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An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people, 475 - 489, 25.10.2023

Gözde Ersöz Serkan Esen

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1357682

Öz

The Paralympic Olympic Games initiated within the framework of the Paralympic movement is not well known by the society. Understanding the psychological characteristics of para-athletes and revealing their social position will contribute to coaches, managers and all sports professionals working with these athletes. Based on this idea, in this study, the concept of Paralympics is defined, the history of the Paralympic Olympic Games and statistical information in these games are included, and the psychosocial characteristics of athletes who operate in sports environments as para-athletes are discussed. A narrative based literature review was preferred as a methodology in the study. As a result of the research, it has been seen that para sports have progressed rapidly over the years since the first day of its emergence in the historical process. When the psychological characteristics of para athletes are examined, it is understood that para athletes do sports for reasons such as performing well and winning, looking normal, adapting to injury, defending themselves, fighting against marginalization and encouraging the disabled sports movement. It has been stated that para-athletes who are emotionally stable, have cognitive flexibility and mental endurance, are self-confident, can manage stress and control their emotions are more successful in sports. It has been stated that social support is important for para-athletes when they start sports, but an overprotective structure may negatively affect the psychosocial development of para-athletes. In addition, coaches' communication and leadership skills are important for para-athletes to be successful in sports and persistence in sports.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paralympic Paralympian Para-Athlete Psychosocial

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, R., Hanrahan, S. J., & Mallett, C. J. (2014). Investigating the Optimal Psychologicalstate for Peak Performance in Australian Elite Athletes.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology; 26(3), 318–333.
  • Arslan F., & Sezer, S. Y. (2020). Scientific and Academic Approaches in Sports 5, Ankara: Night Library..
  • Barker-Ruchti, N., Schubring, A., Aarresola, O., Kerr, R., Grahn, K., and McMahon, J. (2018). Producing Success: a Critical Analysis of Athlete Development Governance in Six Countries. Int. J. Sport Policy Politics 10; 215–234.
  • Baxter-Jones, A., Thompson, A., and Malina, R. (2002). Growth and Maturation in Elite Young Female Athletes. Sports Med. Arthrosc. 10;42–49.
  • Beauchamp, M. R., Maclachlan, A., & Lothian, A. M. (2005). Communication within sport teams: Jungian preferences and group dynamics. The Sport Psychologist, 19(2), 203-220.
  • Bekçi, B. (2012). The Most Suitable Transportation Axes for Physically Disabled Users in Terms of Accessibility: Bartin City Example. Journal of Bartın Faculty of Forestry; 14(1. Special Issue), 26-36.
  • Bloom, G. A., Stevens, D. E., & Wickwire, T. L. (2003). Expert Coaches’perceptions of Teambuilding.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology;15(2), 129–143.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002). Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 82-99.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002a). Cognitive Appraisal of Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 100-108.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002b). Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 82-99.
  • Carron, A. V., Hausenblas, H. A., & Eys, M. A. (2005).Group Dynamics in Sport(3rd ed.).Fitness Information Technology.
  • Clancy, R. B., Herring, M. P., MacIntyre, T. E., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). A Review of Competitive Sport Motivation Research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 27, 232-242.
  • Collier, R. (2008). Most Paralympians Inspire, but Others Cheat.Canadian Medical Association Journal; 179, (6), 524.
  • Collins, J., & Durand-Bush, N. (2019). The Optimal Team Functioning (OTF) Model: A Grounded Theory Framework to Guide Teamwork in Curling.Journalof Applied Sport Psychology;31(4), 405–426.
  • Çevik, O. & Kabasakal, K. (2013). Investigation of the Effect of Sports Activities on the Social Adaptation of Disabled Individuals and Their Socialization Through Sports. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences; 3(2), 74-83.
  • Dehghansai, N., Pinder, R. A., & Baker, J. (2021). “Looking for a Golden Needle in the Haystack”: Perspectives on Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sport. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living; 3, 635977.
  • Demir, G. T., &Ilhan, E. L. (2019). Sports Participation Motivation: A Research on Visually Impaired Athletes. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Sciences; 4(1), 157-170.
  • Demir, H., Barsbuğa, Y. & Küçükbezirci, E. (2011). Investigation of the Factors Determining the Tendency of Disabled Athletes to Start Sports. SU Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science; 4 (13), 42-75.
  • Dieffenbach, K. D., & Statler, T. A. (2012). More Similar Than Different: The Psychological Environment of Paralympic Sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action; 3(2), 109-118.
  • Duguay, A. M., Loughead, T. M., & Cook, J. M. (2019). Athlete Leadership as a Shared Process:Using a Social-network Approach to Examine Athlete Leadership in Competitive Female Youthsoccer Teams.The Sport Psychologist;33(3), 189–202.
  • Ergün, N. (2011). Sportive Activities and Classification in Physically Disabled People. International Participation Physical Education and Sports Congress on Disabilities Congress Book, 42-47.
  • Erickson, K., & Côté, J. (2016). A Season-long Examination of the Intervention Tone of Coach–athlete Interactions and Athlete Development in Youth Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 22, 264-272.
  • Ersöz, G. (2016). Exercise is Medicine. Recent Advances in Health Sciences; 745-758.
  • Estabrooks, P. A., Lee, R. E., and Gyurcsik, N. C. (2003). Resources for Physical Activity Participation: Does Availability and Accessibility Differ by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status? Ann. Behav. Med.; 25, 100–104.
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Wilson, M. R. (2016). Sporting Performance, Pressure and Cognition: Introducing Attentional Control Theory: Sport. In an Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology,341-362.
  • Faull, A., & Cropley, B. (2009). Reflective Learning in Sport: A Case Study of a Senior Level Triathlete. Reflective Practice, 10(3), 325-339.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded Theory of Psychological Resilience in Olympic Champions.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,13(5), 669–678.
  • General Directorate of Disabled and Elderly Services (2022). Disabled and Elderly Statistics Bulletin. T.C. Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services. (Access Date: 27.08.2023).
  • Girgin, C. (2003). Introduction to the Education of the Hearing Impaired. Anadolu University Publications Disabilities Integrated School of Higher Education Publications.
  • Gönener, H. (2011). Neglect-Abuse and Nursing Care in Mentally Disabled Children. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 27 (4), 137- 143.
  • Güngör, B. (2009). Berlin Olympics Ekseninde Basında Türk Sporu (1936-1938) (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Turkish Revolution History, Ankara.
  • Gür, A .(2001). The role of sports activities in the adaptation process of disabled people to social legislation, Ankara: T.R. Prime Ministry Disabled Persons Department Publications, 16.
  • Hansen, F. (2005). Distinguishing Between Feelings and Emotions in Understanding Communication Effects.Journal of Business Research,58(10), 1426–1436.
  • Hopwood, M. J., Farrow, D., MacMahon, C., & Baker, J. (2015). Sibling Dynamics and Sport Expertise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &Science in Sports, 25(5), 724-733.
  • International Paralympic Committee, https://www.paralympic.org, Date of access: 01.09.2023.
  • Johnson, F., Fraser, J., Ganesh, G., Skowron, L., & Ipsos, M. O. R. I. (2008). The London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games: Children and Young People's Perceptions and Involvement. Department.
  • Jowett, S. (2007). Interdependence Analysis and the 3+1Cs in the Coach-athlete Relationship. InS. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.),Social Psychology in Sport, 15–27. Human Kinetics.
  • Kalyon, T. A. (1994). Sports medicine, Ankara: Gata Printing House.
  • Katz J. (2007). Reflections on the Paralympic HQ psychology service: Athens 2004. Sport Exerc Psychol Rev; 2, 25–28.
  • Kınalı, G. (2003). Body-Picture-Music Education in the Mentally Disabled, Differently Developing Children. Istanbul: Epsilon Publications.
  • Martin JJ, Malone LA, and Hilyer JC. (2011). Personality and Mood in Women’s Paralympic Basketball Champions. J Clin Sport Psychol; 5, 197–210
  • Martin, J. (2012). Mental Preparation for the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine; 22(1), 70-73.
  • Martin, J. J. (1999). A Personal Development Model of Sport Psychology for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology; 11(2), 181-193.
  • Martin, J. J. (2016). The Psychology of Paralympians and Mental Preparation. Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, 96-107.
  • Martin, J. J., & Mushett, C. A. (1996). Social Support Mechanisms Among Athletes with Disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 13(1), 74-83.
  • McEwan, D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2014). Teamwork in Sport: A Theoretical and Integrative Review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology; 7(1), 229-250.
  • Nadarajan, B. (2000). Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games: a Coming of Age. Olympic Review, 26(36), 5-8.
  • Neil, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Fletcher, D. (2011). Competition Stress and Emotions Insport Performers: The Role of Further appraisals.Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 12(4),460–470.
  • O'Boyle, I., Murray, D., & Cummins, P. (Eds.). (2015). Leadership in Sport. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Mohd-Ali, M., Geok, S. K., & Ibrahim, N. (2010). The Participation Motive in the Paralympics. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences; 2(1), 250-72.
  • Özay, F. H. (2019). The Effect of Sport on the Participation of Athletes with Physical Disabilities in Social Life (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Papadopoulos, N. V., Whelan, M., Skouteris, H., Williams, K., McGinley, J., Shih, S. T., ... & Rinehart, N. J. (2020). An Examination of Parent-reported Facilitators and Barriers to Organized Physical Activity Engagement for Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Physical, and Medical Conditions. Frontiers in psychology; 11, 568723.
  • Plakona, E., Parčina, I., Ludvig, A., & Tuzović, A. (2014). Self-confidence in sport. Sport Science; 7(1), 47-5.
  • Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J. E., & Henschen, K. P. (2002). The Athlete and Coach: Their Relationship and its Meaning. Results of an Interpretive study. International Journal of Sport Psychology; 33(1), 116-140.
  • Post, E. G., Green, N. E., Schaefer, D. A., Trigsted, S. M., Brooks, M. A., McGuine, T. A., et al. (2018). Socioeconomic Status of Parents with Children Participating on Youth Club Sport Teams. Phys. Ther. Sport; 32, 126–132.
  • Radtke, S., & Doll-Tepper, G. (2014). A Cross-cultural Comparison of Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sports. Perceptions and Opinions of Athletes, Coaches and Officials. Berlin Germany: Free University.
  • Roberts, A. H., Greenwood, D. A., Stanley, M., Humberstone, C., Iredale, F., and Raynor, A. (2019). Coach Knowledge in Talent Identification: a Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. J. Sci. Med. Sport; 22, 1163–1172.
  • Rumbold, J. L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2012). A systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology; 1(3), 173.
  • Savucu, Y., Sirmen, B., İnal, S., Karahan, M. & Erdemir, İ. (2006). Determination of the Effects of Basketball Training on Physical Fitness in Mentally Disabled Individuals, Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences;20(2), 105-110.
  • Shapiro, J. (1993). No pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement. New York, Random House, Inc.
  • Sherrill, C. (1998). Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan. (5th. ed.). Madison, WI: WCBMcGraw Hill.
  • Silva, A., Queiroz, S. S., Winckler, C., Vital, R., Sousa, R. A., Fagundes, V., ... & de Mello, M. T. (2012). Sleep Quality Evaluation, Chronotype, Sleepiness and Anxiety of Paralympic Brazilian athletes: Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 46(2), 150-154.
  • Tawse, H., Bloom, G. A., Sabiston, C. M., & Reid, G. (2016). The Role of Coaches of Wheelchair Rugby in the Development of Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. In Paralympics and Disability Sport; 34-53.
  • Ullrich-French, S., and Smith, A. L. (2009). Social and Motivational Predictors of Continued Youth Sport Participation. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10; 87–95.
  • Uslu, H. (2020). The Effects of International Sports Events on Host Cities: Samsun 23rd Deaflympics Case (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Ürkmez, G. (2019). The functioning of the Turkish National Paralympic Committee (TMPK) and its approach to disabled sports. Unpublished Master's Thesis). Celal Bayar University, Social Sciences Institute, Manisa.
  • Vealey, R. S., & Chase, M. A. (2008). Self-confidence in sport. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances insportpsychology; (3rd ed., 66–97. Human Kinetics.
  • World Health Organisation (2011). World Bank. World Report on Disability. Geneva: WHO; 2011. http://www.who. int/disabilities/world_report (Access Date: 15.07.2023)
  • Wu, S. K., & Williams, T. R. E. V. O. R. (2001). Factors Influencing Sport Participation Among Athletes with Spinal Cord Injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 33(2), 177-182.Zengin, S., & Şentürk, İ. (2022).
  • Historical Development of Paralympic Games. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Sport Sciences; 5(1), 53-64.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people, 475 - 489, 25.10.2023

Gözde Ersöz Serkan Esen

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1357682

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, R., Hanrahan, S. J., & Mallett, C. J. (2014). Investigating the Optimal Psychologicalstate for Peak Performance in Australian Elite Athletes.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology; 26(3), 318–333.
  • Arslan F., & Sezer, S. Y. (2020). Scientific and Academic Approaches in Sports 5, Ankara: Night Library..
  • Barker-Ruchti, N., Schubring, A., Aarresola, O., Kerr, R., Grahn, K., and McMahon, J. (2018). Producing Success: a Critical Analysis of Athlete Development Governance in Six Countries. Int. J. Sport Policy Politics 10; 215–234.
  • Baxter-Jones, A., Thompson, A., and Malina, R. (2002). Growth and Maturation in Elite Young Female Athletes. Sports Med. Arthrosc. 10;42–49.
  • Beauchamp, M. R., Maclachlan, A., & Lothian, A. M. (2005). Communication within sport teams: Jungian preferences and group dynamics. The Sport Psychologist, 19(2), 203-220.
  • Bekçi, B. (2012). The Most Suitable Transportation Axes for Physically Disabled Users in Terms of Accessibility: Bartin City Example. Journal of Bartın Faculty of Forestry; 14(1. Special Issue), 26-36.
  • Bloom, G. A., Stevens, D. E., & Wickwire, T. L. (2003). Expert Coaches’perceptions of Teambuilding.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology;15(2), 129–143.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002). Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 82-99.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002a). Cognitive Appraisal of Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 100-108.
  • Campbell, E., & Jones, G. (2002b). Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 19(1), 82-99.
  • Carron, A. V., Hausenblas, H. A., & Eys, M. A. (2005).Group Dynamics in Sport(3rd ed.).Fitness Information Technology.
  • Clancy, R. B., Herring, M. P., MacIntyre, T. E., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). A Review of Competitive Sport Motivation Research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 27, 232-242.
  • Collier, R. (2008). Most Paralympians Inspire, but Others Cheat.Canadian Medical Association Journal; 179, (6), 524.
  • Collins, J., & Durand-Bush, N. (2019). The Optimal Team Functioning (OTF) Model: A Grounded Theory Framework to Guide Teamwork in Curling.Journalof Applied Sport Psychology;31(4), 405–426.
  • Çevik, O. & Kabasakal, K. (2013). Investigation of the Effect of Sports Activities on the Social Adaptation of Disabled Individuals and Their Socialization Through Sports. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences; 3(2), 74-83.
  • Dehghansai, N., Pinder, R. A., & Baker, J. (2021). “Looking for a Golden Needle in the Haystack”: Perspectives on Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sport. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living; 3, 635977.
  • Demir, G. T., &Ilhan, E. L. (2019). Sports Participation Motivation: A Research on Visually Impaired Athletes. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Sciences; 4(1), 157-170.
  • Demir, H., Barsbuğa, Y. & Küçükbezirci, E. (2011). Investigation of the Factors Determining the Tendency of Disabled Athletes to Start Sports. SU Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science; 4 (13), 42-75.
  • Dieffenbach, K. D., & Statler, T. A. (2012). More Similar Than Different: The Psychological Environment of Paralympic Sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action; 3(2), 109-118.
  • Duguay, A. M., Loughead, T. M., & Cook, J. M. (2019). Athlete Leadership as a Shared Process:Using a Social-network Approach to Examine Athlete Leadership in Competitive Female Youthsoccer Teams.The Sport Psychologist;33(3), 189–202.
  • Ergün, N. (2011). Sportive Activities and Classification in Physically Disabled People. International Participation Physical Education and Sports Congress on Disabilities Congress Book, 42-47.
  • Erickson, K., & Côté, J. (2016). A Season-long Examination of the Intervention Tone of Coach–athlete Interactions and Athlete Development in Youth Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 22, 264-272.
  • Ersöz, G. (2016). Exercise is Medicine. Recent Advances in Health Sciences; 745-758.
  • Estabrooks, P. A., Lee, R. E., and Gyurcsik, N. C. (2003). Resources for Physical Activity Participation: Does Availability and Accessibility Differ by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status? Ann. Behav. Med.; 25, 100–104.
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Wilson, M. R. (2016). Sporting Performance, Pressure and Cognition: Introducing Attentional Control Theory: Sport. In an Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology,341-362.
  • Faull, A., & Cropley, B. (2009). Reflective Learning in Sport: A Case Study of a Senior Level Triathlete. Reflective Practice, 10(3), 325-339.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded Theory of Psychological Resilience in Olympic Champions.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,13(5), 669–678.
  • General Directorate of Disabled and Elderly Services (2022). Disabled and Elderly Statistics Bulletin. T.C. Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services. (Access Date: 27.08.2023).
  • Girgin, C. (2003). Introduction to the Education of the Hearing Impaired. Anadolu University Publications Disabilities Integrated School of Higher Education Publications.
  • Gönener, H. (2011). Neglect-Abuse and Nursing Care in Mentally Disabled Children. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 27 (4), 137- 143.
  • Güngör, B. (2009). Berlin Olympics Ekseninde Basında Türk Sporu (1936-1938) (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Turkish Revolution History, Ankara.
  • Gür, A .(2001). The role of sports activities in the adaptation process of disabled people to social legislation, Ankara: T.R. Prime Ministry Disabled Persons Department Publications, 16.
  • Hansen, F. (2005). Distinguishing Between Feelings and Emotions in Understanding Communication Effects.Journal of Business Research,58(10), 1426–1436.
  • Hopwood, M. J., Farrow, D., MacMahon, C., & Baker, J. (2015). Sibling Dynamics and Sport Expertise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &Science in Sports, 25(5), 724-733.
  • International Paralympic Committee, https://www.paralympic.org, Date of access: 01.09.2023.
  • Johnson, F., Fraser, J., Ganesh, G., Skowron, L., & Ipsos, M. O. R. I. (2008). The London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games: Children and Young People's Perceptions and Involvement. Department.
  • Jowett, S. (2007). Interdependence Analysis and the 3+1Cs in the Coach-athlete Relationship. InS. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.),Social Psychology in Sport, 15–27. Human Kinetics.
  • Kalyon, T. A. (1994). Sports medicine, Ankara: Gata Printing House.
  • Katz J. (2007). Reflections on the Paralympic HQ psychology service: Athens 2004. Sport Exerc Psychol Rev; 2, 25–28.
  • Kınalı, G. (2003). Body-Picture-Music Education in the Mentally Disabled, Differently Developing Children. Istanbul: Epsilon Publications.
  • Martin JJ, Malone LA, and Hilyer JC. (2011). Personality and Mood in Women’s Paralympic Basketball Champions. J Clin Sport Psychol; 5, 197–210
  • Martin, J. (2012). Mental Preparation for the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine; 22(1), 70-73.
  • Martin, J. J. (1999). A Personal Development Model of Sport Psychology for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology; 11(2), 181-193.
  • Martin, J. J. (2016). The Psychology of Paralympians and Mental Preparation. Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, 96-107.
  • Martin, J. J., & Mushett, C. A. (1996). Social Support Mechanisms Among Athletes with Disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly; 13(1), 74-83.
  • McEwan, D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2014). Teamwork in Sport: A Theoretical and Integrative Review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology; 7(1), 229-250.
  • Nadarajan, B. (2000). Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games: a Coming of Age. Olympic Review, 26(36), 5-8.
  • Neil, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Fletcher, D. (2011). Competition Stress and Emotions Insport Performers: The Role of Further appraisals.Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 12(4),460–470.
  • O'Boyle, I., Murray, D., & Cummins, P. (Eds.). (2015). Leadership in Sport. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Mohd-Ali, M., Geok, S. K., & Ibrahim, N. (2010). The Participation Motive in the Paralympics. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences; 2(1), 250-72.
  • Özay, F. H. (2019). The Effect of Sport on the Participation of Athletes with Physical Disabilities in Social Life (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Papadopoulos, N. V., Whelan, M., Skouteris, H., Williams, K., McGinley, J., Shih, S. T., ... & Rinehart, N. J. (2020). An Examination of Parent-reported Facilitators and Barriers to Organized Physical Activity Engagement for Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Physical, and Medical Conditions. Frontiers in psychology; 11, 568723.
  • Plakona, E., Parčina, I., Ludvig, A., & Tuzović, A. (2014). Self-confidence in sport. Sport Science; 7(1), 47-5.
  • Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J. E., & Henschen, K. P. (2002). The Athlete and Coach: Their Relationship and its Meaning. Results of an Interpretive study. International Journal of Sport Psychology; 33(1), 116-140.
  • Post, E. G., Green, N. E., Schaefer, D. A., Trigsted, S. M., Brooks, M. A., McGuine, T. A., et al. (2018). Socioeconomic Status of Parents with Children Participating on Youth Club Sport Teams. Phys. Ther. Sport; 32, 126–132.
  • Radtke, S., & Doll-Tepper, G. (2014). A Cross-cultural Comparison of Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sports. Perceptions and Opinions of Athletes, Coaches and Officials. Berlin Germany: Free University.
  • Roberts, A. H., Greenwood, D. A., Stanley, M., Humberstone, C., Iredale, F., and Raynor, A. (2019). Coach Knowledge in Talent Identification: a Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. J. Sci. Med. Sport; 22, 1163–1172.
  • Rumbold, J. L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2012). A systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology; 1(3), 173.
  • Savucu, Y., Sirmen, B., İnal, S., Karahan, M. & Erdemir, İ. (2006). Determination of the Effects of Basketball Training on Physical Fitness in Mentally Disabled Individuals, Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences;20(2), 105-110.
  • Shapiro, J. (1993). No pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement. New York, Random House, Inc.
  • Sherrill, C. (1998). Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan. (5th. ed.). Madison, WI: WCBMcGraw Hill.
  • Silva, A., Queiroz, S. S., Winckler, C., Vital, R., Sousa, R. A., Fagundes, V., ... & de Mello, M. T. (2012). Sleep Quality Evaluation, Chronotype, Sleepiness and Anxiety of Paralympic Brazilian athletes: Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 46(2), 150-154.
  • Tawse, H., Bloom, G. A., Sabiston, C. M., & Reid, G. (2016). The Role of Coaches of Wheelchair Rugby in the Development of Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. In Paralympics and Disability Sport; 34-53.
  • Ullrich-French, S., and Smith, A. L. (2009). Social and Motivational Predictors of Continued Youth Sport Participation. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10; 87–95.
  • Uslu, H. (2020). The Effects of International Sports Events on Host Cities: Samsun 23rd Deaflympics Case (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Ürkmez, G. (2019). The functioning of the Turkish National Paralympic Committee (TMPK) and its approach to disabled sports. Unpublished Master's Thesis). Celal Bayar University, Social Sciences Institute, Manisa.
  • Vealey, R. S., & Chase, M. A. (2008). Self-confidence in sport. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances insportpsychology; (3rd ed., 66–97. Human Kinetics.
  • World Health Organisation (2011). World Bank. World Report on Disability. Geneva: WHO; 2011. http://www.who. int/disabilities/world_report (Access Date: 15.07.2023)
  • Wu, S. K., & Williams, T. R. E. V. O. R. (2001). Factors Influencing Sport Participation Among Athletes with Spinal Cord Injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 33(2), 177-182.Zengin, S., & Şentürk, İ. (2022).
  • Historical Development of Paralympic Games. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Sport Sciences; 5(1), 53-64.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Engelliler için Beden Eğitimi, Spor ve Fiziksel Aktivite
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gözde Ersöz 0000-0002-4848-1929

Serkan Esen 0000-0001-9839-0390

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 17 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people

Kaynak Göster

APA Ersöz, G., & Esen, S. (2023). An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6(Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people), 475-489. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1357682
AMA Ersöz G, Esen S. An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. Ekim 2023;6(Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people):475-489. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1357682
Chicago Ersöz, Gözde, ve Serkan Esen. “An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6, sy. Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people (Ekim 2023): 475-89. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1357682.
EndNote Ersöz G, Esen S (01 Ekim 2023) An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6 Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people 475–489.
IEEE G. Ersöz ve S. Esen, “An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, c. 6, sy. Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people, ss. 475–489, 2023, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1357682.
ISNAD Ersöz, Gözde - Esen, Serkan. “An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 6/Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people (Ekim 2023), 475-489. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1357682.
JAMA Ersöz G, Esen S. An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2023;6:475–489.
MLA Ersöz, Gözde ve Serkan Esen. “An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, c. 6, sy. Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people, 2023, ss. 475-89, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1357682.
Vancouver Ersöz G, Esen S. An Overview of Paralympic Sport from a Historical and Psychosocial Perspective. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2023;6(Special Issue 1- Healthy Life, Sports for Disabled people):475-89.
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