Öz
After World War II ended to Japan's disadvantage, the period of occupation of Japan by the United States officially began. During this period, General Douglas MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) to act as the representative of the United States in Japan. The SCAP ruled Japan from 1945 until 1952, when the San Francisco Peace Treaty formally ended the occupation. During this period when the US tried to export democracy to Japan, the emperor's powers were restricted by making them symbolic, while important arrangements were made regarding fundamental rights and freedoms, especially judicial reform. Although the process of exporting American democracy seemed to work smoothly in Japan in general with the influence of the intellectual movements that started with the Peace Question Symposium during the occupation period, the Security Treaty and the renegotiation processes of the treaty caused the voices of progressive intellectuals to rise. The disagreement with the emperor and pro-government liberal intellectuals and the fact that some progressive intellectuals, finding their colleagues docile, established academies outside the universities they were affiliated with and lectured to the public led to the spread of the movements to the grassroots. The grassroots movement reached its peak in the Anpo Protests of 1960 with the review of the security agreement and the government's ratification of the agreement. Among the intellectuals who supported democracy and peace since the occupation period, a division of opinion emerged between the liberal intellectuals who were in favour of the US-led emperor and government in the Security Treaty and its revision processes, and the progressive intellectuals who did not want the deployment of foreign armies on the territory of the country and supported universal peace, including communist countries. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyse the politicisation process of intellectuals in Japan from the occupation period onwards and the impact they had on the grassroots through their public activism that led to the 1960 Anpo (Security Treaty Review) Protests.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Japan Post-World War II Security Treaty Intellectuals Activism Progressive Intellectuals
Kaynakça
- Shimizu, Ikutarō. 1992-1993. Shimizu Ikutarō chosakushū (Ikutarō Shimizu Collected Works). Vols. 1-19. Tokyo: Kōdansha.
- Pekkanen, Robert. 2006. Japan’s Dual Civil Society: Members without Advocates. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Takemae, Eji. 1978. “Nihon Kyōsantō ga kaihō sareta hi (The Day When the Japanese Communist Party was Released).” Chūō Kōron 1096: 166-190.
- Takemae, Eiji. 1992. Senryō sengoshi (The History of the Postwar Occupation). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Fukunaga, Fumio. 1995. “Sengo kaikaku to shakaishugi seiryoku (Postwar Reform and Socialist Power).” Pp. 267-301 in Sengo Nihon: Senryō to sengo kaikaku. Vol. 2, edited by Masanori Nakamura et al. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 276
- Gordon, Andrew. 2005. “55-nen taisei to shakai undō (The 1955 Regime and Social Movements).” Pp. 253-289 in Nihonshi kōza: Sengo Nihon hen. Vol. 10, edited by Rekishigaku Kenkyūkai and Nihonshi Kenkyūkai. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.
- Michiba, Chikanobu. 2005. Senryō to heiwa: “Sengo” to iu keiken (The Occupation and Peace: Experiences of “Postwar”). Tokyo: Seidosha.
- Dower, John W. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & New Press. Fukunaga, Fumio. 1995. “Sengo kaikaku to shakaishugi seiryoku (Postwar Reform and Socialist Power).” Pp. 267-301 in Sengo Nihon: Senryō to sengo kaikaku. Vol. 2, edited by Masanori Nakamura et al. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Yoshida, Shigeru. 1962. The Yoshida Memories: The Story of Japan in Crisis. Translated by Kenichi Yoshida. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin; Boston, Riverdale Press.
- Yoshida, Kenji. 2011. “Senryōki no chishikijin undō: ‘Minshu kakumei’ ki no riberarisuto (The Intellectuals’ Movements in the Occupational Period: Liberalists during the ‘Democratic Revolution’).” Pp. 177-216 in “Sengo kakushin seiryoku” no honryū, edited by Jin Igarashi. Tokyo: Ōtshuki Shoten.
- Sakamoto, Kazuya. 2000. Nichibei dōmei no kizuna: Anpo jōyaku to sōgosei no mosaku (The Bond of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty: The Anpo Treaty and the Search for Mutuality). Tokyo: Yūhikaku.
- Saitō, Ichirō. 1962. Anpo tōsōshi (The History of the Anpo Struggle). Tokyo: San’ichi Shobō.
- Packard, George R. III, 1966. Protest in Tokyo: The Security Treaty Crisis of 1960. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Minaguchi, Kōzō. 1968. Anpo tōsōshi (The History of the Anpo Struggle). Tokyo: Shakai Shinpō.
- Karabel, Jerome. 1996. “Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics.” Theory and Society 25(2): 205-233.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market. Translated by Richard Nice. New York: New York Press.
- Büyükokutan, Barış. 2010a. “Dynamics of Politicization in the Twentieth-Century U.S. Poetry Field.” PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Büyükokutan, Barış. 2010b. “ ‘Autonomy from What?’: Populism, Universities, and the U.S. Poetry Field, 1910-1975.” Political Power and Social Theory 21: 3-48.
- Maruyama, Masao. [1946] 1964. “Chōkokkashugi no ronri to shinri (Logic and Psychology of Ultranationalism).” Pp. 1-24 in Gendai seiji no shishō to kōdō. Expanded edition. Tokyo: Miraisha.
- Maruyama, Masao. [1977] 1996. “Kindai Nihon no chishikijin (Intellectuals in Modern Japan).” Pp. 223-268 in Maruyama Masao shū (Maruyama Masao Collection). Vol. 10. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Tsurumi, Shunsuke, Chizuko Ueno, and Eiji Oguma. 2004. Sensō ga nokoshita mono: Tsurumi Shunsuke ni sengo sedai ga kiku (The Legacy of the War: Inquiries to Shunsuke Tsurumi from the Postwar Generation). Tokyo: Shinyōsha.
- Oguma, Eiji. 2003. Kanagawa Daigaku hyōron bukkuretto 26: Shimizu Ikutarō: Aru sengo chishikijin no kiseki (Kanagawa University, Booklet Series 26: Ikutarō Shimizu: The Trajectory of A Postwar Intellectual). Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobō.
- Hein, Laura. 2003. “Statistics for Democracy: Economics as Politics in Occupied Japan.” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 11(3): 765-778.
- Hanawa, Sakura. 1990. Iwanami monogatari: Watashi no sengoshi (The Story of Iwanami: My Personal Postwar History). Mito, JP: Hanawa Sakura Chosaku Kankō Iinkai.
- Yoshino, Genzaburō. 1995. “Sengo” e no ketsubetsu: “Sekai” henshū kōki 1956-60-nen (Breakaway for the “Postwar”: Editors’ Postscripts in Sekai between 1956 and 1960 ). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Gotō, Motō, Uchida Kenzō, and Ishikawa Masumi. 1982. Sengo hoshu seiji no kiseki: Yoshida naikaku kara Suzuki naikaku made (The Trajectory of Postwar Conservative Politics: From the Yoshida Cabinet to the Suzuki Cabinet). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Burawoy, Michael. 2005. “For Public Sociology.” American Sociological Review 70(1): 4-28.
- Oku, Takenori. 2007. Rondan no sengoshi (The Postwar History of Rondan). Tokyo: Heibonsha.
- Takeuchi, Yō. 2005. Maruyama Masao no jidai: Daigaku, chishikijin, jānarizumu (The Era of Masao Maruyama: Universities, Intellectuals, and Journalism). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha.
- Masuda, Hiroshi. 1996a. GHQ Nihon senryōshi: Kōshoku tsuihō (The History of GHQ’s Occupation in Japan: The Purge at Public Offices). Vol. 6. Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Sentā.
- Krämer, Hans Martin. 2005. “Just Who Reversed the Course? The Red Purge in Higher Education during the Occupation of Japan.” Social Science Japan Journal 8(1): 1-18.
- Ōno, Akio. 1967. Zengakuren keppūroku (Bloody Record of the Zengakuren). Tokyo: 20-seikisha.
- Tsuda, Sōkichi. 1946. “Kenkoku no jijō to bansei ikkei no shisō (The Condition of Nation-Building and Thoughts on the Unbroken Line of Emperors).” Sekai 4: 29-54.
- Kersten, Rikki. 1996. Democracy in Postwar Japan: Maruyama Masao and the Search for Autonomy. London; New York: Routledge.
- Kuno, Osamu, Shunsuke Tsurumi, and Shōzō Fujita. [1959] 2010. Sengo Nihon no shisō (The Postwar Japanese Thoughts). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Ishida, Takeshi. 2006. Isshin ni shite nishō, hitori ni shite ryōshin: Aru seiji kenkyūsha no senzen to sengo (Two Lives in One Body, Two Bodies in One: The Prewar and the Postwar of One Political Scientist). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Öz
II. Dünya Savaşı Japonya’nın aleyhine sonuçlandıktan sonra ABD tarafından Japonya’da işgal dönemi resmen başlamıştır. Bu dönemde General Douglas MacArthur Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Japonya'daki temsilcisi olarak hareket etmek üzere Müttefik Kuvvetler Yüksek Komutanı (SCAP) olarak atanmıştır. SCAP, Japonya'yı 1945'ten San Francisco Barış Antlaşması’nın işgali resmen sona erdirdiği 1952'ye kadar yönetmiştir. Amerikan’ın Japonya’ya demokrasi ihraç etmeye çalıştığı bu süreçte imparatorun yetkileri sembolik hale getirilerek kısıtlanırken yargı reformu başta olmak üzere temel hak ve hürriyetlerle ilgili önemli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. İşgal döneminde Barış Sorunu Sempozyumu ile başlayan entelektüel hareketlerinin de etkisiyle Amerikan demokrasisi ihracı süreci Japonya’da genel anlamda sorunsuz işlemiş görünse de Güvenlik Anlaşması ve anlaşmanın yeniden görüşülme süreçleri özellikle ilerici entelektüellerin sesinin yükselmesine neden olmuştur. İmparator ve hükümet yanlısı liberal entelektüeller ile yol ayrımına varan anlaşmazlık ve bazı ilerici entelektüellerin de diğer meslektaşlarını uysal bulup bağlı oldukları üniversiteler dışında akademiler kurarak halka ders vermeleri hareketlerin tabana yayılmasına yol açmıştır. Tabana yayılan hareketler, güvenlik anlaşmasının gözden geçirilmesi ve hükümetin anlaşmayı onaylaması ile 1960 Anpo Protestolarında zirveye ulaşmıştır. İşgal döneminden itibaren demokrasiyi ve barışı destekleyen entelektüellerin arasında, Güvenlik Anlaşması ve anlaşmanın yeniden gözden geçirilmesi süreçlerinde ABD güdümlü imparator ve hükümetten yana olan –liberal- entelektüeller ile ülke topraklarında yabancı ordunun konuşlanmasını istemeyen ve komünist ülkelerin de dahil olduğu evrensel barışı destekleyen –ilerici- entelektüeller arasında fikir ayrımı doğmuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Japonya’da işgal döneminden itibaren entelektüellerin siyasallaşma sürecini ve 1960 Anpo (Güvenlik Anlaşmasının Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmesi) Protestolarına neden olan kamusal aktivizmleri ile tabanda oluşturdukları etkiyi analiz etmektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Japonya II. Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Entelektüel Aktivizmi İlerici Entelektüeller
Kaynakça
- Shimizu, Ikutarō. 1992-1993. Shimizu Ikutarō chosakushū (Ikutarō Shimizu Collected Works). Vols. 1-19. Tokyo: Kōdansha.
- Pekkanen, Robert. 2006. Japan’s Dual Civil Society: Members without Advocates. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Takemae, Eji. 1978. “Nihon Kyōsantō ga kaihō sareta hi (The Day When the Japanese Communist Party was Released).” Chūō Kōron 1096: 166-190.
- Takemae, Eiji. 1992. Senryō sengoshi (The History of the Postwar Occupation). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Fukunaga, Fumio. 1995. “Sengo kaikaku to shakaishugi seiryoku (Postwar Reform and Socialist Power).” Pp. 267-301 in Sengo Nihon: Senryō to sengo kaikaku. Vol. 2, edited by Masanori Nakamura et al. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 276
- Gordon, Andrew. 2005. “55-nen taisei to shakai undō (The 1955 Regime and Social Movements).” Pp. 253-289 in Nihonshi kōza: Sengo Nihon hen. Vol. 10, edited by Rekishigaku Kenkyūkai and Nihonshi Kenkyūkai. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.
- Michiba, Chikanobu. 2005. Senryō to heiwa: “Sengo” to iu keiken (The Occupation and Peace: Experiences of “Postwar”). Tokyo: Seidosha.
- Dower, John W. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & New Press. Fukunaga, Fumio. 1995. “Sengo kaikaku to shakaishugi seiryoku (Postwar Reform and Socialist Power).” Pp. 267-301 in Sengo Nihon: Senryō to sengo kaikaku. Vol. 2, edited by Masanori Nakamura et al. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Yoshida, Shigeru. 1962. The Yoshida Memories: The Story of Japan in Crisis. Translated by Kenichi Yoshida. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin; Boston, Riverdale Press.
- Yoshida, Kenji. 2011. “Senryōki no chishikijin undō: ‘Minshu kakumei’ ki no riberarisuto (The Intellectuals’ Movements in the Occupational Period: Liberalists during the ‘Democratic Revolution’).” Pp. 177-216 in “Sengo kakushin seiryoku” no honryū, edited by Jin Igarashi. Tokyo: Ōtshuki Shoten.
- Sakamoto, Kazuya. 2000. Nichibei dōmei no kizuna: Anpo jōyaku to sōgosei no mosaku (The Bond of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty: The Anpo Treaty and the Search for Mutuality). Tokyo: Yūhikaku.
- Saitō, Ichirō. 1962. Anpo tōsōshi (The History of the Anpo Struggle). Tokyo: San’ichi Shobō.
- Packard, George R. III, 1966. Protest in Tokyo: The Security Treaty Crisis of 1960. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Minaguchi, Kōzō. 1968. Anpo tōsōshi (The History of the Anpo Struggle). Tokyo: Shakai Shinpō.
- Karabel, Jerome. 1996. “Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics.” Theory and Society 25(2): 205-233.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market. Translated by Richard Nice. New York: New York Press.
- Büyükokutan, Barış. 2010a. “Dynamics of Politicization in the Twentieth-Century U.S. Poetry Field.” PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Büyükokutan, Barış. 2010b. “ ‘Autonomy from What?’: Populism, Universities, and the U.S. Poetry Field, 1910-1975.” Political Power and Social Theory 21: 3-48.
- Maruyama, Masao. [1946] 1964. “Chōkokkashugi no ronri to shinri (Logic and Psychology of Ultranationalism).” Pp. 1-24 in Gendai seiji no shishō to kōdō. Expanded edition. Tokyo: Miraisha.
- Maruyama, Masao. [1977] 1996. “Kindai Nihon no chishikijin (Intellectuals in Modern Japan).” Pp. 223-268 in Maruyama Masao shū (Maruyama Masao Collection). Vol. 10. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Tsurumi, Shunsuke, Chizuko Ueno, and Eiji Oguma. 2004. Sensō ga nokoshita mono: Tsurumi Shunsuke ni sengo sedai ga kiku (The Legacy of the War: Inquiries to Shunsuke Tsurumi from the Postwar Generation). Tokyo: Shinyōsha.
- Oguma, Eiji. 2003. Kanagawa Daigaku hyōron bukkuretto 26: Shimizu Ikutarō: Aru sengo chishikijin no kiseki (Kanagawa University, Booklet Series 26: Ikutarō Shimizu: The Trajectory of A Postwar Intellectual). Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobō.
- Hein, Laura. 2003. “Statistics for Democracy: Economics as Politics in Occupied Japan.” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 11(3): 765-778.
- Hanawa, Sakura. 1990. Iwanami monogatari: Watashi no sengoshi (The Story of Iwanami: My Personal Postwar History). Mito, JP: Hanawa Sakura Chosaku Kankō Iinkai.
- Yoshino, Genzaburō. 1995. “Sengo” e no ketsubetsu: “Sekai” henshū kōki 1956-60-nen (Breakaway for the “Postwar”: Editors’ Postscripts in Sekai between 1956 and 1960 ). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Gotō, Motō, Uchida Kenzō, and Ishikawa Masumi. 1982. Sengo hoshu seiji no kiseki: Yoshida naikaku kara Suzuki naikaku made (The Trajectory of Postwar Conservative Politics: From the Yoshida Cabinet to the Suzuki Cabinet). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Burawoy, Michael. 2005. “For Public Sociology.” American Sociological Review 70(1): 4-28.
- Oku, Takenori. 2007. Rondan no sengoshi (The Postwar History of Rondan). Tokyo: Heibonsha.
- Takeuchi, Yō. 2005. Maruyama Masao no jidai: Daigaku, chishikijin, jānarizumu (The Era of Masao Maruyama: Universities, Intellectuals, and Journalism). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha.
- Masuda, Hiroshi. 1996a. GHQ Nihon senryōshi: Kōshoku tsuihō (The History of GHQ’s Occupation in Japan: The Purge at Public Offices). Vol. 6. Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Sentā.
- Krämer, Hans Martin. 2005. “Just Who Reversed the Course? The Red Purge in Higher Education during the Occupation of Japan.” Social Science Japan Journal 8(1): 1-18.
- Ōno, Akio. 1967. Zengakuren keppūroku (Bloody Record of the Zengakuren). Tokyo: 20-seikisha.
- Tsuda, Sōkichi. 1946. “Kenkoku no jijō to bansei ikkei no shisō (The Condition of Nation-Building and Thoughts on the Unbroken Line of Emperors).” Sekai 4: 29-54.
- Kersten, Rikki. 1996. Democracy in Postwar Japan: Maruyama Masao and the Search for Autonomy. London; New York: Routledge.
- Kuno, Osamu, Shunsuke Tsurumi, and Shōzō Fujita. [1959] 2010. Sengo Nihon no shisō (The Postwar Japanese Thoughts). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Ishida, Takeshi. 2006. Isshin ni shite nishō, hitori ni shite ryōshin: Aru seiji kenkyūsha no senzen to sengo (Two Lives in One Body, Two Bodies in One: The Prewar and the Postwar of One Political Scientist). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Karşılaştırmalı Siyasi Hareketler, Siyasal Akımlar, Siyasal İletişim, Siyasal Teori ve Siyaset Felsefesi, Siyaset Bilimi Metodolojisi, Siyasi Düşünce Tarihi, Uluslararası Siyaset, Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 17 Aralık 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2 |
