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AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2021 Sayı: 2, 70 - 84, 31.12.2021

Öz

Pandemi ile birlikte tüm dünyada düzenli olarak emtia fiyatları artma eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu dönemde tüketiciler, panik satın alma ile ürün stoklamak istemektedirler. İşletmeler de bu durumu fırsat olarak görebilmekte mal ve hizmet fiyatlarında anormal artışlar yaparak, haksız kazanç sağlayabilmektedirler. Çalışmanın amacı; mal ve hizmet fiyatlarında görülen aşırı fiyat artışlarını, nedenlerini ve Covid 19’un aşırı fiyatlar üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymak ve tartışmaktır. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşmak için, genel olarak son iki yıllık ikincil kaynaklar (kitap, makale, rapor, internet sitesi) üzerinde doküman incelemesi yapılmıştır. Çalışma bu yönüyle Belge Tarama özelliği göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, doğal afetler, savaş ve terör olayları ve salgınların fahiş fiyat artışlarının nedenleri arasında olduğu belirtilmektedir. Son iki yıldır devam eden Covid-19’un aşırı fiyat artışlarının en önemli nedenlerinden biri olduğuna ilişkin ciddi kanıtlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’deki aşırı fiyat artışlarında dünyadaki emtia (petrol, doğal gaz, tarımsal hammadde ve inşaat malzemeleri vb.) fiyatlarındaki artışların 2021 yılı yaz aylarında da devam etmesinin etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu araştırma aşırı fiyat artışı sorununun nereden ve nasıl oluştuğunu tespit etmek, doğru ve kalıcı bir çözüm için ayrıntılı akademik çalışmaların yapılması gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Assuncao, J. L. ve Meyer, R. J. (1993). The rational effect of price promotions on sales and consumption. Management Science, 39(5), 517-535.
  • Aydin, A. Buğra ve Özer, Nurhak (2020), Turkey: COVID-19'un Rekabet Hukukundaki Etkileri: Rekabet Otoriteleri Salgına Nasıl Cevap Veriyor? Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2021, https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/antitrust-eu-competition-/948644/covid-1939un-rekabet-hukukundaki-etkileri-rekabet-otoriteleri-salg305na-nas305l-cevap-veriyor
  • Basco, S., Domènech, J. ve Rosés, J. R. (2021). The redistributive effects of pandemics: Evidence on the Spanish flu. World Development, 141, 105389.
  • Baş, Türker ve Akturan, Ulun (2013), Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, NVivi 7.0 ile Nitel Veri Analizi, Ankara: Seçkin yayıncılık.
  • Boqiang, L. ve Dunguo, M. (2008). The impact of energy price increases on macro-economy: An analyses based on CGE method [J]. Economic Research Journal, 11(9).
  • Borensztein, E. ve Reinhart, C. M. (1994). The macroeconomic determinants of commodity prices. Staff Papers, 41(2), 236-261. Boshoff, W. H. (2021). South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period. South African Journal of Economics, 89(1), 112-140.
  • Bourghelle, D., Jawadi, F. ve Rozin, P. (2021). Oil price volatility in the context of Covid-19. International Economics, 167, 39-49. Buccafusco, C., Hemel, D. J. ve Talley, E. L. (2021). Price gouging in a pandemic. Available at SSRN.
  • Cabral, L. ve Xu, L. (2020). Seller reputation and price gouging: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Covid Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 12, 1-20.
  • Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. ve Raissi, M. (2014). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. Energy Economics, 44, 113-134.
  • Catão, L. A. ve Chang, R. (2015). World food prices and monetary policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 75, 69-88.
  • Cavallo, A., Cavallo, E. ve Rigobon, R. (2014). Prices and supply disruptions during natural disasters. Review of Income and Wealth, 60, S449-S471.
  • Chen, A. C. (2011). A market-based and synthesised approach to controlling price gouging. International Journal of Private Law, 4(1), 128-142.
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Gil-Alana, L. A. (2018). Oil price shocks and unemployment in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic Systems, 42(1), 164-173.
  • Culpepper, D. ve Block, W. (2008). Price gouging in the Katrina aftermath: free markets at work. International Journal of Social Economics.
  • Doroodian, K. ve Boyd, R. (2003). The linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances: a CGE model. Energy Policy, 31(10), 989-1006.
  • Duncan B., Joseph G., Isabel L., Derek H., Hiroyuki T., Kristi M., Ian M., Sophie G., Catherine R., Mywish K. M., Bart M., Xinshen D., (2021), Impacts Of COVID-19 On Agricultural Production And Food Systems in Late Transforming Southeast Asia: The Case Of Myanmar, Agricultural Systems. Erişim tarihi: 15.10.2021 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X20308878
  • Engle, R. F. ve Rangel, J. G. (2008). The spline-GARCH model for low-frequency volatility and its global macroeconomic causes. The review of financial studies, 21(3), 1187-1222.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
  • Gani, W. (2021). Excessive prices: a new analytical approach. European Competition Journal, 17(1), 23-46.
  • Gilbert, C. L. ve Morgan, C. W. (2010). Food price volatility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 3023-3034.
  • Gilo, D. ve Spiegel, Y. (2018). The antitrust prohibition of excessive pricing. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 61, 503-541.
  • Guo, L. ve Villas‐Boas, J. M. (2007). Consumer stockpiling and price competition in differentiated markets. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(4), 827-858.
  • Hallegatte, S. (2014). Modeling the role of inventories and heterogeneity in the assessment of the economic costs of natural disasters. Risk analysis, 34(1), 152-167.
  • He, Y. X., Zhang, S. L., Yang, L. Y., Wang, Y. J. ve Wang, J. (2010). Economic analysis of coal price–electricity price adjustment in China based on the CGE model. Energy Policy, 38(11), 6629-6637.
  • Headey, D. ve Fan, S. (2008). Anatomy of a crisis: the causes and consequences of surging food prices. Agricultural economics, 39, 375-391.
  • Jones, S. C., Waters, L., Holland, O., Bevins, J. ve Iverson, D. (2010). Developing pandemic communication strategies: Preparation without panic. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 126-132.
  • Jordà, Ò., Singh, S. R. ve Taylor, A. M. (2020). Longer-run economic consequences of pandemics (No. w26934). National Bureau of economic research.
  • Karasar, N. (2014), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, 27. Baskı, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kornher L, Kalkuhl M (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Kornher L, Kalkuhl M (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Kalkuhl, M., Von Braun, J. ve Torero, M. (2016). Food price volatility and its implications for food security and policy (p. 626). Springer Nature.
  • Kornher L. ve Kalkuhl M. (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Medical Press (2014), Ebola-hit countries seek recovery plan to “keep standing.” Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2021, http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-12-ebola-hit-countries-recovery.html
  • Meltzer, M. I., Cox, N. J. ve Fukuda, K. (1999). The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention. Emerging infectious diseases, 5(5), 659.
  • Motta, M. ve De Streel, A. (2007). Excessive pricing in competition law: Never say never. The pros and cons of high prices, 1-156.
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. ve Smyth, R. (2009). Understanding the inflation–output nexus for China. China Economic Review, 20(1), 82-90.
  • Neumayer, E. ve Barthel, F. (2011). Normalizing economic loss from natural disasters: A global analysis. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 13-24.
  • Nguyen, K. Q. (2008). Impacts of a rise in electricity tariff on prices of other products in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 36(8), 3145-3149.
  • Nicomedes, C. J. C. ve Avila, R. M. A. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14-22.
  • Noy, I. (2009). The macroeconomic consequences of disasters. Journal of Development economics, 88(2), 221-231.
  • Pelling, M., Özerdem, A. ve Barakat, S. (2002). The macro-economic impact of disasters. Progress in Development Studies, 2(4), 283-305.
  • Prentice, C., Chen, J. ve Stantic, B. (2020). Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102203.
  • Rapp, G. C. (2005). Gouging: Terrorist attacks, hurricanes, and the legal and economic aspects of post-disaster price regulation. Ky. LJ, 94, 535.
  • Rosling, L. ve Rosling, M. (2003). Pneumonia causes panic in Guangdong province. BMJ, 326 (7386), 416
  • Sakai, Y., Estudillo, J. P., Fuwa, N., Higuchi, Y. ve Sawada, Y. (2017). Do natural disasters affect the poor disproportionately? Price change and welfare impact in the aftermath of Typhoon Milenyo in the rural Philippines. World Development, 94, 16-26.
  • Samuels, W. J. ve Puro, E. (1991). The problem of price controls at the time of natural disasters. Review of Social Economy, 49(1), 62-75.
  • Sayed, A. ve Peng, B. (2021). Pandemics and income inequality: a historical review. SN Business & Economics, 1(4), 1-17.
  • Silva, P., Klytchnikova, I. ve Radevic, D. (2009). Poverty and environmental impacts of electricity price reforms in Montenegro. Utilities Policy, 17(1), 102-113.
  • Singh-Peterson, L. ve Lawrence, G. (2015). Insights into community vulnerability and resilience following natural disasters: perspectives with food retailers in Northern NSW, Australia. Local Environment, 20(7), 782-795.
  • Sproul, G. ve Harms, S. (2020). The UK Government and the Competition Authority adopt two recent measures against shortages and high prices during the COVID-19 outbreak. e-Competitions Bulletin, (March 2020).
  • Taylor, J. (2000). Low Inflation, Pass-Through, and The Pricing Power of Firms. European Economic Review, 44, 1389-1408.
  • Terp S. J., Shah S. ve Jahn M. (2020), “Earth Day 2020 Call For Action: Mitigating The Global Food Crises Associated With COVID-19”, Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2021., https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/geotech-cues/mitigating-the-impacts-of-global-food-crises-associated-with-covid-19/
  • Turan, Selahattin ve Özen, Hamit (2013), “Dokümanlardan verilerin toplanması”, İçinde Saharan B. Merriam (Çev.Edi. Sebahattin Turan) Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber, 3.basımdan çeviri, Ankara, Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Valentina S. (2020), Covid 19 is Driving Up Food Prices All Over The World, Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2021, https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-is-driving-up-food-prices-all-over-the-world/
  • Watanabe, T. (2020). The responses of consumption and prices in Japan to the COVID-19 crisis and the Tohoku Earthquake.Working Papers on Central Bank Communication erişim tarihi: 05.11.2021 https://ideas.repec.org/s/upd/utmpwp.html
  • Xia, L., Monroe, K. B. ve Cox, J. L. (2004). The price is unfair! A conceptual framework of price fairness perceptions. Journal of marketing, 68(4), 1-15.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2008), Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 6.Baskı, Seçkin Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Yoon, J., Narasimhan, R. ve Kim, M. K. (2018). Retailer’s sourcing strategy under consumer stockpiling in anticipation of supply disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3615-3635.
  • Živkov, D., Đurašković, J. ve Manić, S. (2019). How do oil price changes affect inflation in Central and Eastern European countries? A wavelet-based Markov switching approach. Baltic Journal of Economics, 19(1), 84-104.
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EXCESSIVE PRICING, CAUSES AND THE EFFECT OF COVID-19

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2021 Sayı: 2, 70 - 84, 31.12.2021

Öz

There is a worldwide rising trend in commodity prices with the Covid 19 pandemic. Consumers tend to stock up products as a consequence of panic purchasing. Firms may exploit this situation as an opportunity for over pricing of goods and services and thus they may gain unfair profits. The objective of this study is to present and discuss the over pricing of goods and services, its reasons and the effect of Covid 19 pandemic on fancy pricing. In order to reach the objective of the study, a document analysis on secondary sources (books, articles, reports, and websites) has been conducted as the research method. According to this study, natural disasters, wars, terror incidents and pandemics are among the reasons of fancy pricing. Moreover, there are persuasive evidences that demonstrate the Covid 19 pandemic as the key reason of fancy pricing in last two years. The study also presents that the increase in commodity prices (prices of petrol, natural gas, agricultural raw material and construction goods etc.) have a certain impact on the overpricing in Turkey, as for 2021 summer. Finally, this study indicates that there is a further need for academic research for finding out the reasons and means of fancy pricing and offering a precise and permanent solution for overcoming it.

Kaynakça

  • Assuncao, J. L. ve Meyer, R. J. (1993). The rational effect of price promotions on sales and consumption. Management Science, 39(5), 517-535.
  • Aydin, A. Buğra ve Özer, Nurhak (2020), Turkey: COVID-19'un Rekabet Hukukundaki Etkileri: Rekabet Otoriteleri Salgına Nasıl Cevap Veriyor? Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2021, https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/antitrust-eu-competition-/948644/covid-1939un-rekabet-hukukundaki-etkileri-rekabet-otoriteleri-salg305na-nas305l-cevap-veriyor
  • Basco, S., Domènech, J. ve Rosés, J. R. (2021). The redistributive effects of pandemics: Evidence on the Spanish flu. World Development, 141, 105389.
  • Baş, Türker ve Akturan, Ulun (2013), Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, NVivi 7.0 ile Nitel Veri Analizi, Ankara: Seçkin yayıncılık.
  • Boqiang, L. ve Dunguo, M. (2008). The impact of energy price increases on macro-economy: An analyses based on CGE method [J]. Economic Research Journal, 11(9).
  • Borensztein, E. ve Reinhart, C. M. (1994). The macroeconomic determinants of commodity prices. Staff Papers, 41(2), 236-261. Boshoff, W. H. (2021). South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period. South African Journal of Economics, 89(1), 112-140.
  • Bourghelle, D., Jawadi, F. ve Rozin, P. (2021). Oil price volatility in the context of Covid-19. International Economics, 167, 39-49. Buccafusco, C., Hemel, D. J. ve Talley, E. L. (2021). Price gouging in a pandemic. Available at SSRN.
  • Cabral, L. ve Xu, L. (2020). Seller reputation and price gouging: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Covid Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 12, 1-20.
  • Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. ve Raissi, M. (2014). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. Energy Economics, 44, 113-134.
  • Catão, L. A. ve Chang, R. (2015). World food prices and monetary policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 75, 69-88.
  • Cavallo, A., Cavallo, E. ve Rigobon, R. (2014). Prices and supply disruptions during natural disasters. Review of Income and Wealth, 60, S449-S471.
  • Chen, A. C. (2011). A market-based and synthesised approach to controlling price gouging. International Journal of Private Law, 4(1), 128-142.
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Gil-Alana, L. A. (2018). Oil price shocks and unemployment in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic Systems, 42(1), 164-173.
  • Culpepper, D. ve Block, W. (2008). Price gouging in the Katrina aftermath: free markets at work. International Journal of Social Economics.
  • Doroodian, K. ve Boyd, R. (2003). The linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances: a CGE model. Energy Policy, 31(10), 989-1006.
  • Duncan B., Joseph G., Isabel L., Derek H., Hiroyuki T., Kristi M., Ian M., Sophie G., Catherine R., Mywish K. M., Bart M., Xinshen D., (2021), Impacts Of COVID-19 On Agricultural Production And Food Systems in Late Transforming Southeast Asia: The Case Of Myanmar, Agricultural Systems. Erişim tarihi: 15.10.2021 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X20308878
  • Engle, R. F. ve Rangel, J. G. (2008). The spline-GARCH model for low-frequency volatility and its global macroeconomic causes. The review of financial studies, 21(3), 1187-1222.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
  • Gani, W. (2021). Excessive prices: a new analytical approach. European Competition Journal, 17(1), 23-46.
  • Gilbert, C. L. ve Morgan, C. W. (2010). Food price volatility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 3023-3034.
  • Gilo, D. ve Spiegel, Y. (2018). The antitrust prohibition of excessive pricing. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 61, 503-541.
  • Guo, L. ve Villas‐Boas, J. M. (2007). Consumer stockpiling and price competition in differentiated markets. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(4), 827-858.
  • Hallegatte, S. (2014). Modeling the role of inventories and heterogeneity in the assessment of the economic costs of natural disasters. Risk analysis, 34(1), 152-167.
  • He, Y. X., Zhang, S. L., Yang, L. Y., Wang, Y. J. ve Wang, J. (2010). Economic analysis of coal price–electricity price adjustment in China based on the CGE model. Energy Policy, 38(11), 6629-6637.
  • Headey, D. ve Fan, S. (2008). Anatomy of a crisis: the causes and consequences of surging food prices. Agricultural economics, 39, 375-391.
  • Jones, S. C., Waters, L., Holland, O., Bevins, J. ve Iverson, D. (2010). Developing pandemic communication strategies: Preparation without panic. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 126-132.
  • Jordà, Ò., Singh, S. R. ve Taylor, A. M. (2020). Longer-run economic consequences of pandemics (No. w26934). National Bureau of economic research.
  • Karasar, N. (2014), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, 27. Baskı, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kornher L, Kalkuhl M (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Kornher L, Kalkuhl M (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Kalkuhl, M., Von Braun, J. ve Torero, M. (2016). Food price volatility and its implications for food security and policy (p. 626). Springer Nature.
  • Kornher L. ve Kalkuhl M. (2013) Food price volatility in developing countries and its determinants. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 52(4), 277-308
  • Medical Press (2014), Ebola-hit countries seek recovery plan to “keep standing.” Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2021, http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-12-ebola-hit-countries-recovery.html
  • Meltzer, M. I., Cox, N. J. ve Fukuda, K. (1999). The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention. Emerging infectious diseases, 5(5), 659.
  • Motta, M. ve De Streel, A. (2007). Excessive pricing in competition law: Never say never. The pros and cons of high prices, 1-156.
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. ve Smyth, R. (2009). Understanding the inflation–output nexus for China. China Economic Review, 20(1), 82-90.
  • Neumayer, E. ve Barthel, F. (2011). Normalizing economic loss from natural disasters: A global analysis. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 13-24.
  • Nguyen, K. Q. (2008). Impacts of a rise in electricity tariff on prices of other products in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 36(8), 3145-3149.
  • Nicomedes, C. J. C. ve Avila, R. M. A. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14-22.
  • Noy, I. (2009). The macroeconomic consequences of disasters. Journal of Development economics, 88(2), 221-231.
  • Pelling, M., Özerdem, A. ve Barakat, S. (2002). The macro-economic impact of disasters. Progress in Development Studies, 2(4), 283-305.
  • Prentice, C., Chen, J. ve Stantic, B. (2020). Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102203.
  • Rapp, G. C. (2005). Gouging: Terrorist attacks, hurricanes, and the legal and economic aspects of post-disaster price regulation. Ky. LJ, 94, 535.
  • Rosling, L. ve Rosling, M. (2003). Pneumonia causes panic in Guangdong province. BMJ, 326 (7386), 416
  • Sakai, Y., Estudillo, J. P., Fuwa, N., Higuchi, Y. ve Sawada, Y. (2017). Do natural disasters affect the poor disproportionately? Price change and welfare impact in the aftermath of Typhoon Milenyo in the rural Philippines. World Development, 94, 16-26.
  • Samuels, W. J. ve Puro, E. (1991). The problem of price controls at the time of natural disasters. Review of Social Economy, 49(1), 62-75.
  • Sayed, A. ve Peng, B. (2021). Pandemics and income inequality: a historical review. SN Business & Economics, 1(4), 1-17.
  • Silva, P., Klytchnikova, I. ve Radevic, D. (2009). Poverty and environmental impacts of electricity price reforms in Montenegro. Utilities Policy, 17(1), 102-113.
  • Singh-Peterson, L. ve Lawrence, G. (2015). Insights into community vulnerability and resilience following natural disasters: perspectives with food retailers in Northern NSW, Australia. Local Environment, 20(7), 782-795.
  • Sproul, G. ve Harms, S. (2020). The UK Government and the Competition Authority adopt two recent measures against shortages and high prices during the COVID-19 outbreak. e-Competitions Bulletin, (March 2020).
  • Taylor, J. (2000). Low Inflation, Pass-Through, and The Pricing Power of Firms. European Economic Review, 44, 1389-1408.
  • Terp S. J., Shah S. ve Jahn M. (2020), “Earth Day 2020 Call For Action: Mitigating The Global Food Crises Associated With COVID-19”, Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2021., https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/geotech-cues/mitigating-the-impacts-of-global-food-crises-associated-with-covid-19/
  • Turan, Selahattin ve Özen, Hamit (2013), “Dokümanlardan verilerin toplanması”, İçinde Saharan B. Merriam (Çev.Edi. Sebahattin Turan) Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber, 3.basımdan çeviri, Ankara, Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Valentina S. (2020), Covid 19 is Driving Up Food Prices All Over The World, Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2021, https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-is-driving-up-food-prices-all-over-the-world/
  • Watanabe, T. (2020). The responses of consumption and prices in Japan to the COVID-19 crisis and the Tohoku Earthquake.Working Papers on Central Bank Communication erişim tarihi: 05.11.2021 https://ideas.repec.org/s/upd/utmpwp.html
  • Xia, L., Monroe, K. B. ve Cox, J. L. (2004). The price is unfair! A conceptual framework of price fairness perceptions. Journal of marketing, 68(4), 1-15.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2008), Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 6.Baskı, Seçkin Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Yoon, J., Narasimhan, R. ve Kim, M. K. (2018). Retailer’s sourcing strategy under consumer stockpiling in anticipation of supply disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3615-3635.
  • Živkov, D., Đurašković, J. ve Manić, S. (2019). How do oil price changes affect inflation in Central and Eastern European countries? A wavelet-based Markov switching approach. Baltic Journal of Economics, 19(1), 84-104.
  • Zwolinski, M. (2008). The ethics of price gouging. Business Ethics Quarterly, 347-378.
  • IMF Primary Commodity Prices, Erişim tarihi: 29.09.2021, https://www.imf.org/en/Research/commodity-prices,
  • IMF Emtia Fiyat Endeksleri, (2021). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Dunya-Ekonomisinde-Son-Gelismeler-2021-Yili-2-Ceyrek.pdf, erişim: 29.09.2021
  • TCMB, EVDS (2021) erişim: 29.09.2021, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/searchEvdsValue/QMOnaW1lbnRvQA==
  • TCMB (2021), erişim: 29.09.2021, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket,
  • TOBB (2021), TOBB ve Visa Kartlı Harcamalar Araştırması, erişim tarihi: 29.09.2021, https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=26827&lst=MansetListesi,
  • TUBİSAD (2020), Ekonominin dönüştürücü gücü: e-ticaret etki analizi, Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2021, https://www.tubisad.org.tr/tr/images/pdf/tubisad-e-commerce_impact_assessment-launchpresentation.pdf
  • TUİK; Ağustos 2021, erişim: 17.09.2021, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=T%C3%BCketici-Fiyat-Endeksi-A%C4%9Fustos-2021-37386&dil=1,
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm 2021:2 Makaleler
Yazarlar

Neslihan Cavlak 0000-0002-6712-971X

Murat Selim Selvi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2021 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Cavlak, N., & Selvi, M. S. (2021). AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2021(2), 70-84.
AMA Cavlak N, Selvi MS. AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. Aralık 2021;2021(2):70-84.
Chicago Cavlak, Neslihan, ve Murat Selim Selvi. “AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2021, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 70-84.
EndNote Cavlak N, Selvi MS (01 Aralık 2021) AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2021 2 70–84.
IEEE N. Cavlak ve M. S. Selvi, “AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, c. 2021, sy. 2, ss. 70–84, 2021.
ISNAD Cavlak, Neslihan - Selvi, Murat Selim. “AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2021/2 (Aralık 2021), 70-84.
JAMA Cavlak N, Selvi MS. AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2021;2021:70–84.
MLA Cavlak, Neslihan ve Murat Selim Selvi. “AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, c. 2021, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 70-84.
Vancouver Cavlak N, Selvi MS. AŞIRI FİYATLAMA, NEDENLERİ VE COVID-19’UN ETKİSİ. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2021;2021(2):70-84.