Öz
M.Ö. 3200 yıllarında gerçekleşen yazının icadından önce ticari faaliyetler; her biri farklı mal ve hizmeti temsil eden “Token” isimli küçük sembollerle yapılmaktaydı. Günümüzde kullanılan kripto tokenlerin ve kripto coinlerin aslında tarihi Token’lerin dijital ve güncel versiyonları olduğu söylenebilir. Tıpkı geçmişte mal-paradan itibari paraya düzenli bir geçişin görülmediği gibi, fiziki paradan dijitale geçiş de simetrik bir çizgi gibi doğrusal olmayacaktır. Nitekim tarih doğrusal bir süreç değildir. 2008 ve 2009 yılları; hem finansal kurumlara güvenin sarsıldığı bir küresel kriz dönemi hem de alternatif de facto mali araçlar olarak Bitcoin ve türevlerinin ortaya çıktığı bir zaman dilimidir. Kripto paraların günümüzde hala paranın üç temel işlevini tam olarak yerine getiremediği görülmektedir. Ancak paranın tanımı ve özellikleri tarih boyunca değişmiş ve gelişmiştir. Bu bağlamda ve akıllı sözleşmelerin de etkisiyle, kripto para topluluğunda sıklıkla “kripto paraların paradan fazlası olduğu / olacağı” iddiası dile getirilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adrian, T., Shin, H. "Liquiditiy and levelage", Journal of Financal Intermediation, 2010/3, 418-437.
- Ali, R., Barrdear, J., Clews, R. ve Southgate, J. (2014). Innovations in Payment Technologies And The Emergence Of Digital Currencies. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 2014 Q3, 262-275.
- Alpago, H. (2018). Bitcoin’den Selfcoin’e Kripto Para. Journal of International Scientific Researches, 3(2), 411–428.
- Banque de France. The First Banknotes or Paper Money. < https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/antiquity-to-middle-ages/the-first-banknotes-or-paper-money > (18.02.2020).
- BIS (2018). Central Bank Digital Currencies. BIS Quarterly Rewiev, March.
- BIS. (2018). Cryptocurrencies : Looking Beyond the Hype. Annual EconomicReport, 91–114.
- Bech, M. L., & Garratt, R. (2017). “Central Bank Cryptocurrencies”. BIS Quarterly Review, September, 55-70.
- Birch, D. (2017). Before Babylon, Beyond Bitcoin: From Money that We Understand to Money that Understands Us, [E-book], London Publishing Partnership.
- Boyd, J., Prescott, E."Financal Intermediary-coalitions" Journal of Economic Theory 1986/38, 211-232.
- Carney, M. (2009). The Evolution of the International Monetary System, Foreign Policy Association.
- Coron, J. S. (2006). “What Is Cryptography?”. IEEE Security & Privacy, 4(1), 70-73.
- Çalışır, M., & Şanver, C. (2018). Crypto Money And The Possible Impacts On Monetary & Fiscal Policies. IBANESS Conference Series –Tekirdag / Turkey, 150–163.
- CPMI (2018). Central Bank Digital Currencies. Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
- Dietz, M., Khanna, S., Olanrewaju, T., & Rajgopal, K. (2016). Cutting Through The Noise Around Financial Technology, Mckinsey. ECB. (2012). Virtual Currency Schemes. Frankfurt am Main: Europe Central Bank.
- ECB. (2015). Virtual Currency Schemes – A Further Analysis. Frankfurt am Main: Europe Central Bank.
- Eichengreen, B. (2019). “From Commodity to Fiat and Now to Crypto: What Does History Tell Us?”.Nber Working Papers (No. w25426). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Englund, Robert K., The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture (Ed.Karen Radner and Eleanor Robson), 2011. p.35.
- Glaser, F., Zimmermann, K., Haferkorn, M., Weber, M., & Siering, M. (2014). “Bitcoin-Asset Or Currency? Revealing Users' Hidden Intentions”. 22. European Conference on Information Systems.
- Griffith, K. (2014). A Quick History of Cryptocurrencies BBTC-Before Bitcoin. Dinero.
- IMF, He, D., Habermeier, K., Leckow, R., Haksar, V., Almeida, Y., … Verdugo Yepes, C. (2016). Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations. Staff Discussion Notes, 16(03), 7.
- IMF. (2018). Global Financal Stability Report. International Monetary Fund.
- Keynes, J. M. (1935). The General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest. Archives of Disease in Childhood.
- List, F., Matile, G. A., Richelot, H., & Colwell, S. (1856). National system of political economy.
- Milnes, A. (1919), The Economic Foundations of Reconstruction. Macdonald and Evans, Münzer.
- Mundell, R. A. (2003). The İnternational Monetary System and The Case For A World Currency (C. 12). Leon Koźmiński Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management.
- Yermack, D. (2013). Is Bitcoin a Real Currency? An Economic Appraisal. National Bureau Of Economic Research Working Paper Series.
Öz
Before the invention of writing, which took place around 3200 B.C., commercial activities were carried out with small symbols named "Token", each representing different goods and services. It can be claim that the crypto tokens and crypto coins used today are digital and current versions of historical Tokens. As there is no regular transition from commodity money to fiat money, the transition from paper money to digital will not be outright just like a symmetrical line. Indeed, history is not a linear process. 2008 and 2009 were the years when both the global crisis happened where the trust in the traditional financial system was shaken and Bitcoin and its derivatives emerged as alternative de facto fiscal instruments. It is observed that crypto currencies still cannot fulfil the three basic functions of money. However, in the historical process, the definition and characteristics of money have changed and developed. Based on this thesis and the effect of smart contracts, the cryptocurrency community claims that cryptocurrencies are / will be more than money.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Cryptocurrency the theory of money blockchain bitcoin money 4.0
Kaynakça
- Adrian, T., Shin, H. "Liquiditiy and levelage", Journal of Financal Intermediation, 2010/3, 418-437.
- Ali, R., Barrdear, J., Clews, R. ve Southgate, J. (2014). Innovations in Payment Technologies And The Emergence Of Digital Currencies. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 2014 Q3, 262-275.
- Alpago, H. (2018). Bitcoin’den Selfcoin’e Kripto Para. Journal of International Scientific Researches, 3(2), 411–428.
- Banque de France. The First Banknotes or Paper Money. < https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/antiquity-to-middle-ages/the-first-banknotes-or-paper-money > (18.02.2020).
- BIS (2018). Central Bank Digital Currencies. BIS Quarterly Rewiev, March.
- BIS. (2018). Cryptocurrencies : Looking Beyond the Hype. Annual EconomicReport, 91–114.
- Bech, M. L., & Garratt, R. (2017). “Central Bank Cryptocurrencies”. BIS Quarterly Review, September, 55-70.
- Birch, D. (2017). Before Babylon, Beyond Bitcoin: From Money that We Understand to Money that Understands Us, [E-book], London Publishing Partnership.
- Boyd, J., Prescott, E."Financal Intermediary-coalitions" Journal of Economic Theory 1986/38, 211-232.
- Carney, M. (2009). The Evolution of the International Monetary System, Foreign Policy Association.
- Coron, J. S. (2006). “What Is Cryptography?”. IEEE Security & Privacy, 4(1), 70-73.
- Çalışır, M., & Şanver, C. (2018). Crypto Money And The Possible Impacts On Monetary & Fiscal Policies. IBANESS Conference Series –Tekirdag / Turkey, 150–163.
- CPMI (2018). Central Bank Digital Currencies. Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
- Dietz, M., Khanna, S., Olanrewaju, T., & Rajgopal, K. (2016). Cutting Through The Noise Around Financial Technology, Mckinsey. ECB. (2012). Virtual Currency Schemes. Frankfurt am Main: Europe Central Bank.
- ECB. (2015). Virtual Currency Schemes – A Further Analysis. Frankfurt am Main: Europe Central Bank.
- Eichengreen, B. (2019). “From Commodity to Fiat and Now to Crypto: What Does History Tell Us?”.Nber Working Papers (No. w25426). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Englund, Robert K., The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture (Ed.Karen Radner and Eleanor Robson), 2011. p.35.
- Glaser, F., Zimmermann, K., Haferkorn, M., Weber, M., & Siering, M. (2014). “Bitcoin-Asset Or Currency? Revealing Users' Hidden Intentions”. 22. European Conference on Information Systems.
- Griffith, K. (2014). A Quick History of Cryptocurrencies BBTC-Before Bitcoin. Dinero.
- IMF, He, D., Habermeier, K., Leckow, R., Haksar, V., Almeida, Y., … Verdugo Yepes, C. (2016). Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations. Staff Discussion Notes, 16(03), 7.
- IMF. (2018). Global Financal Stability Report. International Monetary Fund.
- Keynes, J. M. (1935). The General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest. Archives of Disease in Childhood.
- List, F., Matile, G. A., Richelot, H., & Colwell, S. (1856). National system of political economy.
- Milnes, A. (1919), The Economic Foundations of Reconstruction. Macdonald and Evans, Münzer.
- Mundell, R. A. (2003). The İnternational Monetary System and The Case For A World Currency (C. 12). Leon Koźmiński Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management.
- Yermack, D. (2013). Is Bitcoin a Real Currency? An Economic Appraisal. National Bureau Of Economic Research Working Paper Series.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 7 Eylül 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2 |
