Araştırma Makalesi
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Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: S1, 251 - 259, 28.04.2022

Rıdvan Karacan

https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1021239

Öz

Objective: Developed countries with high use of fossil fuels in production can harm the environment by contributing more to the formation of greenhouse gases on a global scale. In this context, it has been emphasized that they have caused an increase in Covid-19 cases. Thus, it was desired to present a different perspective to policymakers in the fight against the virus.
Methods: This research comprises the United States. The relationship between Coal Industry CO2 (CCO), Natural Gas Industry CO2 (NCO), Power Industry CO2 (ECO), Petroleum Industry CO2 (OCO), and Covid-19 cases (COV) variables is discussed. Monthly data for the period 2019-2021 were used. The data were compiled from World Health Organization and Our World in Data web resources. In the analyses, the ARDL Boundary Test model was used to capture long and short term causality relationships.
Results: In general, it shows that fossil energy sources such as coal, oil, electricity and natural gas used in industries play an important role in the increase of Covid-19 cases. Among these energy sources, coal is the one that causes the most effect. Coal is followed by oil, electricity and natural gas, respectively. Accordingly, a 1% change in the US economy due to coal used in production leads to a 1.03% change in Covid-19 cases. Similarly, the effect of oil on Covid-19 cases is 0.61%. The impact of industries using electrical energy based on fossil fuels in their production in Covid-19 cases is 0.26%. It has been determined that the fossil fuel energy source with the least effect with a change of 0.069% in Covid-19 cases is natural gas.
Conclusions: The findings revealed that the increase in fossil fuels used in industries during the relevant period adversely affected air quality and Covid-19 cases. The increase in the number of cases affects the health sector more than other sectors. If these data are associated with energy sources used in industries (fossil fuels) in the future, they will contribute to the creation of public policies that encourage a new generation of energy sources in production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ARDL Bound Test Covid-19 Pandemic Coporate Corbon Footprint Greenhause Gas US

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control of epidemic and pandemic-prone acute respiratory infections in health care [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 10].Available from:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112656/9789241507134_eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Environmental Protection Agency. Overview of Greenhouse Gases [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
  • Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Carbon Capture Coalition [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 13]. Available from: https://www.c2es.org/about/
  • Energy Information Administration. Energy and The Environment Explained [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 23]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/greenhouse-gases-and-the-climate.php4
  • Enerdata, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 01]. Available from: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/co2/emissions-co2-data-from-fuel-combustion.html
  • World Health Organization. WHO announces Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 05]. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-Covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-Covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
  • Chetty R, Friedman JN, Hendren N, Stepner M, et al. How did COVİD-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private-sector data. NBER Working Paper. 2020; 27431.
  • Baker SR, Farrokhnia RA, Meyer S, Pagel M, Yannelis C, Forthcoming, how does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVİD-19 pandemic.The Review of Asset Pricing Studies. 2020; 10(4):834-862.
  • Ahmad SB, Hassan AB, Omair H. Syed ARR, Deaths, panic, lockdowns and US equity markets: The case of COVİD-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters. 2021; 38: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101701.
  • Maretno AH, Fabrizio R, John KP. COVİD-19: stock market reactions to the shock and the stimulus. Applied Economics Letters. 2021; 28(10): 795-801, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2020.1781767
  • Kiehl JT, Trenberth KE. Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1997; 78 (2): 197-197. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)0782.0.CO;2
  • British Geological Survey. The greenhouse effect. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/how-does-the-greenhouse-effect-work/
  • Australian Government. Understanding climate change. 2021 Nov [cited 2021 Nov 01]. Available from: https://www.awe.gov.au/science-research/climate-change/climate-science/understanding-climate-change, 01.11.2021
  • Travaglio M, Yu Y, Popovic R, Selley L, Leal NS, Martins LM. Links between air pollution and COVİD-19 in England. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 268: 115859.
  • Conticini E, Bruno F, Dario C. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in an extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 261:114465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465.
  • Tosepu R, Joko G, Devi SE, La Ode AIA, Hariati L, Hartati B. Pitrah, Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta. Indonesia. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 725: 138436.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436.
  • Scafetta N, Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 1, 2020; 7(10):3493. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103493. PMID: 32429517; PMCID: PMC7277369.
  • Ahmadi M, Sharifi A, Dorosti S, Jafarzadeh GS, Ghanbari N. Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVİD-19 outbreak in Iran. The Science of the total environment. 2020; 729: 138705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138705
  • Iqbal FM, Lam K, Sounderajah V, Clarke JM, Ashrafian H, Darzi A. Characteristics and predictors of the acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100899. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100899.
  • Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2010; 76(9): 2712–2717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02291-09
  • Bashir MF, Ma B, Bilal, Komal B, Bashir, MA, Tan D, Bashir M. Correlation between climate indicators and COVİD-19 pandemic in New York, USA. The Science of the total environment. 2020; 728: 138835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138835
  • Netz RR, Eaton WA. Physics of virus transmission by speaking droplets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020; 117(41): 25209–25211. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011889117
  • Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Alsalame NM, Al-Khlaiwi T, Usmani AM. Effect of temperature and humidity on the dynamics of daily new cases and deaths due to COVİD-19 outbreak in Gulf countries in Middle East Region. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2020; 24(13): 7524–7533. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202007_21927
  • Perron P. The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica. 1989; 57 (6):1361-1401.
  • Perron P, Serena Ng. Useful Modifications to Some Unit Root Tests with Dependent Errors and their Local Asymptotic Properties. Review of Economic Studies. 1996; 63:435-463.
  • Phillips PCB. Time Series Regression with a Unit Root. Econometrica. 1987;55 (2): 277-301.
  • Akel V, Gazel S. The Cointegration Linkages Between Exchange Rates and BIST Industrial Index: An ARDL Boundary Test Approach. Erciyes University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2014; 44: 23-41.
  • Phillips PCB, Perron P. Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression. Biometrika. 1988; 75 (2): 335-346.
  • Saçik SY, Karaçayır E. The Financing of Current Account in Turkey: ARDL Bound Test Approach. Selcuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences. 2015; 33: 155-166.
  • Akalin G, Özbek Rİ, Çiftçi İ. The Nexus Between Income Distribution and Economic Growth in Turkey: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Journal of Kastamonu University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2018;20(4):59-76.
  • Kutlar, A. Multivariate Time Series with Step-by-Step EViews. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Publication; 2017.
  • Pesaran MH, Yongcheol S, Smith RJ. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2001;16: 289-326.
  • Bahmani O.M., Sohrabian A. Stock Prices and the Effective Exchange Rate of the Dollar. Applied Economics. 1992;24(4): 459–464.
  • Ergen E, Yavuz E. Analysis of Relationship Between Growth and Expenditure with ARDL Co-Integration and Granger Causality Tests: Evidence on Turkey. International Journal of Management Economics and Business. 2017; ICMEB 17 Special Issue: 84-92.
  • Ipek E. The Impact of Defence Expenditures on Selected Macroeconomic Variables: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences. 2014; 14(3): 113-126.
  • Enerdata. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 01]. Available from: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/co2/emissions-co2-data-from-fuel-combustion.html
  • Benedetta A, Beatrice F, Silvia U, Francesca P, Eduardo M. The Italian Health System and the COVID-19 Challenge. 2020; 5 (5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30074-8).
  • SETA, How Germany Struggles with Coronavirus? 2020 June [cited 2021 Nov 2]. Available from:https://www.setav.org/5-soru-almanya-koronavirus-ile-nasil-mucadele-ediyor/
  • Conticini E, Bruno F, Dario C. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in an extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?, Environmental Pollution. 2020; 261:114465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465.
  • Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath BM, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States, Science Advances. 2020; 6(45). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4049
  • Cole MA, Ozgen C, Strobl E. Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities. Environ Resource Econ. 2020; 76: 581–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4.
  • Bundesministerium für Gesundheit. Information regarding COVID-19 in Germany. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 10]. Available from:2020https://www.zusammengegencorona.de/tr/ansteckung-mit-corona-so-wird-das-coronavirus-uebertragen/
  • Our World in Data. Fossil Fuels. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels

Kurumsal Karbon Ayak İzi Çevre Kalitesi ve Covid-19 Salgını ile Mücadele (ABD Örneği)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: S1, 251 - 259, 28.04.2022

Rıdvan Karacan

https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1021239

Öz

Amaç: Üretimde fosil yakıt kullanımının yüksek olduğu gelişmiş ülkeler, global ölçekte sera gazı oluşumuna daha fazla katkı yaparak çevreye zarar verebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Covid-19 vakalarında artışa neden oldukları vurgulanmak istenmiştir. Böylece virüsle mücadelede politika yapıcılara farklı bir bakış açısı sunulmak istenmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu araştırma Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ni kapsamaktadır. Kömür Endüstrisi CO2 (CCO), Doğal Gaz Endüstrisi CO2 (NCO), Enerji Endüstrisi CO2 (ECO), Petrol Endüstrisi CO2 (OCO) ile Covid-19 vakaları (COV) arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. 2019-2021 dönemine ait aylık veriler kullanılmıştır. Veriler Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve Our World in Data web sitelerinden derlenmiştir. Analizlerde uzun ve kısa dönem nedensellik ilişkilerini yakalamaya yarayan ARDL Sınır Testi modeli kullanılmıştır..
Bulgular:Genel olarak sonuçlar, endüstrilerde kullanılan kömür, petrol, elektrik ve doğal gaz gibi fosil enerji kaynaklarının Covid-19 vakalarının artışında önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bunlardan en fazla etkiye sebep olan kömürdür. Kömürü sırasıyla, petrol, elektrik ve doğal gaz takip etmektedir. Buna göre, ABD ekonomisinde üretimde kullanılan kömüre bağlı %1’lik bir değişim Covid-19 vakalarında % 1,03’lük değişime yol açmaktadır. Benzer şekilde petrolün Covid-19 vakaları üzerindeki etkisi % 0,61’dir. Üretiminde fosil yakıtlara bağlı elektrik enerjisi kullanan endüstrilerin Covid-19 vakalarına etkisi %0,26 düzeyindedir. Covid-19 vakalarında % 0,069’luk değişimle en az etkiye sahip olan fosil yakıt enerji kaynağı doğal gaz olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, ilgili dönem boyunca endüstirlerde kullanılan fosil yakıtlardaki artşın hava kalitesini ve Covid-19 vakalarını olumsuz etkilediği yönündedir. Vaka sayısındaki artış diğer sektörlerden farklı olarak sağlık sektörünü daha fazla etkilemektedir. Bu veriler ilerleyen süreçte endüstrilerde kullanılan enerji kaynakları (fosil yakıtlar) ile ilişkilendirilirse, üretimde yeni model enerji kaynaklarını teşvik eden kamu politikaları oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Salgını Kurumsal Karbon Ayak İzi Sera Gazı ARDL Sınır Testi

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control of epidemic and pandemic-prone acute respiratory infections in health care [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 10].Available from:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112656/9789241507134_eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Environmental Protection Agency. Overview of Greenhouse Gases [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
  • Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Carbon Capture Coalition [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 13]. Available from: https://www.c2es.org/about/
  • Energy Information Administration. Energy and The Environment Explained [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 23]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/greenhouse-gases-and-the-climate.php4
  • Enerdata, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion [Internet]. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 01]. Available from: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/co2/emissions-co2-data-from-fuel-combustion.html
  • World Health Organization. WHO announces Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 05]. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-Covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-Covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
  • Chetty R, Friedman JN, Hendren N, Stepner M, et al. How did COVİD-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private-sector data. NBER Working Paper. 2020; 27431.
  • Baker SR, Farrokhnia RA, Meyer S, Pagel M, Yannelis C, Forthcoming, how does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVİD-19 pandemic.The Review of Asset Pricing Studies. 2020; 10(4):834-862.
  • Ahmad SB, Hassan AB, Omair H. Syed ARR, Deaths, panic, lockdowns and US equity markets: The case of COVİD-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters. 2021; 38: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101701.
  • Maretno AH, Fabrizio R, John KP. COVİD-19: stock market reactions to the shock and the stimulus. Applied Economics Letters. 2021; 28(10): 795-801, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2020.1781767
  • Kiehl JT, Trenberth KE. Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1997; 78 (2): 197-197. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)0782.0.CO;2
  • British Geological Survey. The greenhouse effect. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/how-does-the-greenhouse-effect-work/
  • Australian Government. Understanding climate change. 2021 Nov [cited 2021 Nov 01]. Available from: https://www.awe.gov.au/science-research/climate-change/climate-science/understanding-climate-change, 01.11.2021
  • Travaglio M, Yu Y, Popovic R, Selley L, Leal NS, Martins LM. Links between air pollution and COVİD-19 in England. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 268: 115859.
  • Conticini E, Bruno F, Dario C. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in an extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 261:114465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465.
  • Tosepu R, Joko G, Devi SE, La Ode AIA, Hariati L, Hartati B. Pitrah, Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta. Indonesia. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 725: 138436.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436.
  • Scafetta N, Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 1, 2020; 7(10):3493. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103493. PMID: 32429517; PMCID: PMC7277369.
  • Ahmadi M, Sharifi A, Dorosti S, Jafarzadeh GS, Ghanbari N. Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVİD-19 outbreak in Iran. The Science of the total environment. 2020; 729: 138705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138705
  • Iqbal FM, Lam K, Sounderajah V, Clarke JM, Ashrafian H, Darzi A. Characteristics and predictors of the acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100899. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100899.
  • Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2010; 76(9): 2712–2717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02291-09
  • Bashir MF, Ma B, Bilal, Komal B, Bashir, MA, Tan D, Bashir M. Correlation between climate indicators and COVİD-19 pandemic in New York, USA. The Science of the total environment. 2020; 728: 138835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138835
  • Netz RR, Eaton WA. Physics of virus transmission by speaking droplets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020; 117(41): 25209–25211. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011889117
  • Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Alsalame NM, Al-Khlaiwi T, Usmani AM. Effect of temperature and humidity on the dynamics of daily new cases and deaths due to COVİD-19 outbreak in Gulf countries in Middle East Region. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2020; 24(13): 7524–7533. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202007_21927
  • Perron P. The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica. 1989; 57 (6):1361-1401.
  • Perron P, Serena Ng. Useful Modifications to Some Unit Root Tests with Dependent Errors and their Local Asymptotic Properties. Review of Economic Studies. 1996; 63:435-463.
  • Phillips PCB. Time Series Regression with a Unit Root. Econometrica. 1987;55 (2): 277-301.
  • Akel V, Gazel S. The Cointegration Linkages Between Exchange Rates and BIST Industrial Index: An ARDL Boundary Test Approach. Erciyes University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2014; 44: 23-41.
  • Phillips PCB, Perron P. Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression. Biometrika. 1988; 75 (2): 335-346.
  • Saçik SY, Karaçayır E. The Financing of Current Account in Turkey: ARDL Bound Test Approach. Selcuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences. 2015; 33: 155-166.
  • Akalin G, Özbek Rİ, Çiftçi İ. The Nexus Between Income Distribution and Economic Growth in Turkey: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Journal of Kastamonu University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2018;20(4):59-76.
  • Kutlar, A. Multivariate Time Series with Step-by-Step EViews. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Publication; 2017.
  • Pesaran MH, Yongcheol S, Smith RJ. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2001;16: 289-326.
  • Bahmani O.M., Sohrabian A. Stock Prices and the Effective Exchange Rate of the Dollar. Applied Economics. 1992;24(4): 459–464.
  • Ergen E, Yavuz E. Analysis of Relationship Between Growth and Expenditure with ARDL Co-Integration and Granger Causality Tests: Evidence on Turkey. International Journal of Management Economics and Business. 2017; ICMEB 17 Special Issue: 84-92.
  • Ipek E. The Impact of Defence Expenditures on Selected Macroeconomic Variables: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences. 2014; 14(3): 113-126.
  • Enerdata. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 01]. Available from: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/co2/emissions-co2-data-from-fuel-combustion.html
  • Benedetta A, Beatrice F, Silvia U, Francesca P, Eduardo M. The Italian Health System and the COVID-19 Challenge. 2020; 5 (5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30074-8).
  • SETA, How Germany Struggles with Coronavirus? 2020 June [cited 2021 Nov 2]. Available from:https://www.setav.org/5-soru-almanya-koronavirus-ile-nasil-mucadele-ediyor/
  • Conticini E, Bruno F, Dario C. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in an extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?, Environmental Pollution. 2020; 261:114465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465.
  • Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath BM, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States, Science Advances. 2020; 6(45). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4049
  • Cole MA, Ozgen C, Strobl E. Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities. Environ Resource Econ. 2020; 76: 581–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4.
  • Bundesministerium für Gesundheit. Information regarding COVID-19 in Germany. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 10]. Available from:2020https://www.zusammengegencorona.de/tr/ansteckung-mit-corona-so-wird-das-coronavirus-uebertragen/
  • Our World in Data. Fossil Fuels. 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rıdvan Karacan 0000-0002-4148-0069

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 11 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: S1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karacan, R. (2022). Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example). Konuralp Medical Journal, 14(S1), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1021239
AMA Karacan R. Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example). Konuralp Medical Journal. Nisan 2022;14(S1):251-259. doi:10.18521/ktd.1021239
Chicago Karacan, Rıdvan. “Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example)”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14, sy. S1 (Nisan 2022): 251-59. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1021239.
EndNote Karacan R (01 Nisan 2022) Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example). Konuralp Medical Journal 14 S1 251–259.
IEEE R. Karacan, “Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example)”, Konuralp Medical Journal, c. 14, sy. S1, ss. 251–259, 2022, doi: 10.18521/ktd.1021239.
ISNAD Karacan, Rıdvan. “Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example)”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14/S1 (Nisan 2022), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1021239.
JAMA Karacan R. Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example). Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14:251–259.
MLA Karacan, Rıdvan. “Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example)”. Konuralp Medical Journal, c. 14, sy. S1, 2022, ss. 251-9, doi:10.18521/ktd.1021239.
Vancouver Karacan R. Corporate Carbon Footprint Environmental Quality and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic (US Example). Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14(S1):251-9.
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