Öz
Belt and Road Initiative is a trade network design put forward by China that aims to reach every region on a global scale. The geopolitical and trade value of the Arctic is increasingly important as a result of the glacier melting and climatic changes. This study examines the characteristics of China's Arctic policy and its relationship with the belt-road initiative through the 'white paper' published in 2018. The economic and diplomatic manoeuvres that China has put forward in its foreign policy in the context of the belt and road initiative also show itself in the example of the arctic. In this study, the relationship between the belt and road initiative with China's arctic policy will be analyzed. This relationship has a connection with the proactive approach that China has put forward in its foreign policy with its rise. This link seems to make sense in a global context. Therefore, a global analysis to understand China's interest in the arctic will be a contributing effort. Striving to establish a global trade network with the Belt and Road Initiative, China places a special emphasis on the arctic because of the shortening of shipping routes and being an alternative trade line. In this study, it was argued that China's interest in the arctic increased due to the belt and road initiative and that its geopolitical and trade potential as an alternative corridor was noticed. While this awareness moves towards a strategic partnership with Russia in the region, it can also come to the fore as a new conflict area in the competition with the USA.
Anahtar Kelimeler
China The Rise of China Arctic Belt and Road Inıtiative Polar Silk Road
Kaynakça
- AA. “China Will Never Cower Before Any Threat: Xi.” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-will-never-cower-before-any-threat-xi/2016150 (10.12.2020)
- Beck, Andrea. “China’s Strategy in the Arctic: A Case of Lawfare?” The Polar Journal 4, no. 2 (2014): 306–18. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2014.954886.
- Bertelsen G. Rasmus and Gallucci Vincent. “The Return of China, Post-Cold War Russia, and the Arctic: Changes on Land and at Sea”. Marine Policy 72 (2016): 241. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.034
- Chatzky, Andrew ve Mcbride, James. “China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative. CFR. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative (14.12.2020)
- China Arctic Policy, “Full Text: China’a Arctic Policy”, 2018, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm
- Coates S. Ken and Holroyd Carin, “The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics”.Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7, 330.
- Cohen, Saul Bernard, Geopolitics The Geography of International Relations, Rowman&Littlefield, 2015.
- Dams, Ties, Louise Schalk, ve Adaja Stoetman. “Presence Before Power China’s Arctic Strategy in Iceland and Greenland”, 2020, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/presence-before-power.pdf
- Department of Homeland Security Fiscal Year 2019 Appropriations Agreement, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/DHS%20Conference%20Press%20Summary1.pdf (12.12.2020)
- Hong, Nong. “China’s Interests in the Arctic: Opportunities and Challenges”, Institute for China-American Studies, 2018, https://chinaus-icas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018.03.06-China-Arctic-Report.pdf (14.12.2020)
- İşcan, İsmail Hakkı, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler ve Çağdaş Yansımaları”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 1, Sayı 2 (Yaz 2004), s. 47-79.
- Jiang, Ye. “China’s Role in Arctic Affairs in the Context of Global Governance”, Strategic Analysis, 38:6, (2014): 913-916
- Kynge, James and Wheatley, Jonathan “China Pulls Back from the World: Rethinking Xi’s ‘Project of the Century”. Financial Times. November 12, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/d9bd8059-d05c-4e6f-968b-1672241ec1f6 (12.12.2020)
- Kobzeva, Maria. “China’s Arctic Policy: Present and Future.” The Polar Journal 9, no. 1 (2019): 94–112. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618558.
- Korkmaz, Hüseyin. “Kuşak ve Yol girişiminin geleceği: Çin karakterli bir küreselleşme mi?”. 21.12.2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/kusak-ve-yol-girisiminin-gelecegi-cin-karakterli-bir-kuresellesme-mi/2083696 (25.12.2020)
- Magnuson, Stew. “JUST IN: U.S. Commander Alarmed as China Makes Inroads in Americas,” 12.02.2020. https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/12/2/commander-alarmed-as-china-makes-inroads-in-americas (12.12.2020)
- OSD, “2020 China Military Power Report,” accessed December 14, 2020, https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF.
- Refinitiv. “BRI Connect: An Initiative In Numbers.” https://www.refinitiv.com/content/dam/marketing/en_us/documents/reports/belt-and-road-initiative-in-numbers-issue-2.pdf. p.6 (15.12.2020)
- Rej, Abhijnan. “Is China’s Belt and Road Initiative Strategic? Perhaps Not,” accessed December 14, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/is-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-strategic-perhaps-not/ (12.12.2020).
- Russell R. Daniel ve Berger H.Blake, “Weaponizing the Belt and Road Initiative”, https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Weaponizing%20the%20Belt%20and%20Road%20Initiative_0.pdf. s.6, (10.12.2020)
- Shen, Simon. “How China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Compares to the Marshall Plan,” accessed December 14, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/how-chinas-belt-and-road-compares-to-the-marshall-plan/. (12.12.2020).
- “Statement Of Admiral John M. Richardson Chief Of Naval Operations Before The Senate Armed Services Committee On Fiscal Year 2020 Navy Budget 9 April 2019”. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Richardson_04-09-19.pdf (15.12.2020)
- Sukhankin, Sergey. “What did Russia’s Strategic Military Exercise Tsentr-2019 Reveal?”, https://icds.ee/what-did-russias-strategic-military-exercise-tsentr-2019reveal/ (10.09.2019)
- The Spitsbergen Treaty. https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html
- The Economist, “They May be Some Time.” The Economist, November 16, 2013. http:// www.economist.com/news/china/21589908-putting-down-roots-antarctica-they-may-besome-time (14.12.2020)
- Tillman, Henry, Jian Yang, and Egill T. Nielsson. “The Polar Silk Road: China’s New Frontier of International Cooperation.” China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (2018): 345–62. doi:10.1142/S2377740018500215.
- US Navy, “Arctic Roadmap 2014-2030”, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=756030 (12.12.2020)
- “Wang Yi: Russia is an important strategic partner of the joint construction of the Belt and Road”. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceng/eng/zgxw/t1466559.htm (15.12.2020)
- “Yamal LNG in Russia: the Gas that Came in from the Cold”, Total, Home, https://www.total.com/en/energy-expertise/projects/oil-gas/lng/yamal-lng-coldenvironment-gas (10.09.2019)
- Yao, Kevin. “What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy” Reuters. 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer-idUSKBN2600B5 (12.12.2020)
- Wang, Yanan. “China will ‘never seek hegemony,’ Xi says in reform speech”. AP. 18 December 2018. https://apnews.com/article/4c9476378e184f238845337ba442715c (23.10.2020)
- Zelenina, Larisa, “Svetlana Fedkyshova, Forecasting and Consequences of Climate Change in the Arctic Region”, Arctic and North (5), (2012)
Öz
Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi, Çin’in küresel ölçekte her bölgeye ulaşmayı hedefleyen bir ticaret ağı tasarımı olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Öte yandan iklimsel değişiklikler ve buzulların erimesi sonucunda Arktika’nın jeopolitik ve ticari değeri günden güne artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Çin’in Arktika politikasının hangi ölçüde ve yoğunlukta Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymak ve geleceğe dönük kestirimlerde bulunmaktır. Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi ile beraber Çin’in küresel ölçekte mal arzını güvenli ve hızlı bir şekilde kotarmaya çalışması Arktika’nın öne çıkmasını sağlamış ve Çin’in hem bölge ülkeleri hem de küresel güçler ile olan ilişkilerini önemli hale getirmiştir. Çalışmanın teorik ve kavramsal çerçevesi jeopolitik kavramı üzerinden yapılanmaktadır. Bu noktada Halford Mackinder, Alfred Thayer Mahan ve N. Spykman’ın görüşleri esas alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede Çin’in Arktika politikasının karakteristikleri, özellikleri ve Kuşak-Yol Girişimi ile ilişkisi 2018 yılında Çin tarafından yayınlanan ‘Beyaz Kitap’ üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışma bu yönü ile nitel araştırma yöntemini tercih ederek resmi söylemin analizine odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’nin etkisi ile Arktika’ya olan ilgisinin arttığı ve Arktika’nın alternatif bir koridor olarak jeopolitik potansiyelinin farkına varıldığı savunulmuştur. Bu farkındalık, bölgede Rusya ile beraber yeni bir ortaklığa doğru giderken aynı zamanda ABD ile keskinleşen küresel rekabette yeni bir problem alanı olarak öne çıkabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çin Çin'in Yükselişi Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi Kutup İpek Yolu Arktic
Kaynakça
- AA. “China Will Never Cower Before Any Threat: Xi.” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-will-never-cower-before-any-threat-xi/2016150 (10.12.2020)
- Beck, Andrea. “China’s Strategy in the Arctic: A Case of Lawfare?” The Polar Journal 4, no. 2 (2014): 306–18. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2014.954886.
- Bertelsen G. Rasmus and Gallucci Vincent. “The Return of China, Post-Cold War Russia, and the Arctic: Changes on Land and at Sea”. Marine Policy 72 (2016): 241. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.034
- Chatzky, Andrew ve Mcbride, James. “China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative. CFR. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative (14.12.2020)
- China Arctic Policy, “Full Text: China’a Arctic Policy”, 2018, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm
- Coates S. Ken and Holroyd Carin, “The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics”.Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7, 330.
- Cohen, Saul Bernard, Geopolitics The Geography of International Relations, Rowman&Littlefield, 2015.
- Dams, Ties, Louise Schalk, ve Adaja Stoetman. “Presence Before Power China’s Arctic Strategy in Iceland and Greenland”, 2020, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/presence-before-power.pdf
- Department of Homeland Security Fiscal Year 2019 Appropriations Agreement, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/DHS%20Conference%20Press%20Summary1.pdf (12.12.2020)
- Hong, Nong. “China’s Interests in the Arctic: Opportunities and Challenges”, Institute for China-American Studies, 2018, https://chinaus-icas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018.03.06-China-Arctic-Report.pdf (14.12.2020)
- İşcan, İsmail Hakkı, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler ve Çağdaş Yansımaları”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 1, Sayı 2 (Yaz 2004), s. 47-79.
- Jiang, Ye. “China’s Role in Arctic Affairs in the Context of Global Governance”, Strategic Analysis, 38:6, (2014): 913-916
- Kynge, James and Wheatley, Jonathan “China Pulls Back from the World: Rethinking Xi’s ‘Project of the Century”. Financial Times. November 12, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/d9bd8059-d05c-4e6f-968b-1672241ec1f6 (12.12.2020)
- Kobzeva, Maria. “China’s Arctic Policy: Present and Future.” The Polar Journal 9, no. 1 (2019): 94–112. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618558.
- Korkmaz, Hüseyin. “Kuşak ve Yol girişiminin geleceği: Çin karakterli bir küreselleşme mi?”. 21.12.2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/kusak-ve-yol-girisiminin-gelecegi-cin-karakterli-bir-kuresellesme-mi/2083696 (25.12.2020)
- Magnuson, Stew. “JUST IN: U.S. Commander Alarmed as China Makes Inroads in Americas,” 12.02.2020. https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/12/2/commander-alarmed-as-china-makes-inroads-in-americas (12.12.2020)
- OSD, “2020 China Military Power Report,” accessed December 14, 2020, https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF.
- Refinitiv. “BRI Connect: An Initiative In Numbers.” https://www.refinitiv.com/content/dam/marketing/en_us/documents/reports/belt-and-road-initiative-in-numbers-issue-2.pdf. p.6 (15.12.2020)
- Rej, Abhijnan. “Is China’s Belt and Road Initiative Strategic? Perhaps Not,” accessed December 14, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/is-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-strategic-perhaps-not/ (12.12.2020).
- Russell R. Daniel ve Berger H.Blake, “Weaponizing the Belt and Road Initiative”, https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Weaponizing%20the%20Belt%20and%20Road%20Initiative_0.pdf. s.6, (10.12.2020)
- Shen, Simon. “How China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Compares to the Marshall Plan,” accessed December 14, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/how-chinas-belt-and-road-compares-to-the-marshall-plan/. (12.12.2020).
- “Statement Of Admiral John M. Richardson Chief Of Naval Operations Before The Senate Armed Services Committee On Fiscal Year 2020 Navy Budget 9 April 2019”. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Richardson_04-09-19.pdf (15.12.2020)
- Sukhankin, Sergey. “What did Russia’s Strategic Military Exercise Tsentr-2019 Reveal?”, https://icds.ee/what-did-russias-strategic-military-exercise-tsentr-2019reveal/ (10.09.2019)
- The Spitsbergen Treaty. https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html
- The Economist, “They May be Some Time.” The Economist, November 16, 2013. http:// www.economist.com/news/china/21589908-putting-down-roots-antarctica-they-may-besome-time (14.12.2020)
- Tillman, Henry, Jian Yang, and Egill T. Nielsson. “The Polar Silk Road: China’s New Frontier of International Cooperation.” China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (2018): 345–62. doi:10.1142/S2377740018500215.
- US Navy, “Arctic Roadmap 2014-2030”, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=756030 (12.12.2020)
- “Wang Yi: Russia is an important strategic partner of the joint construction of the Belt and Road”. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceng/eng/zgxw/t1466559.htm (15.12.2020)
- “Yamal LNG in Russia: the Gas that Came in from the Cold”, Total, Home, https://www.total.com/en/energy-expertise/projects/oil-gas/lng/yamal-lng-coldenvironment-gas (10.09.2019)
- Yao, Kevin. “What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy” Reuters. 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer-idUSKBN2600B5 (12.12.2020)
- Wang, Yanan. “China will ‘never seek hegemony,’ Xi says in reform speech”. AP. 18 December 2018. https://apnews.com/article/4c9476378e184f238845337ba442715c (23.10.2020)
- Zelenina, Larisa, “Svetlana Fedkyshova, Forecasting and Consequences of Climate Change in the Arctic Region”, Arctic and North (5), (2012)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası İlişkiler |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 19 Nisan 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 8 Nisan 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1 (Arktik Özel Sayısı) |
Veri Paylaşım Politikası
Bu dergi, yazarları bilimsel etik ve atıf kuralları ile kişisel hakların korunmasına yönelik evrensel ve yasal kriterler çerçevesinde kalırken araştırmaları sonucunda elde ettikleri verileri paylaşmaya teşvik etmektedir. Bu bağlamda IJPS, Budapeşte Açık Erişim Girişimi Deklarasyonunu (2001) benimser.