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KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 533 - 554, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1143700

Öz

Küreselleşme sürecinin derinleşmesi, sanayileşme ve kentleşmenin artması, teknolojik ilerlemeler ve nüfus artışı gibi gelişmeler çevre üzerinde çeşitli etkilere yol açmaktadır. Çevresel bozulmaların meydana gelmesi ve ülke ekonomileri üzerinde tehdit unsuru haline gelmesi ile söz konusu sorunun çözülmesi önemli hale gelmiştir. Çevre kalitesinin artırılmasına yönelik olarak alınacak önlemlerin ve çevresel bozulmaların belirleyicilerinin tespit edilmesi son dönemde sıklıkla tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde finansal gelişme, ekonomik küreselleşme, enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ile çevresel bozulma ilişkisi incelenmektedir. 1980-2018 örneklem dönemine ait yıllık verilerin kullanıldığı çalışmada ampirik yöntem olarak ARDL sınır testinden yararlanılmıştır. ARDL sınır testi kısa dönem sonuçlarına göre; ekonomik küreselleşme, enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümedeki artışlar çevresel bozulmayı artırmaktadır. Uzun dönemde ise, ekonomik küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyümedeki artışların çevresel bozulmayı artırdığı; finansal gelişmedeki artışların ise çevresel bozulmayı düşürdüğü elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar çevresel bozulmaların düşürülmesi için yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının ve yeşil büyümenin önemini ortaya koymuştur. Diğer yandan finansal derinleşmenin sağlanması ile çevresel kalitenin artırılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bizlere Hacettepe İİBF dergisinde yayın fırsatı sunduğunuz için başta kıymetli editörümüz olmak üzere tüm emek veren hocalarıma teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

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  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M., & Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18565-18582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Ali, W., Abdullah, A., & Azam, M. (2017). Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.236
  • Apergis, N. (2019). Renewable energy and its finance as a solution to the environmental degradation. In: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Academic Press, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816797-7.00006-0
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • Bayar, F. (2008). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32, 25-34.
  • Bello, A. K., & Abimbola, O. M. (2010). Does the level of economic growth influence environmental quality in Nigeria: A test of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329.
  • Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.005
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B Statistical Methodology, 37, 149-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x
  • Charfeddine, L., & Kahia, M. (2019). Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis. Renewable Energy, 139, 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.010
  • Charfeddine, L., & Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.059
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M. A., Okumuş, İ., & Manga, M. (2017). Türkiye’de finansal gelişim ve gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 153-165.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of estimators of autoregressive timeseries with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring Globalisation Gauging Its Consequences. New York: Springer.
  • Efeoğlu, R. (2022). N11 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Kompleksite ve Finansal Gelişme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 185-196.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
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  • Frankel, J., & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379 Global Footprint Network, 2022. 20.05.2023 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
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  • Kremers, J. J., Erksson, N. R., & Dolado, J. J. (1992). The power of cointegration tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 54(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.tb00005.x
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  • Majeed, M. T. (2016). Distributional consequences of remittances: Evidence from sixtyfive developing countries. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 10(2), 374-295.
  • Majeed, M. T., & Mazhar, M. (2019). Financial development and ecological footprint: a global panel data analysis. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 13(2), 487-514.
  • Nathaniel, S., Nwodo, O., Adediran, A., Sharma, G., Shah, M., & Adeleye, N. (2019). Ecological footprint, urbanization, and energy consumption in South Africa: Including the excluded. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(26), 27168-27179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05924-2
  • Oğul, B. (2023). Çevresel kalitenin belirleyicilerinin ekonometrik analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647
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Environmental Degradation in the Process of Globalisation: Empirical Findings on Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 533 - 554, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1143700

Öz

Developments such as the deepening of the globalization process, the increase in industrialization and urbanization, technological advances and population growth cause various effects on the environment. With the occurrence of environmental degradation and becoming a threat to the country's economies, it has become important to solve the problem in question. The determination of the measures to be taken to increase the environmental quality and the determinants of environmental degradation have been frequently discussed recently. This study examines the relationship between financial development, economic globalisation, energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in the Turkish economy. The ARDL bounds test was used as an empirical method in the study, in which annual data from the 1980-2018 sampling period were used. According to the short-run results of the ARDL bounds test, increases in economic globalisation, energy consumption and economic growth increase environmental degradation. In the long run, increases in economic globalisation and economic growth are found to increase environmental degradation, while increases in financial development are found to decrease environmental degradation. These results revealed the importance of renewable energy use and green growth to reduce environmental degradation. On the other hand, it is concluded that environmental quality can be improved by ensuring financial deepening.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Khan, Z., Ur Rahman, Z., & Khan, S. (2018). Does financial development asymmetrically affect CO2 emissions in China? An application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Carbon Management, 9(6), 631-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2018.1529998
  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M., & Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18565-18582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Ali, W., Abdullah, A., & Azam, M. (2017). Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.236
  • Apergis, N. (2019). Renewable energy and its finance as a solution to the environmental degradation. In: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Academic Press, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816797-7.00006-0
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • Bayar, F. (2008). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 32, 25-34.
  • Bello, A. K., & Abimbola, O. M. (2010). Does the level of economic growth influence environmental quality in Nigeria: A test of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329.
  • Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.005
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B Statistical Methodology, 37, 149-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x
  • Charfeddine, L., & Kahia, M. (2019). Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis. Renewable Energy, 139, 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.010
  • Charfeddine, L., & Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.059
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M. A., Okumuş, İ., & Manga, M. (2017). Türkiye’de finansal gelişim ve gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 153-165.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of estimators of autoregressive timeseries with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring Globalisation Gauging Its Consequences. New York: Springer.
  • Efeoğlu, R. (2022). N11 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Kompleksite ve Finansal Gelişme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 185-196.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Eyüboğlu, K., & Uzar, U. (2021). A new perspective to environmental degradation: the linkages between higher education and CO2 emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(1), 482-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09414-8
  • Frankel, J., & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379 Global Footprint Network, 2022. 20.05.2023 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Godil, D. I., Ahmad, P., Ashraf, M. S., Sarwat, S., Sharif, A., Shabib-ul-Hasan, S., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2021). The step towards environmental mitigation in Pakistan: do transportation services, urbanization, and financial development matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(17), 21486-21498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11839-0
  • Gokmenoglu, K., Ozatac, N., & Eren, B. M. (2015). Relationship between industrial production, financial development and carbon emissions: The case of Turkey. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 463-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00758-3
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), 2022. 08.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2022. 10 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/en/Home adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Kaypak, Ş. (2011). Küreselleşme sürecinde sürdürülebilir bir kalkınma için sürdürülebilir bir çevre. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (1), 19-33.
  • Kitzes, J., Galli, A., Bagliani, M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., Ede, S., ... & Wiedmann, T. (2009). A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 1991-2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.022
  • KOF Swiss Economic Institute (KOF İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü), 2022. 12 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://kof.ethz.ch/en/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kremers, J. J., Erksson, N. R., & Dolado, J. J. (1992). The power of cointegration tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 54(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.tb00005.x
  • Lahiani, A. (2020). Is financial development good for the environment? An asymmetric analysis with CO2 emissions in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(8), 7901-7909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07467-y
  • Leitão, N. C. (2014). Economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, renewable energy and globalization. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 391-399.
  • Majeed, M. T. (2016). Distributional consequences of remittances: Evidence from sixtyfive developing countries. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 10(2), 374-295.
  • Majeed, M. T., & Mazhar, M. (2019). Financial development and ecological footprint: a global panel data analysis. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 13(2), 487-514.
  • Nathaniel, S., Nwodo, O., Adediran, A., Sharma, G., Shah, M., & Adeleye, N. (2019). Ecological footprint, urbanization, and energy consumption in South Africa: Including the excluded. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(26), 27168-27179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05924-2
  • Oğul, B. (2023). Çevresel kalitenin belirleyicilerinin ekonometrik analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1097647
  • Omoke, P. C., Nwani, C., Effiong, E. L., Evbuomwan, O. O., & Emenekwe, C. C. (2020). The impact of financial development on carbon, non-carbon, and total ecological footprint in Nigeria: new evidence from asymmetric dynamic analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17), 21628-21646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08382-3
  • Özbek, S., & Naimoğlu, M. (2022). Çevre kalitesi-ekonomik karmaşıklık ilişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine fourier eşbütünleşme analizi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 72(1), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1061837
  • Özsoy, C. E., & Dinç, A. (2016). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve ekolojik ayak izi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (619), 35-55.
  • Özturk, I. & Acaravcı. A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working With Microfit 4.0. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrica, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Sahay, R., Čihák, M., N’Diaye, P., Barajas, A., Bi, R., Ayala, D., vd., (2015). Rethinking financial deepen-ing: Stability and growth in emerging markets (SDN/15/08). IMF Staff Discus-sion Notes (SDNs) SDN/15/08. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v17n33.04
  • Sarkodie, S., & Owusu, P. (2017). A multivariate analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development, industrialization and urbanization in Senegal. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12, 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1227886
  • Shahbaz, M., Haouas, I., Sohag, K., & Ozturk, I. (2020). The financial development-environmental degradation nexus in the United Arab Emirates: The importance of growth, globalization and structural breaks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(10), 10685-10699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07085-8
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.025
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H., & Arouri, M. (2013). Does financial development reduce CO2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis. Economic Modelling, 35, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.037
  • Svirydzenka, K. (2016). Introducing a new broad-based ındex of financial development. IMF Working Paper, 1-42.
  • Swann, S., & Miller, A. (2019). Driving finance today for the climate resilient society of tomorrow: United Nations Environment Programme. 05 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.unepfi.org/publications/drivingfinance-today-for-the-climate-resilient-society-of-tomorrow/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Tadesse, T., & Abafia, J. (2019). The causality between financial development and economic growth in Ethiopia: Supply leading vs demand following hypothesis. Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 3(1), 87-115. https://doi.org/10.1991/jefa.v3i1.a25
  • Tursoy, T., & Faisal, F. (2018). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy, 55, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.10.014
  • Uchiyama, K. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, in Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis and carbon dioxide emissions. Japan: Springer, 11-29.
  • Warsame, A. A., Mohamed, J., & Mohamed, A. A. (2023). The relationship between environmental degradation, agricultural crops, and livestock production in Somalia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 7825-7835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22595-8
  • World Development Indicators (WDI), 2022. 20 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yalçın, A. Z. (2009). Küresel çevre politikalarının küresel kamusal mallar perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(21), 288-309.
  • Yılancı, V., Candan, G., & Shah, M. I. (2023). Identifying the roles of energy and economic factors on environmental degradation in MINT economies: a hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(19), 55768-55781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26142-x
  • Yiğit, S. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ulusların çevresel performansı üzerindeki etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (64), 162-174.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, S. (2023). KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1143700
AMA Özbek S. KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Eylül 2023;41(3):533-554. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1143700
Chicago Özbek, Sefa. “KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 533-54. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1143700.
EndNote Özbek S (01 Eylül 2023) KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 3 533–554.
IEEE S. Özbek, “KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 3, ss. 533–554, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1143700.
ISNAD Özbek, Sefa. “KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/3 (Eylül 2023), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1143700.
JAMA Özbek S. KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:533–554.
MLA Özbek, Sefa. “KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 533-54, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1143700.
Vancouver Özbek S. KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(3):533-54.

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