Öz
Praetorianism, defined as the situation in which the army ruling as an independent political force by threat or force, has been witnessed especially in societies that experiencing political, social or economic instability in the last two centuries. During this period the duration of military regime or its level of influence on the political field depend on various factors such as international factors, organizational characteristics of the army, leadership, internal social, political, economic conditions. Military regimes, which have relatively limited objectives and execution periods generally referred as guardian regimes. On the other hand, ruler regimes aim to retain political power for a longer period of time because they have broad aims such as penetration into the political, social and economic sphere. Ruler military regimes are forced to give up political power through counter-coup, external pressure or loss of legitimacy. Guardian military regimes voluntarily delegate power to civilians, acknowledging that withdrawal is a more useful option.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BRITANNICA. (2006). Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago.
- DANOPOULOS, Constantine P. (1992). “Farewell to Man on Horseback: Intervention and Civilian Supremacy in Modern Greece”, From Military to Civilian Rule, Routledge, London and New York.
- EDWARD, F.- VALPHY, J. (1828). An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language, A.J. Valphy, London.
- FINER, S. EDWARD. (1974). The Man on Horseback, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.1, Issue 1, October, (5-27).
- FINER, S. EDWARD. (1967). The Man on Horseback, Pall Mall Press, London.
- HALE, W. (1994). Turkish Politics and The Military, Routledge, London and New York.
- HUNTINGTON, S. (1957). The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil Military Relations, Random House, New York.
- JANOWITZ, M. (1977). Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
- LEWIS, C. THOMAS. (1916). A Latin Dictionary for Schools, American Book Company, New York.
- MANIRUZZAMAN, T. (1987). Military Withdrawal from Politics, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge.
- NORDLINGER, ERIC A. (1977). Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments, Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- PERLMUTTER, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers, Frank Cass, London.
- PERLMUTTER, A. (1978). The Military and Politics in Modern Times, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- SUNDHAUSSEN, U. (1984) Military Withdrawal from Government Responsibility, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.10, Issue 4, July, (543-562).
- WATKINS, F. MUNDELL, (1934). Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York.
- WEBER, M. (1978). Economy and Society, Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (ed.), 3 vols, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. - SMITH, ARTHUR K. (1974). Military Role and Rule, Duxbury Press, California.
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. (1992). Military Disangagement from Politics: Paradigms, Processes or Random Events, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.18, No.3, Spring, (323-342).
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. (1987). No Farewell to Arms?, Westview Press, Boulder and London.
- WHITE, JOHN T. (1904). Latin-English Dictionary, Ginn and Company, Boston.
Öz
Ordunun güç kullanarak ya da tehditle bağımsız bir siyasal güç haline geldiği durum olarak tanımlanan pretoryenizm özellikle son iki yüzyılda siyasal, sosyal veya ekonomik istikrarsızlık yaşayan toplumlarda defalarca sahne almıştır. Bu dönemde ordunun sivil siyasal alanda kalış süresi veya söz konusu alana etki düzeyi; uluslararası faktörler, ordunun örgütsel özellikleri, liderlik, ülke içi toplumsal, siyasal, ekonomik şartlar gibi birçok etmene bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Siyasal alana müdahalesinde nispeten sınırlı amaçlara ve kalış sürelerine sahip olan askeri rejimler genel olarak muhafız rejimler olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Hükmedici rejimler ise müdahalelerinde siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik alana nüfuz etmek gibi geniş amaçlara sahip olduğu için siyasal iktidarı çok daha uzun süre elinde tutmayı amaç edinen rejimlerdir. Hükmedici askeri rejimler; karşı darbeyle, dış baskı yoluyla ya da meşruiyet kaybına uğrayarak siyasal iktidarı bırakmak zorunda kalmaktadırlar. Muhafız askeri rejimler ise; geri çekilmenin daha faydalı bir seçenek olduğunu düşünerek gönüllü olarak iktidarı sivillere devretmektedirler.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BRITANNICA. (2006). Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago.
- DANOPOULOS, Constantine P. (1992). “Farewell to Man on Horseback: Intervention and Civilian Supremacy in Modern Greece”, From Military to Civilian Rule, Routledge, London and New York.
- EDWARD, F.- VALPHY, J. (1828). An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language, A.J. Valphy, London.
- FINER, S. EDWARD. (1974). The Man on Horseback, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.1, Issue 1, October, (5-27).
- FINER, S. EDWARD. (1967). The Man on Horseback, Pall Mall Press, London.
- HALE, W. (1994). Turkish Politics and The Military, Routledge, London and New York.
- HUNTINGTON, S. (1957). The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil Military Relations, Random House, New York.
- JANOWITZ, M. (1977). Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
- LEWIS, C. THOMAS. (1916). A Latin Dictionary for Schools, American Book Company, New York.
- MANIRUZZAMAN, T. (1987). Military Withdrawal from Politics, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge.
- NORDLINGER, ERIC A. (1977). Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments, Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- PERLMUTTER, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers, Frank Cass, London.
- PERLMUTTER, A. (1978). The Military and Politics in Modern Times, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- SUNDHAUSSEN, U. (1984) Military Withdrawal from Government Responsibility, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.10, Issue 4, July, (543-562).
- WATKINS, F. MUNDELL, (1934). Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York.
- WEBER, M. (1978). Economy and Society, Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (ed.), 3 vols, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. - SMITH, ARTHUR K. (1974). Military Role and Rule, Duxbury Press, California.
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. (1992). Military Disangagement from Politics: Paradigms, Processes or Random Events, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.18, No.3, Spring, (323-342).
- WELCH, CLAUDE E. (1987). No Farewell to Arms?, Westview Press, Boulder and London.
- WHITE, JOHN T. (1904). Latin-English Dictionary, Ginn and Company, Boston.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Ekim 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4 |
