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Koronavirüs Salgını ve Bilinirliğinin Bitcoin ile Kıymetli Metal Fiyatları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Nedensellik Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 2229 - 2250, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.941153

Öz

Çin’de Aralık 2019‘da bir salgın hastalık olarak ortaya çıkan Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Mart 2020 tarihi itibariyle Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından bir pandemi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Koronavirüsle ilgili yaşanan gelişmeler piyasalar için şok etkisi yaratmış ve piyasalar için bir tehdit olarak görülmüştür. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmada, salgının küresel piyasalarda düşük riskli varlık olarak görülen değerli metaller ve Bitcoin fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmada salgının seyrindeki gelişmelerin Bitcoin ve değerli metallerin fiyatlarına etkilerini tespit etmek amacıyla DSÖ tarafından onaylanmış günlük COVID-19 vaka sayıları ve Google trends verileri ile Bitcoin, Altın, Gümüş, Platinyum, Paladyum fiyat serileri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. 19.01.2020 – 31.03.2021 tarihleri arası günlük verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın bulgularına göre; COVID-19 vaka sayıları ile Bitcoin ve değerli metaller arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilemezken, COVID-19 bilinirliğinin gümüş dışındaki kıymetli metallerin fiyatları ile Bitcoin fiyatlarını güçlü bir biçimde etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca COVID-19 onaylanmış vakalar ile COVID-19 bilinirliği arasında karşlıklı bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Açacak, A., Gülsar, E., and Meriç, E. (2020). Kıymetli madenlerin birbirleriyle ilişkisi: asimetrik nedensellik, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 28-37.
  • Aksoy, M. and Topçu, N. (2013). Altın ile hisse senedi ve enflasyon arasındaki ilişki, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 27(1), 59-78.
  • Arouri, M.E.H., Hammoudeh, S., Lahiani, A., and Nguyen, D.K. (2012). Long memory and structural breaks in modeling the return and volatility dynamics of precious metals, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 52(2), 207-218.
  • Avşarlıgil, N. (2020). Covid-19 salgının Bitcoin ve diğer finansal piyasalar ile ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme, Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 4(3) 665-682.
  • Balcılar, M., Bouri, E., Gupta, R. and Roubaud, D. (2017). Can Volume Predict Bitcoin Returns and Volatility? A Quantiles-Based Approach, Economic Modelling, 64, 74-81.
  • Barnett, T., Whiteside, A., Khodakevich, L., Kruglov, Y. and Steshenko, V. (2000). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: Its potential social and economic ımpact, Social Science & Medicine, 51(9), 1387-1403.
  • Batten, J. A., Ciner, C. and Lucey, B. M. (2010). The macroeconomic determinants of volatility in precious metals markets, Resources Policy, 35(2), 65-71.
  • Bhatia, V., Das, D., Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M. and Hasim, H. M. (2018). Do precious metal spot prices influence each other? Evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach, Resources policy, (55), 244-252.
  • Blau, B. M. (2017). Price dynamics and speculative trading in Bitcoin, Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 493-499.
  • Bobdey S. and Ray, S. (2020). Going viral-covid-19 impact assessment: a perspective beyond clinical practice, Journal of Marine Medical Society, 22(1), 9-12.
  • Bouri, E., Azzi, G. and Dyhrberg, A. H. (2017a). On the Return-Volatility Relationship in the Bitcoin Market Around the Price Crash of 2013, SSRN Electronic Journal. 11(2017-2), 1-16. Doi:10.2139/ssrn.2869855
  • Bouri, E., Gupta, R., Lahiani, A. and Shahbaz, M. (2018). Testing for asymmetric nonlinear short-and long-run relationships between Bitcoin, aggregate commodity and gold prices, Resources Policy, 57, 224-235.
  • Bouri, E., Gupta, R., Tiwari, A.K. and Roubaud, D. (2017b). Does Bitcoin Hedge Global Uncertainty? Evidence from Wavelet-Based Quantile-in-Quantile Regressions, Finance Research Letters, 23, 87-95.
  • Bouri, E., Jalkh, N., Molnár, P. and Roubaud, D. (2017c). Bitcoin for energy commodities before and after the december 2013 crash: diversifier, hedge or safe haven, Applied Economics, 49(50), 5063-5073.
  • Bouri, E., Molnár, P., Azzi, G., Roubaud, D. and Hagfors, L.I. (2017d). On the hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin: is it really more than a diversifier?, Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198.
  • Brempong, K. G. and Wilson, M., (2003). Health human capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44(2), 296-320.
  • Cermak, V. (2017). Can Bitcoin become a viable alternative to fiat currencies? An empirical analysis of bitcoin’s volatility based on a GARCH Model, SSRN Electronic Journal, Doi:10.2139/ssrn.2961405
  • Çelik, İ., Akkuş, H. T. and Gülcan, N. (2019), Emtia piyasalarında rasyonel balonlar ve volatilite yayılımlarının araştırılması: değerli metallerden kanıtlar, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 936-951.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin testi: yapısal kırılma ve nedensellik analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 162-171.
  • Dyhrberg, A. H. (2016). Bitcoin, gold and the dollar- A GARCH volatility analysis, Finance Research Letters, (16), 85-92.
  • Google Trends (2020). Coronavirus Research Dates, https://trends. google.com/ trends/?geo=TR, [Date of Access: 1 April 2021].
  • Gujarati, D. (2016), Örneklerle ekonometri (Çev. Nasip BOLATOĞLU), BB101 yayınları, ANKARA.
  • Investing.com (2020). Commodities and Crypto, https://www.investing.com/, [Date of Access: 1 April 2021].
  • Karataş, T. and Ürkmez, E. (2013). Küresel kriz sürecinde altın fiyatlarını etkileyen dinamikler, International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2013, Beykent Üniversitesi, September 17-18, 2013, St. Petersburg-Russia, 558-564.
  • Lee, Chien C. and Chun P. CHANG; (2008), Unemployment hysteresis in OECD countries: centurial time series evidence with structural breaks, Economic Modelling, 25(2), 312–325.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break, Department of Economics Working Papers, No:04-17, Appalachian State University.
  • Lucey, B.M. and Li, S. (2015). What precious metals act as safe havens, and when? Some US evidence, Applied Economics Letters, 22(1), 35-45.
  • Luo, S. and Tsang, K.P. (2020). How much of china and world GDP has the coronavirus reduced?, Forthcoming, Contemporary Economic Policy, Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3543760
  • Ministry of Health (2020). COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu): Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı, Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/ covid-19rehberigenelbilgile repidemiyoloji vetanipdf.pdf, [Date of Access: 1 January 2021].
  • Özcan, B. (2012). İşsizlik histerisi hipotezi OECD ülkeleri için geçerli mi? Yapisal kırılmalı birim kök analizi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 95-117.
  • Peng, Y., Albuquerque, P.H.M., Camboim de S.J.M., Padula, A.J.A. and Montenegro, M.R. (2018). The best of two worlds: forecasting high frequency volatility for cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies with support vector regression, Expert Systems with Applications, 177-192.
  • Reboredo, J.C. (2013). Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements?, Resources Policy, 38(2), 130-137.
  • Singla, R., Mishra, A., Joshi, R., Jha, S., Sharma, A., Upadhyay, S., Sarma, P., Prakash, A. and Medhi, B. (2020). Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: A Critical Appraisal of Scientific Evidence, Veterinary Research Communications, 44, 119-130.
  • Şahin, D. and Durmuş, S. (2018). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, İhracat ve Hisse Senedi Fiyatları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisinin Analizi, Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 808-825.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Jana, R. K., Das, D. and Roubaud, D. (2018). Informational efficiency of bitcoin-an extension, Economics Letters, 163, 106-109.
  • Toda, H. Y. and Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes, Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225–250.
  • Vijayakumar, K., George, B., Anish, T.S., Rajasi, R.S., Teena, M.J. and Sujina, C.M. (2013). Economic impact of chikungunya epidemic: out-of-pocket health expenditures during the 2007 outbreak in kerala, India, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 44(1), 54-61.
  • WHO (2020). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19), https://www.who.int/news -room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses, [Date of Access: 1 January 2021].
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkiye İçin İşsizlik Histerisinin Sınanması, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
  • Yıldırım, H. (2018). Günlük Bitcoin ile Altın Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Test Edilmesi: 2012-2013 Yılları Arası Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7 (4), 2328-2343.
  • Zeren, F. and Hızarcı, A.E. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 coronavirus on stock markets: evidence from selected countries, Muhasebe ve Finans İncelemeleri Dergisi, 3(1), 78- 84.

The Effect of Coronavirus Pandemic and Recognition on Bitcoin with Precious Metal Prices: A Causality Analysis

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 2229 - 2250, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.941153

Öz

Coronavirus (COVID-19), which emerged as an epidemic in China in December 2019, has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization as of March 2020. Events regarding the coronavirus shocked the markets and were seen as a threat to the markets. In this context, this study aims to examine the effect of the COVID-19 on Bitcoin prices and precious metals which are seen as low-risk assets in global markets.
In the study, the causality relationship between the daily number of COVID-19 cases approved by the WHO and Google trends, and the price series of Bitcoin, Gold, Silver, Platinum, Palladium was investigated to determine the effects of the developments in the course of the epidemic on the prices of Bitcoin and precious metals. Toda-Yamamoto causality test was performed in the study where daily data were used between 19.01.2020-31.03.2021.
According to the findings, a causality relationship could not be determined between the number of COVID-19 cases with Bitcoin and precious metals while it was observed that the recognition of COVID-19 has a very strong causal effect on Bitcoin prices and the prices of other precious metals except silver. In addition, a reciprocal causality relationship has been identified between the confirmed COVID-19 cases and the recognition of COVID-19.

Kaynakça

  • Açacak, A., Gülsar, E., and Meriç, E. (2020). Kıymetli madenlerin birbirleriyle ilişkisi: asimetrik nedensellik, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 28-37.
  • Aksoy, M. and Topçu, N. (2013). Altın ile hisse senedi ve enflasyon arasındaki ilişki, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 27(1), 59-78.
  • Arouri, M.E.H., Hammoudeh, S., Lahiani, A., and Nguyen, D.K. (2012). Long memory and structural breaks in modeling the return and volatility dynamics of precious metals, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 52(2), 207-218.
  • Avşarlıgil, N. (2020). Covid-19 salgının Bitcoin ve diğer finansal piyasalar ile ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme, Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 4(3) 665-682.
  • Balcılar, M., Bouri, E., Gupta, R. and Roubaud, D. (2017). Can Volume Predict Bitcoin Returns and Volatility? A Quantiles-Based Approach, Economic Modelling, 64, 74-81.
  • Barnett, T., Whiteside, A., Khodakevich, L., Kruglov, Y. and Steshenko, V. (2000). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: Its potential social and economic ımpact, Social Science & Medicine, 51(9), 1387-1403.
  • Batten, J. A., Ciner, C. and Lucey, B. M. (2010). The macroeconomic determinants of volatility in precious metals markets, Resources Policy, 35(2), 65-71.
  • Bhatia, V., Das, D., Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M. and Hasim, H. M. (2018). Do precious metal spot prices influence each other? Evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach, Resources policy, (55), 244-252.
  • Blau, B. M. (2017). Price dynamics and speculative trading in Bitcoin, Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 493-499.
  • Bobdey S. and Ray, S. (2020). Going viral-covid-19 impact assessment: a perspective beyond clinical practice, Journal of Marine Medical Society, 22(1), 9-12.
  • Bouri, E., Azzi, G. and Dyhrberg, A. H. (2017a). On the Return-Volatility Relationship in the Bitcoin Market Around the Price Crash of 2013, SSRN Electronic Journal. 11(2017-2), 1-16. Doi:10.2139/ssrn.2869855
  • Bouri, E., Gupta, R., Lahiani, A. and Shahbaz, M. (2018). Testing for asymmetric nonlinear short-and long-run relationships between Bitcoin, aggregate commodity and gold prices, Resources Policy, 57, 224-235.
  • Bouri, E., Gupta, R., Tiwari, A.K. and Roubaud, D. (2017b). Does Bitcoin Hedge Global Uncertainty? Evidence from Wavelet-Based Quantile-in-Quantile Regressions, Finance Research Letters, 23, 87-95.
  • Bouri, E., Jalkh, N., Molnár, P. and Roubaud, D. (2017c). Bitcoin for energy commodities before and after the december 2013 crash: diversifier, hedge or safe haven, Applied Economics, 49(50), 5063-5073.
  • Bouri, E., Molnár, P., Azzi, G., Roubaud, D. and Hagfors, L.I. (2017d). On the hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin: is it really more than a diversifier?, Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198.
  • Brempong, K. G. and Wilson, M., (2003). Health human capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44(2), 296-320.
  • Cermak, V. (2017). Can Bitcoin become a viable alternative to fiat currencies? An empirical analysis of bitcoin’s volatility based on a GARCH Model, SSRN Electronic Journal, Doi:10.2139/ssrn.2961405
  • Çelik, İ., Akkuş, H. T. and Gülcan, N. (2019), Emtia piyasalarında rasyonel balonlar ve volatilite yayılımlarının araştırılması: değerli metallerden kanıtlar, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 936-951.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin testi: yapısal kırılma ve nedensellik analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 162-171.
  • Dyhrberg, A. H. (2016). Bitcoin, gold and the dollar- A GARCH volatility analysis, Finance Research Letters, (16), 85-92.
  • Google Trends (2020). Coronavirus Research Dates, https://trends. google.com/ trends/?geo=TR, [Date of Access: 1 April 2021].
  • Gujarati, D. (2016), Örneklerle ekonometri (Çev. Nasip BOLATOĞLU), BB101 yayınları, ANKARA.
  • Investing.com (2020). Commodities and Crypto, https://www.investing.com/, [Date of Access: 1 April 2021].
  • Karataş, T. and Ürkmez, E. (2013). Küresel kriz sürecinde altın fiyatlarını etkileyen dinamikler, International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2013, Beykent Üniversitesi, September 17-18, 2013, St. Petersburg-Russia, 558-564.
  • Lee, Chien C. and Chun P. CHANG; (2008), Unemployment hysteresis in OECD countries: centurial time series evidence with structural breaks, Economic Modelling, 25(2), 312–325.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break, Department of Economics Working Papers, No:04-17, Appalachian State University.
  • Lucey, B.M. and Li, S. (2015). What precious metals act as safe havens, and when? Some US evidence, Applied Economics Letters, 22(1), 35-45.
  • Luo, S. and Tsang, K.P. (2020). How much of china and world GDP has the coronavirus reduced?, Forthcoming, Contemporary Economic Policy, Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3543760
  • Ministry of Health (2020). COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu): Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı, Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/ covid-19rehberigenelbilgile repidemiyoloji vetanipdf.pdf, [Date of Access: 1 January 2021].
  • Özcan, B. (2012). İşsizlik histerisi hipotezi OECD ülkeleri için geçerli mi? Yapisal kırılmalı birim kök analizi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 95-117.
  • Peng, Y., Albuquerque, P.H.M., Camboim de S.J.M., Padula, A.J.A. and Montenegro, M.R. (2018). The best of two worlds: forecasting high frequency volatility for cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies with support vector regression, Expert Systems with Applications, 177-192.
  • Reboredo, J.C. (2013). Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements?, Resources Policy, 38(2), 130-137.
  • Singla, R., Mishra, A., Joshi, R., Jha, S., Sharma, A., Upadhyay, S., Sarma, P., Prakash, A. and Medhi, B. (2020). Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: A Critical Appraisal of Scientific Evidence, Veterinary Research Communications, 44, 119-130.
  • Şahin, D. and Durmuş, S. (2018). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, İhracat ve Hisse Senedi Fiyatları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisinin Analizi, Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 808-825.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Jana, R. K., Das, D. and Roubaud, D. (2018). Informational efficiency of bitcoin-an extension, Economics Letters, 163, 106-109.
  • Toda, H. Y. and Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes, Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225–250.
  • Vijayakumar, K., George, B., Anish, T.S., Rajasi, R.S., Teena, M.J. and Sujina, C.M. (2013). Economic impact of chikungunya epidemic: out-of-pocket health expenditures during the 2007 outbreak in kerala, India, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 44(1), 54-61.
  • WHO (2020). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19), https://www.who.int/news -room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses, [Date of Access: 1 January 2021].
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkiye İçin İşsizlik Histerisinin Sınanması, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
  • Yıldırım, H. (2018). Günlük Bitcoin ile Altın Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Test Edilmesi: 2012-2013 Yılları Arası Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7 (4), 2328-2343.
  • Zeren, F. and Hızarcı, A.E. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 coronavirus on stock markets: evidence from selected countries, Muhasebe ve Finans İncelemeleri Dergisi, 3(1), 78- 84.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Şerbetçi 0000-0002-6828-5319

Yaşar Alptürk 0000-0003-0063-4479

Turgay Ceyhan 0000-0001-5225-297X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Şerbetçi, A., Alptürk, Y., & Ceyhan, T. (2021). The Effect of Coronavirus Pandemic and Recognition on Bitcoin with Precious Metal Prices: A Causality Analysis. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 2229-2250. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.941153

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