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Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Geçerli Mi? AB Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 654 - 666, 26.04.2024

Elif Koçak

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1418339

Öz

Çevre kirliliği ve küresel ısınma tüm dünyanın ortak gündem başlıkları arasında yer almaktadır. Küresel ısınmanın en öncül tetikleyicisi konumunda ise karbondioksit (CO2) emisyonu bulunmaktadır. Büyük ölçüde yenilenemeyen enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen ekonomik kalkınma ve sanayileşme faaliyetleri CO2 emisyonunun artmasına neden olmaktadır. Fosil yakıtlar çevre kirliliğine neden olmasına rağmen maliyetlerinin daha düşük olmasından ötürü enerji yoğun sektörler tarafından kullanılmakta ve ekonomik büyümenin sağlanmasından taviz verilmemektedir. Ancak bazı araştırmacılar söz konusu bu durumun ekonomik büyümenin ilk aşamaları için geçerli olduğunu ve kişi başına düşen gelirin artmasıyla birlikte çevrede iyileşme meydana geleceğini Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) hipotezi aracılığıyla açıklamaktadırlar. EKC hipotezi ekonomik büyümenin ilk aşamalarında çevresel bozulmanın arttığını ancak ekonomik büyümenin ilerleyen aşamalarında ölçek, kompozisyon ve teknik etkiler sayesinde çevresel bozulmanın azalacağını öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı EKC hipotezinin geçerli olup olmadığını incelemektir. Bu bağlamda 17 AB ülkesinin (Almanya, Belçika, Avusturya, Danimarka, Bulgaristan, İrlanda, Çekya, Finlandiya, Fransa, İtalya, Lüksemburg, Hollanda, Malta, Portekiz, Romanya, Yunanistan ve İspanya) 1993-2018 yılları arası baz alınarak elde edilen veriler ikinci nesil panel veri teknikleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ekonomik büyümenin ilk aşamalarında çevre kirliliği artarken, ekonomik büyümenin ilerleyen aşamalarında çevre kirliliğinin azaldığı tespit edilerek EKC hipotezi doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca söz konusu ülkelerin EKC dönüm noktası hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre EKC dönüm noktasına ulaşan ülkeler Almanya, İrlanda, Belçika, Danimarka, Finlandiya, Avusturya, Fransa, Lüksemburg ve Hollanda olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

EKC Hipotezi Ekonomik Büyüme CO2 Emisyonu CCE-MG

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, K. R., Awan, A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S. & Banday, T. P. (2023). Investigating the inverted N-shape EKC in the presence of renewable and nuclear energy in a global sample. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 25(4), 1179-1194.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S. & Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve?. Energy policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Aung, T. S., Saboori, B. & Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017). Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: An analysis of environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 20487-20501.
  • Balaguer, J. & Cantavella, M. (2016). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for Spain by considering fuel oil prices (1874–2011). Ecological Indicators, 60, 853-859.
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A. & Cantos, J. M. (2015). Public budgets for energy RD&D and the effects on energy intensity and pollution levels. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 4881-4892.
  • Barış-Tüzemen, Ö., Tüzemen, S. & Çelik, A. K. (2020). Does an N-shaped association exist between pollution and ICT in Turkey? ARDL and quantile regression approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 20786-20799.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Brock, W. A. & Taylor, M. S. (2005). Economic growth and the environment: A review of theory and empirics. Handbook of economic growth, 1, 1749-1821.
  • Charfeddine, L. & Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335.
  • Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. & Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of economic perspectives, 16(1), 147-168.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Dogan, E. & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: Evidence from European countries. Environmental science and pollution research, 27, 12717-12724.
  • Esteve, V. & Tamarit, C. (2012). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for Spain? Fresh evidence from old data. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2696-2703.
  • Etokakpan, M. U., Akadiri, S. S. & Alola, A. A. (2021). Natural gas consumption-economic output and environmental sustainability target in China: An N-shaped hypothesis inference. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 37741-37753.
  • Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, C. I. & Ferreira, F. A. (2020). Technology transfer, climate change mitigation, and environmental patent impact on sustainability and economic growth: A comparison of European countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119770.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. (No. w3914).
  • Hao, Y. & Liu, Y. M. (2016). The influential factors of urban PM2. 5 concentrations in China: A spatial econometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner production, 112, 1443-1453.
  • IPCC, (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Ison, S. and S. Wall. (2006). Economics, (Fourth Edition), Prentice Hall, EssexEngland.
  • Javid, M. & Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 406-414.
  • Jebli, M. B. & Youssef, S. B. (2015). The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 173-185.
  • Kasman, A. & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income ınequality, The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.1–28.
  • Lindmark, M. (2002). An EKC-pattern in historical perspective: Carbon dioxide emissions, technology, fuel prices and growth in Sweden 1870–1997. Ecological economics, 42(1-2), 333-347.
  • Liu, J. & Ran, M. (2014). Effect of the intensity of environmental regulation on production technology progress in 17 industries: Evidence from China. Pol J Environ Stud, 23(6), 2071-2081.
  • Lombardini, S. (1996), Growth and Economic Development (Great Britian Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publising Limited).
  • Lorente, D. B. & Álvarez-Herranz, A. (2016). Economic growth and energy regulation in the environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(16), 16478-16494.
  • Magnani, E. (2001). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Development path or policy result?. Environmental Modelling & Software, 16(2), 157-165.
  • Manga, M., Cengiz, O. & Destek, M. A. (2023). Is export quality a viable option for sustainable development paths of Asian countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 50022-50045.
  • Munasinghe, M. (1999). Is environmental degradation an inevitable consequence of economic growth: Tunneling through the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological economics, 29(1), 89-109.
  • Ozturk, I. & Acaravci, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Narcisse, M., Zhang, S., Shahid, M. S. & Shehzad, K. (2023). Investigating the N-shaped EKC in China: An imperious role of energy use and health expenditures. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1149507.
  • Nasreen, S., Anwar, S. & Ozturk, I. (2017). Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122.
  • Nasrollahi, Z., Hashemi, M. S., Bameri, S. & Mohamad Taghvaee, V. (2020). Environmental pollution, economic growth, population, industrialization, and technology in weak and strong sustainability: Using STIRPAT model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 1105-1122.
  • Newey, W. K. & West, K. D. (1994). Automatic lag selection in covariance matrix estimation. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(4), 631-653.
  • Omisakin, D. & Olusegun, A. (2009). Economic growth and environmental quality in Nigeria: Does environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis hold?. Environmental Research Journal, 3(1), 14-18.
  • Ozturk, I. & Acaravci, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Ozturk, I. & Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-330.
  • Pal, D. & Mitra, S. K. (2017). The environmental Kuznets curve for carbon dioxide in India and China: Growth and pollution at crossroad. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(2), 371-385.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 35 Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
  • Rashdan, M. O. J., Faisal, F., Tursoy, T. & Pervaiz, R. (2021). Investigating the N-shape EKC using capture fisheries as a biodiversity indicator: empirical evidence from selected 14 emerging countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(27), 36344-36353.
  • Rehman, M. U. & Rashid, M. (2017). Energy consumption to environmental degradation, the growth appetite in SAARC nations. Renewable energy, 111, 284-294.
  • Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. B. & Mohd, S. (2012). An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Indonesia: The role of energy consumption and foreign trade. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 243-251.
  • Shafik, N. & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. & Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M. K., Shah, S. H. & Sato, J. R. (2016). Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth nexus: Statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48.
  • Sinha, A., Shahbaz, M. & Balsalobre, D. (2017). Exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in N-11 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1217-1229.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Soytas, U. & Sari, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological economics, 68(6), 1667-1675.
  • Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439
  • Tekbaş, M. (2023). The relationship between financial ınnovation and environmental pollution in OECD Countries. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 5(3), 195-207.
  • Wang, S. S., Zhou, D. Q., Zhou, P. & Wang, Q. W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis. Energy policy, 39(9), 4870-4875.
  • Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Lu, A., Li, L., He, Y., ToJo, J. & Zhu, X. (2017). A disaggregated analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for industrial CO2 emissions in China. Applied Energy, 190, 172-180.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxf Bull Econ Stat., 69:709–48.
  • Yandle, B., Vijayaraghavan, M. & Bhattarai, M. (2002). The environmental Kuznets curve. A Primer, PERC Research Study, 02-01.
  • Zhang, K H. (2006), Foreign direct ınvestment and economic growth in China: A Panel Data Study for 1992- 2004, The Conference of WTO, China and Asian Economies, China in June 24-25.
  • Zhao, Y., Wang, S. & Zhou, C. (2016). Understanding the relation between urbanization and the eco-environment in China's Yangtze River Delta using an improved EKC model and coupling analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 862-875.

Is The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Valid? Evidence From EU Countries

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 654 - 666, 26.04.2024

Elif Koçak

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1418339

Öz

Environmental pollution and global warming are among the common agenda topics of the whole world. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are the primary trigger of global warming. Economic development and industrialization activities, which are largely based on the use of non-renewable energy resources, cause an increase in CO2 emissions. Although fossil fuels cause environmental pollution, they are used by energy-intensive sectors due to their lower costs, and economic growth is not compromised. However, according to the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), some researchers explain that this situation is valid for the early stages of economic growth and that the environment will improve as per capita income increases. According to the EKC hypothesis, environmental degradation increases in the early stages of economic growth but decreases in the later stages due to scale, composition, and technical effects. The goal of this study is to see if the EKC hypothesis is correct. In this context, data obtained from 17 EU countries (Germany, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, Ireland, Czechia, Finland, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Greece and Spain) based on the period 1993-2018. It was analyzed with second generation panel data techniques. As a result, it has been determined that, while environmental pollution increases during the early stages of economic growth, it decreases during the later stages of economic growth. Additionally, it was investigated whether the countries in question had reached the Environmental Kuznets Curve turning point. Accordingly, it was determined that the countries that reached the EKC turning point were Germany, Ireland, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Austria, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Anahtar Kelimeler

EKC Hypothesis CO2 Emission Economic Growth CCE-MG

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, K. R., Awan, A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S. & Banday, T. P. (2023). Investigating the inverted N-shape EKC in the presence of renewable and nuclear energy in a global sample. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 25(4), 1179-1194.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S. & Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve?. Energy policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Aung, T. S., Saboori, B. & Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017). Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: An analysis of environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 20487-20501.
  • Balaguer, J. & Cantavella, M. (2016). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for Spain by considering fuel oil prices (1874–2011). Ecological Indicators, 60, 853-859.
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A. & Cantos, J. M. (2015). Public budgets for energy RD&D and the effects on energy intensity and pollution levels. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 4881-4892.
  • Barış-Tüzemen, Ö., Tüzemen, S. & Çelik, A. K. (2020). Does an N-shaped association exist between pollution and ICT in Turkey? ARDL and quantile regression approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 20786-20799.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Brock, W. A. & Taylor, M. S. (2005). Economic growth and the environment: A review of theory and empirics. Handbook of economic growth, 1, 1749-1821.
  • Charfeddine, L. & Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335.
  • Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. & Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of economic perspectives, 16(1), 147-168.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Dogan, E. & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: Evidence from European countries. Environmental science and pollution research, 27, 12717-12724.
  • Esteve, V. & Tamarit, C. (2012). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for Spain? Fresh evidence from old data. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2696-2703.
  • Etokakpan, M. U., Akadiri, S. S. & Alola, A. A. (2021). Natural gas consumption-economic output and environmental sustainability target in China: An N-shaped hypothesis inference. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 37741-37753.
  • Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, C. I. & Ferreira, F. A. (2020). Technology transfer, climate change mitigation, and environmental patent impact on sustainability and economic growth: A comparison of European countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119770.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. (No. w3914).
  • Hao, Y. & Liu, Y. M. (2016). The influential factors of urban PM2. 5 concentrations in China: A spatial econometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner production, 112, 1443-1453.
  • IPCC, (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Ison, S. and S. Wall. (2006). Economics, (Fourth Edition), Prentice Hall, EssexEngland.
  • Javid, M. & Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 406-414.
  • Jebli, M. B. & Youssef, S. B. (2015). The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 173-185.
  • Kasman, A. & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income ınequality, The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.1–28.
  • Lindmark, M. (2002). An EKC-pattern in historical perspective: Carbon dioxide emissions, technology, fuel prices and growth in Sweden 1870–1997. Ecological economics, 42(1-2), 333-347.
  • Liu, J. & Ran, M. (2014). Effect of the intensity of environmental regulation on production technology progress in 17 industries: Evidence from China. Pol J Environ Stud, 23(6), 2071-2081.
  • Lombardini, S. (1996), Growth and Economic Development (Great Britian Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publising Limited).
  • Lorente, D. B. & Álvarez-Herranz, A. (2016). Economic growth and energy regulation in the environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(16), 16478-16494.
  • Magnani, E. (2001). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Development path or policy result?. Environmental Modelling & Software, 16(2), 157-165.
  • Manga, M., Cengiz, O. & Destek, M. A. (2023). Is export quality a viable option for sustainable development paths of Asian countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 50022-50045.
  • Munasinghe, M. (1999). Is environmental degradation an inevitable consequence of economic growth: Tunneling through the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological economics, 29(1), 89-109.
  • Ozturk, I. & Acaravci, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Narcisse, M., Zhang, S., Shahid, M. S. & Shehzad, K. (2023). Investigating the N-shaped EKC in China: An imperious role of energy use and health expenditures. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1149507.
  • Nasreen, S., Anwar, S. & Ozturk, I. (2017). Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122.
  • Nasrollahi, Z., Hashemi, M. S., Bameri, S. & Mohamad Taghvaee, V. (2020). Environmental pollution, economic growth, population, industrialization, and technology in weak and strong sustainability: Using STIRPAT model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 1105-1122.
  • Newey, W. K. & West, K. D. (1994). Automatic lag selection in covariance matrix estimation. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(4), 631-653.
  • Omisakin, D. & Olusegun, A. (2009). Economic growth and environmental quality in Nigeria: Does environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis hold?. Environmental Research Journal, 3(1), 14-18.
  • Ozturk, I. & Acaravci, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Ozturk, I. & Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-330.
  • Pal, D. & Mitra, S. K. (2017). The environmental Kuznets curve for carbon dioxide in India and China: Growth and pollution at crossroad. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(2), 371-385.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 35 Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
  • Rashdan, M. O. J., Faisal, F., Tursoy, T. & Pervaiz, R. (2021). Investigating the N-shape EKC using capture fisheries as a biodiversity indicator: empirical evidence from selected 14 emerging countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(27), 36344-36353.
  • Rehman, M. U. & Rashid, M. (2017). Energy consumption to environmental degradation, the growth appetite in SAARC nations. Renewable energy, 111, 284-294.
  • Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. B. & Mohd, S. (2012). An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Indonesia: The role of energy consumption and foreign trade. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 243-251.
  • Shafik, N. & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. & Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M. K., Shah, S. H. & Sato, J. R. (2016). Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth nexus: Statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48.
  • Sinha, A., Shahbaz, M. & Balsalobre, D. (2017). Exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in N-11 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1217-1229.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Soytas, U. & Sari, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological economics, 68(6), 1667-1675.
  • Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439
  • Tekbaş, M. (2023). The relationship between financial ınnovation and environmental pollution in OECD Countries. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 5(3), 195-207.
  • Wang, S. S., Zhou, D. Q., Zhou, P. & Wang, Q. W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis. Energy policy, 39(9), 4870-4875.
  • Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Lu, A., Li, L., He, Y., ToJo, J. & Zhu, X. (2017). A disaggregated analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for industrial CO2 emissions in China. Applied Energy, 190, 172-180.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxf Bull Econ Stat., 69:709–48.
  • Yandle, B., Vijayaraghavan, M. & Bhattarai, M. (2002). The environmental Kuznets curve. A Primer, PERC Research Study, 02-01.
  • Zhang, K H. (2006), Foreign direct ınvestment and economic growth in China: A Panel Data Study for 1992- 2004, The Conference of WTO, China and Asian Economies, China in June 24-25.
  • Zhao, Y., Wang, S. & Zhou, C. (2016). Understanding the relation between urbanization and the eco-environment in China's Yangtze River Delta using an improved EKC model and coupling analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 862-875.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Panel Veri Analizi , Yatay Kesit Analizi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Elif Koçak 0000-0003-2662-6565

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçak, E. (2024). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Geçerli Mi? AB Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 654-666. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1418339
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