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A JUNGIAN ECOPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO FANTASY LITERATURE: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 15, 1 - 17, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.1271617

Öz

With its magical geographies, enchanting elements, and characters, fantasy literature has discussed and presented many issues including nature. The writers employ nature to reinforce their magical plots. Even, nature sometimes appears as a character whose agency may direct the course of events. Besides, in fantasy literature, the writers create new myths where the beginning of life and the meaning of existence are questioned, re-imagined and re-created within the context of an extraordinary environment. Mythologies are closely concerned with nature and regarded as an attempt to make sense of the natural world humans belong to. In that sense, fantasy literature becomes much more significant for ecological studies. When we think of characters’ psychological states and emotional responses to natural elements and occurrences, the genre offers a remarkably suitable frame for us to analyse character-nature relations from an ecopsychological perspective. Ecopsychology, the common ground of ecology and psychology, underlines the strong interconnection between human psyche and nature. By putting emphasis on the significant role nature plays in fantastic literature, this article aims to offer a theoretical framework to display how fantastic literature can provide a fertile ground for ecopsychological literary analysis and understanding. Since ecopsychology is a broad field, the focus will be specifically placed on Jungian ecopsychology.

Kaynakça

  • Aizenstat, Stephen. “Jung Psychology and the World Unconscious”. in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Campbell, Joseph. The Hero With a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Commoner, Barry. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. 1st edition. New York: Random House, 1971.
  • Fisher, Andy. Radical Ecopsychology. 2nd Revised ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013.
  • Glotfelty, Cheryll. “Introduction: Literary studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Greenway, Robert. “The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology”. in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allan D. Kanner, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Guin, Ursula K. Le. A Wizard of Earthsea. Illustrated edition. Clarion Books, 2012.
  • ———. The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction. Revised edition. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993.
  • Hall, Calvin S., and Vernon J. Nordby. A Primer of Jungian Psychology. Chicago: Mentor Trademark, 1973.
  • Hoad, T. F., ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Jung & the Environment | Dennis Merritt. 2022. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROF8cV4Adak. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
  • Jung, C. G. Modern Man in Search of a Soul. trans. W. S. Dell and Cary F. Baynes. New York: Harvest Books, 1955.
  • ———. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Edited by Aniela Jaffé. trans. Clara Winston and Richard Winston. Reissue edition. New York: Vintage, 1989.
  • ———. “Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious”. trans. R.F.C. Hull. in The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. ed. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler. London: Routledge, 1969.
  • ———. “The Meaning of Psychology for Modern Man”. in Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 10: Civilization in Transition. ed. Gerhard Adler and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 1970.
  • Love, Glen A. “Revaluing Nature: Towards an Ecological Criticism”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Martin, George R.R. “George R.R. Martin”. in The Faces of Fantasy: Photographs by Patti Parret. ed. James Frenkel, New York:Tom Doherty Associates, 1996.
  • Merritt, D.L. Jung and the Environment. Youtube.
  • ——— “Sacred Landscapes, Sacred Seasons: A Jungian Ecopsychological Perspective”. in The Archeology of Semiotics and the Social Order of Things. ed. George Nash and George Children. Oxford: British Archeological Report, 2008, 153.
  • Metzner, Ralph. Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationship to the Earth. Vermont: Park Street Press, 1999.
  • Neil Gaiman Interview, 2017: Norse Gods, Donald Trump and Learning from Mythology, 2017. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zHCpEnCy8I. (Accessed Date 12 May 2021).
  • Oppermann, Serpil. “Ecocriticism: Natural World in the Literary Viewfinder”. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters. 16/2, (1999): 31.
  • Roszak, Theodore. The Voice of the Earth. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
  • ———. “Where Pysche Meets Gaia”, in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Ruekert, William. “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Smith, Daniel B. ‘Is There an Ecological Unconscious?’ The New York Times, 27 January 2010, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31ecopsych-t.html.
  • Todorov, Tsvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. trans. Richard Howard. London: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1973.
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. The Fellowship of the Ring. London: Harper Collins, 2017.
  • ———. The Monsters and the Critics: And Other Essays. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Harper Collins, 2006.
  • White Jr., Lynn. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Yunt, Jeremy D. “Jung’s Contribution to an Ecological Psychology”. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 41/2 (1 April 2001): 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167801412007.

FANTEZİ EDEBİYATINA JUNGİYEN EKOPSİKOLOJİK BİR YAKLAŞIM: KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 15, 1 - 17, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.1271617

Öz

Sihirli coğrafyaları ve büyülü unsurlarıyla, fantastik edebiyat doğayı da içeren birçok konuyu tartışmış ve sunmuştur. Yazarlar doğayı büyülü olay örgülerini sağlamlaştırmak için kullanırlar. Hatta doğa bazen doğa, öznelliği olayların akışını yönlendirebilecek bir karakter olarak ortaya çıkar. Bunun yanı sıra fantastik edebiyatta yazarlar hayatın başlangıcının ve varoluşun anlamının doğaüstü bir çevre bağlamında tekrar hayal edilip yaratıldığı yeni mitler yaratırlar. Mitolojiler doğayla yakından ilişkilidir ve insanların ait olduğu doğal dünyayı anlamlandırmak için bir girişim olarak kabul edilir. Karakterlerin psikolojik durumlarını ve doğa unsurlarına ve olaylarına verdikleri duygusal tepkileri düşündüğümüzde bu edebi tür karakter-doğa ilişkisini ekopsikolojik açıdan incelememiz için oldukça uygun bir çerçeve sunar. Ekoloji ve psikolojinin ortak paydası ekopsikoloji insan ruhu ve doğa arasındaki güçlü bağlantının altını çizer. Doğanın fantastik edebiyatta oynadığı önemli role vurgu yaparak bu makale fantastik edebiyatın ekopsikolojik edebi analiz ve anlayış için nasıl verimli bir zemin sağladığını sergileyen teorik bir çerçeve önermeyi amaçlar. Ekopsikoloji geniş bir alan olduğu için odak noktası özellikle Jung’un ekopsikolojisine yerleştirilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Aizenstat, Stephen. “Jung Psychology and the World Unconscious”. in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Campbell, Joseph. The Hero With a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Commoner, Barry. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. 1st edition. New York: Random House, 1971.
  • Fisher, Andy. Radical Ecopsychology. 2nd Revised ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013.
  • Glotfelty, Cheryll. “Introduction: Literary studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Greenway, Robert. “The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology”. in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allan D. Kanner, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Guin, Ursula K. Le. A Wizard of Earthsea. Illustrated edition. Clarion Books, 2012.
  • ———. The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction. Revised edition. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993.
  • Hall, Calvin S., and Vernon J. Nordby. A Primer of Jungian Psychology. Chicago: Mentor Trademark, 1973.
  • Hoad, T. F., ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Jung & the Environment | Dennis Merritt. 2022. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROF8cV4Adak. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
  • Jung, C. G. Modern Man in Search of a Soul. trans. W. S. Dell and Cary F. Baynes. New York: Harvest Books, 1955.
  • ———. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Edited by Aniela Jaffé. trans. Clara Winston and Richard Winston. Reissue edition. New York: Vintage, 1989.
  • ———. “Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious”. trans. R.F.C. Hull. in The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. ed. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler. London: Routledge, 1969.
  • ———. “The Meaning of Psychology for Modern Man”. in Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 10: Civilization in Transition. ed. Gerhard Adler and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 1970.
  • Love, Glen A. “Revaluing Nature: Towards an Ecological Criticism”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Martin, George R.R. “George R.R. Martin”. in The Faces of Fantasy: Photographs by Patti Parret. ed. James Frenkel, New York:Tom Doherty Associates, 1996.
  • Merritt, D.L. Jung and the Environment. Youtube.
  • ——— “Sacred Landscapes, Sacred Seasons: A Jungian Ecopsychological Perspective”. in The Archeology of Semiotics and the Social Order of Things. ed. George Nash and George Children. Oxford: British Archeological Report, 2008, 153.
  • Metzner, Ralph. Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationship to the Earth. Vermont: Park Street Press, 1999.
  • Neil Gaiman Interview, 2017: Norse Gods, Donald Trump and Learning from Mythology, 2017. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zHCpEnCy8I. (Accessed Date 12 May 2021).
  • Oppermann, Serpil. “Ecocriticism: Natural World in the Literary Viewfinder”. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters. 16/2, (1999): 31.
  • Roszak, Theodore. The Voice of the Earth. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
  • ———. “Where Pysche Meets Gaia”, in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth Healing the Mind. ed. Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
  • Ruekert, William. “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Smith, Daniel B. ‘Is There an Ecological Unconscious?’ The New York Times, 27 January 2010, sec. Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31ecopsych-t.html.
  • Todorov, Tsvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. trans. Richard Howard. London: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1973.
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. The Fellowship of the Ring. London: Harper Collins, 2017.
  • ———. The Monsters and the Critics: And Other Essays. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Harper Collins, 2006.
  • White Jr., Lynn. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis”. in The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Yunt, Jeremy D. “Jung’s Contribution to an Ecological Psychology”. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 41/2 (1 April 2001): 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167801412007.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Banu Akçeşme 0000-0002-8217-9360

Cansu Özdemir Ağlar 0000-0002-8576-5904

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Akçeşme, Banu, ve Cansu Özdemir Ağlar. “A JUNGIAN ECOPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO FANTASY LITERATURE: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK”. KARE, sy. 15 (Temmuz 2023): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.1271617.

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