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ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 147 - 166, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisinde 1980-2017 döneminde ekonomik büyüme, küreselleşme ve çevresel bozulmaları kapsamlı bir şekilde gösteren ekolojik ayak izi verileri kullanılarak ampirik bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Değişkenlerin birim kök düzeyi ADF birim kök testiyle incelenmiştir. Değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisini incelemek için ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ve katsayı tahmincilerinden Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) ve Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) yöntemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. ARDL sınır testinin kısa ve uzun dönem sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyümedeki artışlar çevresel bozulmalara sebep olurken; küreselleşmede meydana gelen artışlar çevresel bozulmaları azaltmaktadır. FMOLS yöntemi sonucuna göre; kişi başına düşen milli gelirde meydana gelen %1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini %0.83 artırırken; küreselleşmedeki %1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini %0.55 azaltmaktadır. CCR yöntemi sonucuna göre ise; kişi başına düşen milli gelirde meydana gelen %1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini %0.80 artırırken; küreselleşmede meydana gelen %1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini %0.43 azaltmaktadır. ARDL, FMOLS ve CCR yöntemlerinin bulguları benzer sonuçlar vermiştir. Ayrıca Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin kısa ve uzun dönemde geçerli olduğu bulgusu elde edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M., & Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 18565-18582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Ajam, N., Moghaddasi, R., & Mohammadinejad, A. (2021). Environmental impacts of globalizatıon (an empirical examinatıon of Iran’s agriculture). Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(4), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.17
  • Apaydin, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ekolojik ayakizi üzerindeki etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Baek, J. H., Cho, Y. S., & Koo, W. W. (2009). The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis. Ecological Economics, 68, 2255-2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.021
  • Banerjee, A. Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • Bayar, F. (2008). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32, 25-34.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of estimators of autoregressive timeseries with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalization: Gauging its consequences. New York: Springer.
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., Martens, P., & Boxem, L. V. (2010). Measuring globalization- opening the black box. A critical analysis of globalization indices. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 1(1), 166-185.
  • Dünya Bankası (WDI), 2022, World development indicators, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# adresinden alnımıştır.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erdoğan, L., Tiryaki, A., & Ceylan, R. (2018). Türkiye’de uzun dönem ekonomik büyümenin belirleyicilerinin ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleriyle tahmini. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.336371
  • Figge, L., Oebeles, K., & Offermans, A. (2017). The effects of globalization on ecological footprints: An emprical analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, 19(3), 863-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9769-8
  • Global Footprint Network, GFN, 2022, Ecological footprint, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/licenses/public-data-package-free/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Kruger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NBRE Working Paper No. 3914).
  • Hamm, R. B. (2011). Rückkehr ausgeschlossen: Eine studie zur ıntegration von binnenwanderern in Deutschland. Berlin: Epubli Verlag.
  • Hansen, B. E., & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics’ and Statistics, 52, 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economics Dynamic and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Kıratoğlu, E., & Dinçel, İ. Y. (2021). Türkiye’de iç göç olgusunun Todaro paradoksu çerçevesinde analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 527-548. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-1003144
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • KOF İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü (Konjunkturforschungsstelle), 2022, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://kof.ethz.ch/en/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal Of Environmental Management, 250, 109460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109460
  • Martens, P., Caselli, M., Lombaerde, P. D., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2014). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2014.944336
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji's exports: An emprical investigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x
  • Örnek, İ., & Türkmen, S. (2019). Gelişmiş ve yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi'nin analizi. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-129.
  • Özbek, S., & Oğul, B. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14(26), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1041209
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Economic growth and the environment. CID Working Paper, No:56. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479862689.003.0018
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Patricia Hipolito, L., & Cardoso Marques, A. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 250: 109460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109460
  • Pekçağlayan, B. (2021). Türkiye’de sanayi üretim endeksinin belirleyenleri: ARDL modeli. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-972114
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Pesaran, B. (1997). Microfit 4.0. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00151
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1995). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis (Department of Applied Economics Working Paper No. 9514).
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 Quattara, B. (2004). Foreign aid and fiscal policy in Senegal, Mimeo University of Manchester, 262-267.
  • Rudolph, A., & Figge, L. (2017). Determinants of ecological footprints: What is the role of globalization? Ecological Indicators, 81, 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.060
  • Shahbaz, M., Hoang, T. H., Mahalik, M. K., & Roubaud, D. (2017). Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asiymetric analysis. Energy Economics, 63(3), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.01.023
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.025
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness-carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S., & Apergis, N. (2018). Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of asymmetries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1481991
  • Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Qureshi, M. A. (2019). Idolization and ramification between globalization and ecological footprints: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 6, 11191-11211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04351-7
  • Şenses, F. (2004). Neoliberal küreselleşme kalkınma için bir fırsat mı, engel mi? Middle East Technical University Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, Issue: 04/09, Ankara.
  • Tunçbilek, N., & Ulucak, R. U. (2021). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde küreselleşmenin çevre üzerine etkileri. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 20(2), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.790690
  • Twerefou, D. K., Danso-Mensah, K., & Bokpin, G. A. (2017). The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel general method of moments approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.028
  • Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
  • Yiğit, S. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ulusların çevresel performansı üzerindeki etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (64), 162-174.

Econometric Analysis of Determinants of Environmental Quality

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 147 - 166, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647

Öz

In this study, an empirical application has been made by using ecological footprint data that comprehensively shows the economic growth, globalization and environmental degradation in the 1980-2017 period in the Turkish economy. The unit root level of the variables was examined with the ADF unit root test. In order to examine the cointegration relationship between the variables, ARDL boundary test approach and the coefficient estimators Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) methods were used. According to the short and long term results of ARDL bounds test, while increases in economic growth cause environmental deterioration; Increases in globalization reduce environmental degradation. According to the FMOLS method result; While the 1% increase in per capita income increases the ecological footprint by 0.83%; 1% increase in globalization reduces the ecological footprint by 0.55%. According to the result of the CCR method; While the 1% increase in per capita income increases the ecological footprint by 0.80%; 1% increase in globalization reduces the ecological footprint by 0.43%. Findings of ARDL, FMOLS and CCR methods gave similar results. In addition, it was found that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in the short and long term.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M., & Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 18565-18582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Ajam, N., Moghaddasi, R., & Mohammadinejad, A. (2021). Environmental impacts of globalizatıon (an empirical examinatıon of Iran’s agriculture). Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(4), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.17
  • Apaydin, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ekolojik ayakizi üzerindeki etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Baek, J. H., Cho, Y. S., & Koo, W. W. (2009). The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis. Ecological Economics, 68, 2255-2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.021
  • Banerjee, A. Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • Bayar, F. (2008). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32, 25-34.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of estimators of autoregressive timeseries with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalization: Gauging its consequences. New York: Springer.
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., Martens, P., & Boxem, L. V. (2010). Measuring globalization- opening the black box. A critical analysis of globalization indices. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 1(1), 166-185.
  • Dünya Bankası (WDI), 2022, World development indicators, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# adresinden alnımıştır.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erdoğan, L., Tiryaki, A., & Ceylan, R. (2018). Türkiye’de uzun dönem ekonomik büyümenin belirleyicilerinin ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleriyle tahmini. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.336371
  • Figge, L., Oebeles, K., & Offermans, A. (2017). The effects of globalization on ecological footprints: An emprical analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, 19(3), 863-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9769-8
  • Global Footprint Network, GFN, 2022, Ecological footprint, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/licenses/public-data-package-free/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Kruger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NBRE Working Paper No. 3914).
  • Hamm, R. B. (2011). Rückkehr ausgeschlossen: Eine studie zur ıntegration von binnenwanderern in Deutschland. Berlin: Epubli Verlag.
  • Hansen, B. E., & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics’ and Statistics, 52, 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economics Dynamic and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Kıratoğlu, E., & Dinçel, İ. Y. (2021). Türkiye’de iç göç olgusunun Todaro paradoksu çerçevesinde analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 527-548. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-1003144
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • KOF İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü (Konjunkturforschungsstelle), 2022, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, 02 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://kof.ethz.ch/en/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal Of Environmental Management, 250, 109460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109460
  • Martens, P., Caselli, M., Lombaerde, P. D., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2014). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2014.944336
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji's exports: An emprical investigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x
  • Örnek, İ., & Türkmen, S. (2019). Gelişmiş ve yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi'nin analizi. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-129.
  • Özbek, S., & Oğul, B. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14(26), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1041209
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Economic growth and the environment. CID Working Paper, No:56. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479862689.003.0018
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Patricia Hipolito, L., & Cardoso Marques, A. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 250: 109460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109460
  • Pekçağlayan, B. (2021). Türkiye’de sanayi üretim endeksinin belirleyenleri: ARDL modeli. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-972114
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Pesaran, B. (1997). Microfit 4.0. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00151
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1995). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis (Department of Applied Economics Working Paper No. 9514).
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 Quattara, B. (2004). Foreign aid and fiscal policy in Senegal, Mimeo University of Manchester, 262-267.
  • Rudolph, A., & Figge, L. (2017). Determinants of ecological footprints: What is the role of globalization? Ecological Indicators, 81, 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.060
  • Shahbaz, M., Hoang, T. H., Mahalik, M. K., & Roubaud, D. (2017). Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asiymetric analysis. Energy Economics, 63(3), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.01.023
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.025
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness-carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S., & Apergis, N. (2018). Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of asymmetries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1481991
  • Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Qureshi, M. A. (2019). Idolization and ramification between globalization and ecological footprints: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 6, 11191-11211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04351-7
  • Şenses, F. (2004). Neoliberal küreselleşme kalkınma için bir fırsat mı, engel mi? Middle East Technical University Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, Issue: 04/09, Ankara.
  • Tunçbilek, N., & Ulucak, R. U. (2021). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde küreselleşmenin çevre üzerine etkileri. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 20(2), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.790690
  • Twerefou, D. K., Danso-Mensah, K., & Bokpin, G. A. (2017). The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel general method of moments approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.028
  • Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
  • Yiğit, S. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ulusların çevresel performansı üzerindeki etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (64), 162-174.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Bahar Oğul 0000-0002-4335-9086

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Oğul, B. (2023). ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647
AMA Oğul B. ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Mart 2023;41(1):147-166. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1097647
Chicago Oğul, Bahar. “ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 147-66. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647.
EndNote Oğul B (01 Mart 2023) ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 1 147–166.
IEEE B. Oğul, “ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, ss. 147–166, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1097647.
ISNAD Oğul, Bahar. “ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/1 (Mart 2023), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647.
JAMA Oğul B. ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:147–166.
MLA Oğul, Bahar. “ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 147-66, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1097647.
Vancouver Oğul B. ÇEVRESEL KALİTENİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(1):147-66.

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