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Middle Eastern Policy of China: Continuity and Change

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 31 - 46, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683338

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the policies of People’s Republic of China towards Middle Eastern geography, which made itself visible in almost all areas of modern international system. This paper consists of three parts. In the first part,China’s rise that is being described as a “rising power” in the literature frequently will be discussed and the initiatives for definition and explanation for this “rise” will be touched upon. In the second part, it will be focused on how a foreign policy agenda China is creating and how it follows its agenda at the global level. In this regard, it will be tried to understand whether China is putting a special emphasis on Middle Eastern geography. In the third part, it will be figured out what kind of a pattern China is following regarding its Middle Eastern policy, based on which points China is producing its policies and through which mechanisms China is working to implement its prospective agenda. In the conclusion part, it will be aimed to present the opportunities that China has grasped considering its Middle Eastern policy and challenges that China has faced within this geography.

Kaynakça

  • An, Jiang (2013), Mao Zedong’s “Three Worlds” Theory: Political Considerations and Value for the Times, Social Sciences in China, ss. 35-57.
  • Calabrese, John (2019), "China and Syria: In War and Reconstruction", Middle East Instiute, 9 June 2019, https://www.mei.edu/publications/china-and-syria-war-and-reconstruction (E.T: 21 Ocak 2020).
  • China’s Arab Policy Paper (2016), Beijing, China. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2016/01/13/content_281475271412746.htm (E.T: 15 Aralık2019).
  • Daher, Massoud (2009), "China and the Middle East: Establishing a New", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(1), ss. 18-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120 (E.T: 10 Aralık 2019).
  • Foreign Minister Wang Yi's Comments on President Xi Jinping's Visits to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Headquarters of League of Arab States (2016, Ocak 24), Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: http://sa.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/2/t1335497.htm (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 20, 2017 (2017, Ocak 20), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1432311.shtml (E.T: 10 Aralık2019).
  • Full Text of Xi Jinping keynote speech at the United Nations Office in Geneva (2017, Ocak 18), CGTN America: https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/18/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-speech-at-the-united-nations-office-in-geneva (E.T: 15 Aralık2019).
  • Mao, Yufeng (2005), "Beijing’s Two-Pronged Iraq Policy", China Brief, The Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/beijings-two-pronged-iraq-policy/ (E.T: 16 Aralık2019).
  • Neill, Alexander (2014), "China and the Middle East", Adelphi Papers, ss. 205-224.
  • Olimat, Muhamad S. (2014), China and the Middle East Since the World War II, Maryland: Lexington Books.
  • Oosterveld, Willem (2017, Ağustos 25), "China in the Middle East: Testing the Waters, Linking the Lands", The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/china-in-the-middle-east-testing-the-waters-linking-the-lands/ (E.T: 13 Aralık2019).
  • Öztürk, Selim (2018), "İran’da Silahlı Muhalefetten Demokrasi Söylemlerine:Halkın Mücahitleri Örgütü", Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, s. 2, Ankara, ss. 165-175.
  • Pan, Guang (1997), "China's Success in the Middle East", Middle East Quarterly, ss. 35-40. https://dev.meforum.org/373/chinas-success-in-the-middle-east
  • Tınas, Murat (2019), "Suriye'de Devlet ve 2011 Sonrası Otoriterliğin Direnci", Murat Tınas ve Buğra Sarı (ed.), Doğu Akdeniz'den Basra'ya Krizler ve Düzen, Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları, ss. 137-148.
  • Qi, Ren (2019, Ağustos 20), "Chinese special envoy: Political solution only way ahead for Syria", China Daily : https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201912/23/WS5e0018a4a310cf3e3557fe63.html (E.T: 13 Aralık2019).
  • Qian, Xuewen (2010), "China’s Energy Cooperation with Middle East Oil-producing Countries", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 65-80.
  • Qian, Xuming ve Fulton, Jonathan (2017), "China-Gulf Economic Relationship under the “Belt and Road” Initiative", Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, ss. 12-21.
  • Saidi, Nasser (2018, Nisan 12), "China’s Belt & Road: new avenues for Middle East growth and economic diversification", The National: https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/china-s-belt-road-new-avenues-for-middleeast-growth-and-economic-diversification-1.720919 (E.T: 14 Aralık2019).
  • Shichor, Yitzhak (1979), The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy: 1949-1977, London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak (2006), "Competence and Incompetence: The Political Economy of China's Relations with The Middle East", Asian Perspective, ss. 39-67.
  • Takahashi, Nobuo (1990), "The Chinese Communists and the Theory of Intermediate Zone during the 1950s", Japan Association of International Relations, ss. 63-78. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji1957/1990/95/1990_95_63/_article (E.T: 5 Aralık2019).
  • Wang Yi Proposes Five Principles to Facilitate a Political Settlement of Syrian Issue (2014, Ocak 20), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/xwlb_663592/t1124573.shtml (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Wang, Jinglie (2010), "Review and Thoughts over the Relationship between China and the Middle East", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 16-39.
  • WFP, China conclude food aid programme for Syrian refugees (2018, Mart 14), The Jordan Times : http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/wfp-china-conclude-food-aid-programme-syrian-refugees (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Zhou, Enlai (1955, April 19), Main Speech by Premier Zhou Enlai, Head of the Delegation of the People's Republic of China, Distributed at the Plenary Session of the Asian-African Conference. Digital Archive Wilson Center: https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121623.pdf?v=e1cd06384e2e67bdff11f809ead78849 (E.T: 11 Aralık2019).
  • Zhou, Enlai (1953, Aralık 31), The Five Principles. Zhou Enlai Peace Institute: http://www.zhouenlaipeaceinstitute.org/five-principles-of-peace-2/history/ (E.T: 11 Aralık2019).
  • Zhu, Zhiqun (2009), "China’s New Diplomacy in the Middle East and Its Implication for the United States", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 41-52.

Çin’in Ortadoğu Politikası: Süreklilik ve Değişim

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 31 - 46, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683338

Öz

Bu çalışmada 21. Yüzyılda, modern uluslararası sistemin kendini her alanında görünür kılan aktörü Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin (buradan sonra Çin veya ÇHC olarak ifade edilecektir) Ortadoğu coğrafyasına yönelik politikaları analiz edilecektir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde literatürde sıklıkla yükselen güç olarak tanımlanan Çin’in yükselişi tartışılacak; literatürdeki bahse konu yükselişe dair yapılan tanımlama ve anlamlandırma girişimleri ele alınacaktır. İkinci bölümde Çin’in yükselişi olarak ifade edilen süreçle birlikte küresel düzeyde nasıl bir dış politika gündemi oluşturduğu ve izlediği incelenerek Ortadoğu coğrafyasına ayrı bir önem verip vermediği anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Çin’in Ortadoğu politikasını şekillendirirken nasıl bir yol izlediği, hangi noktaları referans alarak politika ürettiği ve nasıl mekanizmalar aracılığıyla bu politikaları hayata geçirme çabasında olduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Sonuç kısmında, Çin’in Ortadoğu’ya yaklaşımında yakaladığı fırsatlar ve karşılaştığı/karşılaşabileceği riskler ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • An, Jiang (2013), Mao Zedong’s “Three Worlds” Theory: Political Considerations and Value for the Times, Social Sciences in China, ss. 35-57.
  • Calabrese, John (2019), "China and Syria: In War and Reconstruction", Middle East Instiute, 9 June 2019, https://www.mei.edu/publications/china-and-syria-war-and-reconstruction (E.T: 21 Ocak 2020).
  • China’s Arab Policy Paper (2016), Beijing, China. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2016/01/13/content_281475271412746.htm (E.T: 15 Aralık2019).
  • Daher, Massoud (2009), "China and the Middle East: Establishing a New", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(1), ss. 18-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120 (E.T: 10 Aralık 2019).
  • Foreign Minister Wang Yi's Comments on President Xi Jinping's Visits to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Headquarters of League of Arab States (2016, Ocak 24), Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: http://sa.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/2/t1335497.htm (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 20, 2017 (2017, Ocak 20), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1432311.shtml (E.T: 10 Aralık2019).
  • Full Text of Xi Jinping keynote speech at the United Nations Office in Geneva (2017, Ocak 18), CGTN America: https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/18/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-speech-at-the-united-nations-office-in-geneva (E.T: 15 Aralık2019).
  • Mao, Yufeng (2005), "Beijing’s Two-Pronged Iraq Policy", China Brief, The Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/beijings-two-pronged-iraq-policy/ (E.T: 16 Aralık2019).
  • Neill, Alexander (2014), "China and the Middle East", Adelphi Papers, ss. 205-224.
  • Olimat, Muhamad S. (2014), China and the Middle East Since the World War II, Maryland: Lexington Books.
  • Oosterveld, Willem (2017, Ağustos 25), "China in the Middle East: Testing the Waters, Linking the Lands", The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/china-in-the-middle-east-testing-the-waters-linking-the-lands/ (E.T: 13 Aralık2019).
  • Öztürk, Selim (2018), "İran’da Silahlı Muhalefetten Demokrasi Söylemlerine:Halkın Mücahitleri Örgütü", Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, s. 2, Ankara, ss. 165-175.
  • Pan, Guang (1997), "China's Success in the Middle East", Middle East Quarterly, ss. 35-40. https://dev.meforum.org/373/chinas-success-in-the-middle-east
  • Tınas, Murat (2019), "Suriye'de Devlet ve 2011 Sonrası Otoriterliğin Direnci", Murat Tınas ve Buğra Sarı (ed.), Doğu Akdeniz'den Basra'ya Krizler ve Düzen, Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları, ss. 137-148.
  • Qi, Ren (2019, Ağustos 20), "Chinese special envoy: Political solution only way ahead for Syria", China Daily : https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201912/23/WS5e0018a4a310cf3e3557fe63.html (E.T: 13 Aralık2019).
  • Qian, Xuewen (2010), "China’s Energy Cooperation with Middle East Oil-producing Countries", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 65-80.
  • Qian, Xuming ve Fulton, Jonathan (2017), "China-Gulf Economic Relationship under the “Belt and Road” Initiative", Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, ss. 12-21.
  • Saidi, Nasser (2018, Nisan 12), "China’s Belt & Road: new avenues for Middle East growth and economic diversification", The National: https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/china-s-belt-road-new-avenues-for-middleeast-growth-and-economic-diversification-1.720919 (E.T: 14 Aralık2019).
  • Shichor, Yitzhak (1979), The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy: 1949-1977, London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak (2006), "Competence and Incompetence: The Political Economy of China's Relations with The Middle East", Asian Perspective, ss. 39-67.
  • Takahashi, Nobuo (1990), "The Chinese Communists and the Theory of Intermediate Zone during the 1950s", Japan Association of International Relations, ss. 63-78. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji1957/1990/95/1990_95_63/_article (E.T: 5 Aralık2019).
  • Wang Yi Proposes Five Principles to Facilitate a Political Settlement of Syrian Issue (2014, Ocak 20), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/xwlb_663592/t1124573.shtml (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Wang, Jinglie (2010), "Review and Thoughts over the Relationship between China and the Middle East", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 16-39.
  • WFP, China conclude food aid programme for Syrian refugees (2018, Mart 14), The Jordan Times : http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/wfp-china-conclude-food-aid-programme-syrian-refugees (E.T: 12 Aralık2019).
  • Zhou, Enlai (1955, April 19), Main Speech by Premier Zhou Enlai, Head of the Delegation of the People's Republic of China, Distributed at the Plenary Session of the Asian-African Conference. Digital Archive Wilson Center: https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121623.pdf?v=e1cd06384e2e67bdff11f809ead78849 (E.T: 11 Aralık2019).
  • Zhou, Enlai (1953, Aralık 31), The Five Principles. Zhou Enlai Peace Institute: http://www.zhouenlaipeaceinstitute.org/five-principles-of-peace-2/history/ (E.T: 11 Aralık2019).
  • Zhu, Zhiqun (2009), "China’s New Diplomacy in the Middle East and Its Implication for the United States", Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), ss. 41-52.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Hatice Çelik

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, H. (2020). Çin’in Ortadoğu Politikası: Süreklilik ve Değişim. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(97), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683338