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2008 Finansal Krizi: Türkiye ve Brezilya Ekonomi Politikaları Özelinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 62, 185 - 207, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046

Öz

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde konut kredisi olarak bilinen mortgage balonu nedeni ile patlak veren 2008 Finansal Krizi, önce finansal kanallar üzerinden merkez ülkelere yayılmıştır. Finansal piyasalara tam olarak entegre olamayan çevre ülkelere ise daha dolaylı olarak, ekonomik yollarla etki etmiştir. Fakat küresel ölçekte yayılan finansal kriz, geçiş biçimi fark etmeksizin, tüm dünya ekonomilerini olumsuz etkilemiş ve devletlerin ekonomi politikalarında köklü değişimler yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Krizin tüm dünya ekonomilerine ulaşması nedeni ile döngüsel bir krize dönüşme ihtimali ve birbiri ardına uygulanan ekonomi politikalarının krizin yayılmasını, etkisini ve alanını kısa sürede önlemede başarısız olması, ekonomi biliminin ve anaakım neoliberal politikaların sorgulanmasına neden olmuştur. Ekonomik olarak krizin etkilerini yaşayan çevre ekonomileri, kendileri ile hiçbir ilgisi olmayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki mortgage kredileri nedeni ile pek çok ekonomik maliyete katlanmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Brezilya ve Türkiye ekonomileri örnekleri üzerinden, bu tartışmalar da göz önüne alınarak, çevre ekonomiler için ekonomi politika çıkarımları yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada net sermaye akımları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, dış ticaret verileri ve temel ekonomik göstergeler üzerinden her iki ülkenin krizden etkilenme şekli değerlendirilmiştir. Her iki ülkeyi de bu sürece iten neoliberal politikaların yine kendilerini küresel ekonomik sisteme eklemesi olmasına rağmen, söz konusu finansal krizden çıkışta neoliberalizm krize yönelik çözüm noktasında yetersiz kadığı için Keynesyen politikalara başvurmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Çalışmanın sonucunda uygulanan ekonomi politikalarının etkinsizliği tartışılarak, krizden çıkış adına politika önerilerine yer verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, M., Agarwal, M., Kadochnikov, S., Mikic, M., Whalley, J., & Yongding, Y. (2009). The effect of world financial crisis on developing countries: an initial assessment. The Center for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/task_force_1.pdf
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail. New York: Crown Publishers.
  • Akyüz, Y., & Boratav, K. (2003). The making of the Turkish financial crisis. World Development, 31(9), 1549–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00108-6
  • Arrighi, G. (1994). The long twentieth century. London: Verso. Ataman Erdönmez, P. (2009). Küresel kriz ve ülkeler tarafından alınana önlemler tipolojisi. Bankacılar Dergisi, 68, 85–101. Retrieved from https://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/Arastirma_ve_Raporlar/kuresel_kriz.pdf
  • Auerbach, P., & Siddiki, J. U. (2004). Financial liberalisation and economic development: an assessment. Journal of Economic Surveys, 18(3), 231–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2004.00221.x
  • Balassa, B. (1989). Financial liberalization in developing countries. Policy, Planning and Research Department working papers, no. WPS 55. Washington: World Bank Group. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/407611468739267146/Financial-liberalization-in-developing-countries
  • Barbosa, N. (2012). Brazilian economy policy and the 2008-2009 crisis. In M. Cohen (Eds.), The global economic crisis in Latin America (pp. 85–96). London: Routledge.
  • Berg, J. (2010). Brazil: the minimum wage as a response to the crisis. International Labour Office (ILO) Notes on the Crisis. Geneve: ILO. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/article/wcms_limd3_11_en.pdf
  • Bernal Verdugo, L. E., Furceri, D., & Guillaume, D. M. (2012). Crises, labor market policy, and unemployment. IMF working papers, WP/12/65. Washington: IMF. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp1265.pdf
  • Bogach, O., & Noy, I. (2012). Fire-sale FDI? The impact of financial crisis on foreign direct investment. University of Hawai’i at Manoa Department of Economics working paper series, no. 12-5. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i. Retrieved from http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/workingpapers/WP_12-5.pdf
  • Boratav, K. (2001). 2000-2001 Krizinde sermaye hareketleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 16(186), 7–17. http://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2001.186.8384
  • Boratav, K. (2011a). Türkiye iktisat tarihi: 1908-2009. Ankara: Imge.Boratav, K. (2011b). Uluslararası bunalımın arifesinde çevre ekonomiler. In A. Pınar, A. H. Köse, & N. Falay (Eds.), Kriz ve Maliye Düşüncesinde Değişim (pp. 17–29). Istanbul: Sosyal Arastirmalar Vakfi.
  • Boratav, K. (2011c). Bir krizin kısa hikayesi. Ankara: Arkadas.Cecchetti, S. G., Kohler, M., & Upper, C. (2009). Financial crises and economic activity. NBER working papers, no. 15379. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w15379.pdf
  • Cerra, V., & Saxena, S. (2008). Growth dynamics: the myth of economic recovery. American Economic Review, 98(1), 439–457. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.1.439
  • Chang, H. (2002). Kicking away the ladder. London: Anthem Press.Çolak, Ö. F. (2009). Krizi çözmede maliye politikaları nasıl kullanılmalı?. İşveren Dergisi, 47(6).
  • de Barros, J. R. (2010). The impact of the international financial crisis on Brazil. Real Instituto Elcano ARI, 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/145589/ARI38-2010_MendocadeBarros_Impact_International_Financial_Crisis_Brazil.pdf
  • de Freitas, M. C. (2009). The effect of the global crisis in Brazil: risk aversion and prefence for liquidity in credit market. Etudos Avançados, 23(66), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142009000200011
  • Domingues, E. P., Magalhaes, A. S., Junior, A. A. B., Carvalho, T. S., & Santiago, S. (2008). The world financial crisis in Brazil: industry and regional economic impacts. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(3), 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jibe.v2n3a4
  • Duval, R., Eris, M., & Furceri, D. (2011). The effects of downturns on labor force participation: evidence and causes. OECD Economic Department working paper, no. 875. Paris: OECD. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg9q0nmbws8-en
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  • Filho, F. F. (2011). Brazil’s response: how did financial regulation and monetary policy influence recovery?. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 31(5), 880–888. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31572011000500019
  • Foster, J. B. (2008). The financialization of capital and the crisis. Monthly Review, 59(11). https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-059-11-2008-04_1
  • Furceri, D., & Zdzienicka, A. (2012). Banking crises and short and medium term output losses in emerging and developing countries: the role of structural and policy variables. World Development, 40(12), 2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.021
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2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 62, 185 - 207, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046

Öz

The Financial Crisis, which broke out in the US due to the mortgage bubble, had spread through financial channels to core countries. The periphery countries that weren’t fully integrated into the financial markets had been influenced via economic ways, indirectly. However the crisis -spreading on a global scale- had had negative impacts on all countries and had led to changes in the economic policies of states. One of the possibilities of the crisis was for it to turn into a cyclical crisis because of its reach throughout the whole world and the failure of economic policies -applied to one after another- in the preventing of the spread and impact of the crisis in a short time, resulting in economic and neoliberal policies being questioned. The periphery economies, being economically affected by the crisis, had to assume many economic costs due to mortgage loans in the US, which had nothing to do with them. In the study, through the examples of Brazil and Turkey within the framework of these discussions, the implication of economic policy has been examined for periphery countries. In the study, the way in which both countries were affected by the crisis has been evaluated through net capital flows, foreign direct investments, foreign trade data, and main economic indicators. Although neoliberal policies, which pushed both countries towards this process, had added them to the global economic system, they had to apply Keynesian policies because neoliberalism had become inadequate in exiting the crisis. In the conclusion of the study, policy proposals have been made for getting out of the crisis by discussing the ineffectiveness of the economic policies that had been implemented.

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, M., Agarwal, M., Kadochnikov, S., Mikic, M., Whalley, J., & Yongding, Y. (2009). The effect of world financial crisis on developing countries: an initial assessment. The Center for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/task_force_1.pdf
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail. New York: Crown Publishers.
  • Akyüz, Y., & Boratav, K. (2003). The making of the Turkish financial crisis. World Development, 31(9), 1549–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00108-6
  • Arrighi, G. (1994). The long twentieth century. London: Verso. Ataman Erdönmez, P. (2009). Küresel kriz ve ülkeler tarafından alınana önlemler tipolojisi. Bankacılar Dergisi, 68, 85–101. Retrieved from https://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/Arastirma_ve_Raporlar/kuresel_kriz.pdf
  • Auerbach, P., & Siddiki, J. U. (2004). Financial liberalisation and economic development: an assessment. Journal of Economic Surveys, 18(3), 231–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2004.00221.x
  • Balassa, B. (1989). Financial liberalization in developing countries. Policy, Planning and Research Department working papers, no. WPS 55. Washington: World Bank Group. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/407611468739267146/Financial-liberalization-in-developing-countries
  • Barbosa, N. (2012). Brazilian economy policy and the 2008-2009 crisis. In M. Cohen (Eds.), The global economic crisis in Latin America (pp. 85–96). London: Routledge.
  • Berg, J. (2010). Brazil: the minimum wage as a response to the crisis. International Labour Office (ILO) Notes on the Crisis. Geneve: ILO. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/article/wcms_limd3_11_en.pdf
  • Bernal Verdugo, L. E., Furceri, D., & Guillaume, D. M. (2012). Crises, labor market policy, and unemployment. IMF working papers, WP/12/65. Washington: IMF. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp1265.pdf
  • Bogach, O., & Noy, I. (2012). Fire-sale FDI? The impact of financial crisis on foreign direct investment. University of Hawai’i at Manoa Department of Economics working paper series, no. 12-5. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i. Retrieved from http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/workingpapers/WP_12-5.pdf
  • Boratav, K. (2001). 2000-2001 Krizinde sermaye hareketleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 16(186), 7–17. http://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2001.186.8384
  • Boratav, K. (2011a). Türkiye iktisat tarihi: 1908-2009. Ankara: Imge.Boratav, K. (2011b). Uluslararası bunalımın arifesinde çevre ekonomiler. In A. Pınar, A. H. Köse, & N. Falay (Eds.), Kriz ve Maliye Düşüncesinde Değişim (pp. 17–29). Istanbul: Sosyal Arastirmalar Vakfi.
  • Boratav, K. (2011c). Bir krizin kısa hikayesi. Ankara: Arkadas.Cecchetti, S. G., Kohler, M., & Upper, C. (2009). Financial crises and economic activity. NBER working papers, no. 15379. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w15379.pdf
  • Cerra, V., & Saxena, S. (2008). Growth dynamics: the myth of economic recovery. American Economic Review, 98(1), 439–457. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.1.439
  • Chang, H. (2002). Kicking away the ladder. London: Anthem Press.Çolak, Ö. F. (2009). Krizi çözmede maliye politikaları nasıl kullanılmalı?. İşveren Dergisi, 47(6).
  • de Barros, J. R. (2010). The impact of the international financial crisis on Brazil. Real Instituto Elcano ARI, 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/145589/ARI38-2010_MendocadeBarros_Impact_International_Financial_Crisis_Brazil.pdf
  • de Freitas, M. C. (2009). The effect of the global crisis in Brazil: risk aversion and prefence for liquidity in credit market. Etudos Avançados, 23(66), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142009000200011
  • Domingues, E. P., Magalhaes, A. S., Junior, A. A. B., Carvalho, T. S., & Santiago, S. (2008). The world financial crisis in Brazil: industry and regional economic impacts. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(3), 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jibe.v2n3a4
  • Duval, R., Eris, M., & Furceri, D. (2011). The effects of downturns on labor force participation: evidence and causes. OECD Economic Department working paper, no. 875. Paris: OECD. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg9q0nmbws8-en
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Değişim sürecinde Türkiye: Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e sosyo-ekonomik bir değerlendirme. Istanbul: Remzi.
  • Eğilmez, M. & Kumcu, E. (2014). Ekonomi politikası: teori ve uygulaması. Istanbul: Remzi.
  • Eichengreen, B. & Portes, R. (1987). The anatomy of financial crises. NBER working paper series, no. 2126. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3934
  • Eichengreen, B., Tobin, J., & Wyplosz, C. (1995). Two cases for sand in the wheels of international finance. The Economic Journal, 105(428), 162–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235326
  • Ergüneş, N. (2012). Global integration of middle-income developing countries in the era of financialisation: the case of Turkey. In C. Lapavitsas (Eds.), Financialisation in Crisis (pp. 217–241). Leiden: Brill.
  • Farrell, D., Lund, S., Fölster, C., Bick, R., Pierce, M., & Atkins, C. (2008). Mapping global capital markets: fourth annual report. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Global%20Capital%20Markets/Mapping%20global%20capital%20markets%20fourth%20annual%20report/MGI_Mapping_capital_markets_fourth_annual_full_Report.ashx.
  • Filho, F. F. (2011). Brazil’s response: how did financial regulation and monetary policy influence recovery?. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 31(5), 880–888. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31572011000500019
  • Foster, J. B. (2008). The financialization of capital and the crisis. Monthly Review, 59(11). https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-059-11-2008-04_1
  • Furceri, D., & Zdzienicka, A. (2012). Banking crises and short and medium term output losses in emerging and developing countries: the role of structural and policy variables. World Development, 40(12), 2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.021
  • Gruben, W. C., & Welch, J. H. (2001). Banking and currency crisis recovery: Brazil’s turnaround of 1999, Economic and Financial Policy Review, 4, 12–23. Retrieved from https://www.dallasfed.org/~/media/documents/research/efr/2001/efr0104b.pdf
  • Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • IMF. (1993). Balanced of payments manual. Washington: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
  • IMF. (2002). International investment position: a guide to data sources. Washington: International Monetary Fund (IMF) Statistics Department.
  • Independent Social Scientists. (2009). Türkiye’de ve dünyada ekonomik bunalım. Istanbul: Yordam.
  • Insel, A. (2005). Neo-liberalizm: sermayenin yeni dili. Istanbul: Birikim.Institute of International Finance. (2009). Capital flows to emerging market economies. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/cgfs33.pdfInstitute of International Finance. (2011). Capital flows to emerging market economies. Retrieved from http://www.yazour.com/pdf/cf_0911.pdf
  • Kaminsky, G. L., & Schmukler, S. L. (2003). Short run pain long run gain: the effect of financial liberalization. IMF working paper, WP/03/34. Washington: IMF. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2003/wp0334.pdf
  • Karakurt, B. (2010). Küresel mali krizi önlemede maliye politikasının rolü ve Türkiye’nin krize maliye politikası cevabı. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 167–195.
  • Kazgan, G. (2013). Türkiye ekonomisinde krizler (1929-2009): ekonomi politik açıdan bir inceleme. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University.
  • Kibritçioğlu, A. (2004). Türkiye’de ekonomik krizler ve hükümetler, 1969-2001. Macroeconomics. Retrieved from https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/0401/0401008.pdf
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1978). Manias, panics, and crashes: a history of financial crises. New York: Basic.
  • Lapavitsas, C. (2012). Financialised capitalism: crisis and financial expropriation. In C. Lapavitsas (Eds.), Financialisation in crisis (pp. 13–50). Leiden: Brill.
  • Ma, Z., & Cheng, L. (2003). The effect of financial crises on trade. NBER working papers, no. 10172. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w10172.pdf
  • Mandel, E. (1999). Late capitalism. London: Verso.Mason, P. (2017). Postcapitalism: a guide to our future. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • McKinnon, R. (1973). Money and capital in economic development. Washington: The Brookings.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1991). Anatomy of a financial crisis. NBER working paper series, no. 3934. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3934.pdf
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1994). Preventing financial crises: an international perspective. NBER working paper series, no. 4636. Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w4636.pdf
  • Minsky, H. P. (1972). Fundamental reappraisal of the discount mechanism: financial instability revisited: the economics of disaster. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved from https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/federal%20reserve%20history/discountmech/fininst_minsky.pdf
  • Minsky, H. P. (2008). Stabilizing an unstable economy. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Painceira, J. P. (2012). Developing countries in the era of financialisation: from deficit-accumulation to reserve-accumulation. In C. Lapavitsas (Eds.), Financialisation in crisis (pp. 185–215). Leiden: Brill.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2014). Türkiye’nin 200 yıllık iktisadi tarihi. Istanbul: Türkiye Is Bankasi Kültür.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Reisen, H., & Soto, M. (2001). Which types of capital ınflows foster developing country growth?. International Finance, 4(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2362.00063
  • Robitaille, P. (2011). Liquidity and reserve requirements in Brazil. International Finance discussion papers, no. 1021. Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2011/1021/ifdp1021.pdf
  • Rodrik, D. (2006a). The social cost of foreign exchange reserves. International Economic Journal, 20(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730600879331
  • Rodrik, D. (2006b). Goodbye Washington consensus, hello Washington confusion? a review of the World Bank’s economic growth in the 1990s: learning from a decade of reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 973–987. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.com/stable/30032391
  • Rodrik, D. (2009). One economics, many recipes: globalization, institutions, and economic growth. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). The globalization paradox: democracy and the future of the world economy. New York: W. W. Norton.Salvatore, D. (2007). International economics. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Schwartz, A. J. (1987). Real and pseudo-financial crises. In A. J. Schwartz (Eds.), Money in historical perspective (pp. 271–288). Cambridge: NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7506.pdf
  • Shaw, E. (1973). Financial development in economic development. New York: Oxford University.
  • Sönmez, S. (2009). Türkiye ekonomisinde neoliberal dönüşüm politikaları ve etkileri. In N. Mütevellioğlu, & S. Sönmez (Eds.), Küreselleşme, kriz ve Türkiye’de neoliberal dönüşüm (pp. 25–76). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University.
  • Stiglitz, J. (1998). More ınstruments and broader goals: moving toward the post-Washington Consensus. WIDER Annual Lectures. Retrieved from https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/209/43245.html
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalization and its discontents. Londra: Penguin Books.Stiglitz, J. E. (2010). Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Stiglitz, J. (2012). The price of inequality: how today’s divided society endangers our future. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Sweezy, P. M. (1997). More (or less) on globalization, Monthly Review, 49(4). https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-049-04-1997-08_1
  • Şenses, F. (2001). Kalkınma iktisadı: yükselişi ve gerilemesi. Istanbul: Iletisim.
  • Weeks, J. (2006). Latin Amerika’da ihracat, yabancı yatırım ve büyüme: simülasyon yöntemiyle şüpheci bir yaklaşım. In A. H. Köse, & E. Yeldan (Eds.), İktisadi Kalkınma, Kriz ve İstikrar (pp. 125–152). Istanbul: Iletisim.
  • Williamson, J., & Mahar, M. (1998). A survey of financial liberalization. New Jersey: Princeton University.
  • World Bank. (2013). International debt statistics. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12226/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • World Bank. (2017). Global economic prospect. Retrieved from https://worldbank.orgWorld Bank. (2020a).
  • World Bank indicators. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org
  • World Bank. (2020b). World integrared trade solution. Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org
  • Yeldan, E. (2009). Finans çağında eklemlenme kalıpları: neoliberal küreselleşmenin çevresel bir ekonomisi olarak Türkiye örneği. In N. Mütevellioğlu, & S. Sönmez (Eds.), Küreselleşme, kriz ve Türkiye’de neoliberal dönüşüm(pp. 129–156). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Şeyda Güdek-gölçek 0000-0001-8753-2998

Ali Gökhan Gölçek 0000-0002-7948-7688

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 62

Kaynak Göster

APA Güdek-gölçek, Ş., & Gölçek, A. G. (2020). 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(62), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046
AMA Güdek-gölçek Ş, Gölçek AG. 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Aralık 2020;(62):185-207. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0046
Chicago Güdek-gölçek, Şeyda, ve Ali Gökhan Gölçek. “2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62 (Aralık 2020): 185-207. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046.
EndNote Güdek-gölçek Ş, Gölçek AG (01 Aralık 2020) 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 185–207.
IEEE Ş. Güdek-gölçek ve A. G. Gölçek, “2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62, ss. 185–207, Aralık 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0046.
ISNAD Güdek-gölçek, Şeyda - Gölçek, Ali Gökhan. “2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 (Aralık 2020), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046.
JAMA Güdek-gölçek Ş, Gölçek AG. 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:185–207.
MLA Güdek-gölçek, Şeyda ve Ali Gökhan Gölçek. “2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62, 2020, ss. 185-07, doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0046.
Vancouver Güdek-gölçek Ş, Gölçek AG. 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(62):185-207.