. E. (1997). Temples of Ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press.
  • Short, B. (2009). Imhotep and the Origins of Ancient Egyptian Military Medicine. ADF Health, 10/1, 48-50.
  • Silverman, D. P. (1991). Divinity and Deities in Ancient Egypt, İçinde Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice, ed. B. E. Shafer. 21-25. Cornell University Press.
  • Stanley, J. D. (2019). Egypt’s Nile Delta in late 4000 Years BP: Altered Flood Levels and Sedimentation, with Archaeological Implications. Journal of Coastal Research, 35/5, 1036-1050.
  • Stevenson, A. (2016). The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation. Journal of Archaeological Research, 24/4, 421-468.
  • Te Velde, H. (1984). Relations and Conflicts between Egyptian Gods, particularly in the Divine Ennead of Heliopolis. İçinde Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Working Group for the Study of the History of Religio. ed. H. G. Kippenberg - H. J. W. Drijvers - Y. Kuiper. 239-257. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press.
  • Tribl, G. G. (2011). Dream as a Constitutive Cultural Determinant–The Example of Ancient Egypt. International Journal of Dream Research, 4/1, 24-30.
  • Trigger, B. G. – Kemp, B. J. – O’Connor, D. – Lloyd, A. B. (1983). Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Minnen, P. (2000). Agriculture and the 'taxes-and-trade' Model in Roman Egypt. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 133, 205-220.
  • Vernus, P. – Yoyotte, Y. (2008). The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press.
  • White, L. A. (1948). Ikhnaton: the Great Man vs. the Culture Process. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 68/2, 91-114.
  • Wildung, D. (1980). Imhotep. İçinde Lexikon der A¨gyptologie, vol. 3. ed. W. Helck - E. Otto. 145-148.Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Wilkinson, T. A. H. (2000). What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 86, 23-32.
  • Wilkinson, T. A. H. (2000). Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments. Routledge.
  • Wilkinson, T. A. H. (2017). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
  • Yıldırım, E. (2021). Eski Mısır’daki Memfis Teolojisine Göre Yaratılış Anlayışı ve Tanrısal Hiyerarşinin Düzenlenmesi. Milel ve Nihal - İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18/2, 239-263.
  • Yıldırım, E. (2019). Nil’in Tanrı Kralları. Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları.
Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ercüment Yıldırım 0000-0001-5376-4061

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 50

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, E. (2022). ESKİ MISIR’DA TANRISAL BİR YAKARIŞ ANLATISI OLAN KITLIK STELİ’NIN YÖNETİM ANLAYIŞI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMES. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(50), 183-200.