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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy for the USA Consumption Stationarity Test for the USA: Evidence from Fourier Tests

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 123 - 141, 30.06.2021

Öz

Energy is a driving force for economic activity and industrial development. Researching the stationarity of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption together has become an important research branch in energy economics. There are not many studies in the literature investigating whether shocks to renewable and non- renewable energy consumption have temporary or permanent effects. In this context, in this study, it is desired to test the stationarity of renewable (Nuclear electricity, Hydroelectric power consumption, Geothermal Energy and Biomass Energy) and non-renewable (Coal, Natural Gas, Oil) energy consumption for the USA. For this purpose, Fourier-based unit root tests, which were brought to the literature by Christopoulos and Leon-Ledesma (2010), were used. Annual data on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption covering the period 1960-2020 were obtained from the official database of the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). According to the results obtained, it has been found that both renewable and non-renewable energy consumption of the USA is not stationary. For the test, which only takes into account the nonlinearity, it is seen that the oil consumption is stationary at the %10 level.

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries." Energy policy 38.1 (2010): 656-660.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Coal consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries." Energy Policy 38.3 (2010): 1353-1359.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–growth nexus: evidence from emerging market economies." Applied Energy 88.12 (2011): 5226-5230.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America." Applied Energy 88.1 (2011): 343-347.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption- growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model." Energy economics 34.3 (2012): 733-738.
  • Aslan, Alper. "Does natural gas consumption follow a nonlinear path over time? Evidence from 50 US States." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.9 (2011): 4466-4469.
  • Aslan, Alper, and Hakan Kum. "The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests." Energy 36.7 (2011): 4256-4258.
  • Becker, Ralf, Walter Enders, and Junsoo Lee. "A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks." Journal of Time Series Analysis 27.3 (2006): 381-409.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2020). https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp- content/uploads/2020/07/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23/05/2021.
  • Burakov, Dmitry. "Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil production in 15 countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 9.2 (2019): 295.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, Josep Lluís, Dukpa Kim, and Pierre Perron. "GLS-based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses." Econometric theory (2009): 1754-1792.
  • Chen, Pei-Fen, and Chien-Chiang Lee. "Is energy consumption per capita broken stationary? New evidence from regional-based panels." Energy Policy 35.6 (2007): 3526-3540.
  • Christopoulos, Dimitris K., and Miguel A. León-Ledesma. "Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates." Journal of International Money and Finance 29.6 (2010): 1076-1093.
  • Derrick, F. O. S. S. O. N. G., NDAMSA Dickson Thomas, and BAYE Menjo Francis. "The Implications of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption for Economic Growth in Cameroon." Energy Economics Letters 8.1 (2021): 29-41.
  • Destek, Mehmet Akif, and Alper Aslan. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality." Renewable Energy 111 (2017): 757-763.
  • Destek, Mehmet Akif, and Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie. "Are fluctuations in coal, oil and natural gas consumption permanent or transitory? Evidence from OECD countries." Heliyon 6.2 (2020): e03391.
  • Duran, Mahmut Sami. "BRICS-T ülkelerinde enerji tüketiminin belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik bir uygulama." (2020). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yaıymlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • EIA (Energy Information Administration), 2021. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2021.
  • Hasanov, Mübariz, and Erdinc Telatar. "A re-examination of stationarity of energy consumption: evidence from new unit root tests." Energy Policy 39.12 (2011): 7726- 7738.
  • Hsu, Yi-Chung, Chien-Chiang Lee, and Chi-Chuan Lee. "Revisited: are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach." Energy Economics 30.5 (2008): 2314-2330.
  • Ivanovski, Kris, Abebe Hailemariam, and Russell Smyth. "The effect of renewable and non- renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Non-parametric evidence." Journal of Cleaner Production 286 (2021): 124956.
  • İzgi, Berna Balcı, and Gamze Destek. "BRICS ve Mist Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemeyen Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri." ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi 4.9: 14-23.
  • Kapetanios, George, Yongcheol Shin, and Andy Snell. "Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework." Journal of econometrics 112.2 (2003): 359-379.
  • Kapetanios, George. "Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks." Journal of Time Series Analysis 26.1 (2005): 123-133.
  • Karhan, Gökhan. "Enerji yoğunluğu ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: BRICS-T ülkeleri üzerine bir araştırma." (2016). İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Kizilkaya, Oktay, and Gökhan Konat. "Elektrik Tüketimindeki Dalgalanmalar Geçici mi Yoksa Kalıcı mı? Türkiye İçin Amprik Bir Analiz." Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 31 (2019): 53-62.
  • Lean, Hooi Hooi, and Russell Smyth. "Will policies to promote renewable electricity generation be effective? Evidence from panel stationarity and unit root tests for 115 countries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013): 371-379.
  • Lee, Chien-Chiang, Omid Ranjbar, and Chi-Chuan Lee. "Testing the persistence of shocks on renewable energy consumption: evidence from a quantile unit-root test with smooth breaks." Energy 215 (2021): 119190.
  • Lee, Junsoo, and Mark C. Strazicich. "Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks." Review of economics and statistics 85.4 (2003): 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, Robin L., and David H. Papell. "Multiple trend breaks and the unit-root hypothesis." Review of economics and Statistics 79.2 (1997): 212-218.
  • Mishra, Vinod, Susan Sharma, and Russell Smyth. "Are fluctuations in energy consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries." Energy Policy 37.6 (2009): 2318-2326.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Russell Smyth. "Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries." Energy policy 35.1 (2007): 333-341.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, Seema Narayan, and Russell Smyth. "Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil and NGL production in 60 countries." Energy Economics 30.3 (2008): 919-936.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Stephan Popp. "A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time." Journal of Applied Statistics 37.9 (2010): 1425-1438.
  • Ozcan, Burcu, and Ilhan Ozturk. "A new approach to energy consumption per capita stationarity: Evidence from OECD countries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 65 (2016): 332-344.
  • Perron, Pierre. "The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis." Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society (1989): 1361-1401.
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad, Tiwari Aviral Kumar, Jam Farooq Ahmed and Ozturk Ilham "Are fluctuations in coal consumption per capita temporary? Evidence from developed and developing economies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014): 96-101.
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad, Khraief Naceur, Mahalik Mantu Kumar and Zaman Khair Uz. "Are fluctuations in natural gas consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from time series and panel unit root tests." Energy 78 (2014): 183-195.
  • Tiwari, Aviral. "Primary energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth: Evidence from India." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 6.2 (2011): 99- 117.
  • Yasar, Nermin. "Stationarity Properties of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Commonwealth of Independent States." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10.1 (2020): 155.
  • Zivot, Eric, and Donald W. K. Andrews. "Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis." Journal of business & economic statistics 20.1 (2002): 25-44.
  • https://www.dunyaenerji.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BP-2020-Du%CC%88nya- Enerji-Raporu-O%CC%88zeti.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 23/05/2021.

ABD için Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Tüketimi Durağanlık Sınaması: Fourier Testlerden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 123 - 141, 30.06.2021

Öz

Enerji, ekonomik faaliyet ve endüstriyel gelişme için itici bir güçtür. Yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin durağanlığının birlikte araştırılması, enerji ekonomisinde önemli bir araştırma dalı haline gelmiştir. Yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketimine yönelik şokların geçici veya kalıcı etkileri olup olmadığını birlikte araştıran çalışma ise literatürde çok fazla bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada ABD için yenilenebilir (Nükleer elektrik, Hidroelektrik güç tüketimi, Jeotermal Enerji ve Biyokütle Enerjisi) ve yenilenemez (Kömür, Doğal Gaz, Petrol) enerji tüketiminin durağanlığı sınanmak istenmektedir. Bu amaçla Christopoulos ve Leon- Ledesma (2010) tarafından literatüre kazandırılan Fourier temelli birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. 1960-2020 dönemini kapsayan yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketimi yıllık verilerine ABD Enerji Bilgi İdaresi (EIA) resmi veri tabanından ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ABD’nin hem yenilenebilir hem de yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin durağan olmadığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Sadece doğrusal olmama durumunu dikkate alan test için petrol tüketiminin %10 düzeyinde durağan olduğu görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries." Energy policy 38.1 (2010): 656-660.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Coal consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries." Energy Policy 38.3 (2010): 1353-1359.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–growth nexus: evidence from emerging market economies." Applied Energy 88.12 (2011): 5226-5230.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America." Applied Energy 88.1 (2011): 343-347.
  • Apergis, Nicholas, and James E. Payne. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption- growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model." Energy economics 34.3 (2012): 733-738.
  • Aslan, Alper. "Does natural gas consumption follow a nonlinear path over time? Evidence from 50 US States." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.9 (2011): 4466-4469.
  • Aslan, Alper, and Hakan Kum. "The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests." Energy 36.7 (2011): 4256-4258.
  • Becker, Ralf, Walter Enders, and Junsoo Lee. "A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks." Journal of Time Series Analysis 27.3 (2006): 381-409.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2020). https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp- content/uploads/2020/07/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23/05/2021.
  • Burakov, Dmitry. "Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil production in 15 countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 9.2 (2019): 295.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, Josep Lluís, Dukpa Kim, and Pierre Perron. "GLS-based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses." Econometric theory (2009): 1754-1792.
  • Chen, Pei-Fen, and Chien-Chiang Lee. "Is energy consumption per capita broken stationary? New evidence from regional-based panels." Energy Policy 35.6 (2007): 3526-3540.
  • Christopoulos, Dimitris K., and Miguel A. León-Ledesma. "Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates." Journal of International Money and Finance 29.6 (2010): 1076-1093.
  • Derrick, F. O. S. S. O. N. G., NDAMSA Dickson Thomas, and BAYE Menjo Francis. "The Implications of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption for Economic Growth in Cameroon." Energy Economics Letters 8.1 (2021): 29-41.
  • Destek, Mehmet Akif, and Alper Aslan. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality." Renewable Energy 111 (2017): 757-763.
  • Destek, Mehmet Akif, and Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie. "Are fluctuations in coal, oil and natural gas consumption permanent or transitory? Evidence from OECD countries." Heliyon 6.2 (2020): e03391.
  • Duran, Mahmut Sami. "BRICS-T ülkelerinde enerji tüketiminin belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik bir uygulama." (2020). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yaıymlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • EIA (Energy Information Administration), 2021. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2021.
  • Hasanov, Mübariz, and Erdinc Telatar. "A re-examination of stationarity of energy consumption: evidence from new unit root tests." Energy Policy 39.12 (2011): 7726- 7738.
  • Hsu, Yi-Chung, Chien-Chiang Lee, and Chi-Chuan Lee. "Revisited: are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach." Energy Economics 30.5 (2008): 2314-2330.
  • Ivanovski, Kris, Abebe Hailemariam, and Russell Smyth. "The effect of renewable and non- renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Non-parametric evidence." Journal of Cleaner Production 286 (2021): 124956.
  • İzgi, Berna Balcı, and Gamze Destek. "BRICS ve Mist Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemeyen Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri." ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi 4.9: 14-23.
  • Kapetanios, George, Yongcheol Shin, and Andy Snell. "Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework." Journal of econometrics 112.2 (2003): 359-379.
  • Kapetanios, George. "Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks." Journal of Time Series Analysis 26.1 (2005): 123-133.
  • Karhan, Gökhan. "Enerji yoğunluğu ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: BRICS-T ülkeleri üzerine bir araştırma." (2016). İnönü Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Kizilkaya, Oktay, and Gökhan Konat. "Elektrik Tüketimindeki Dalgalanmalar Geçici mi Yoksa Kalıcı mı? Türkiye İçin Amprik Bir Analiz." Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 31 (2019): 53-62.
  • Lean, Hooi Hooi, and Russell Smyth. "Will policies to promote renewable electricity generation be effective? Evidence from panel stationarity and unit root tests for 115 countries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013): 371-379.
  • Lee, Chien-Chiang, Omid Ranjbar, and Chi-Chuan Lee. "Testing the persistence of shocks on renewable energy consumption: evidence from a quantile unit-root test with smooth breaks." Energy 215 (2021): 119190.
  • Lee, Junsoo, and Mark C. Strazicich. "Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks." Review of economics and statistics 85.4 (2003): 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, Robin L., and David H. Papell. "Multiple trend breaks and the unit-root hypothesis." Review of economics and Statistics 79.2 (1997): 212-218.
  • Mishra, Vinod, Susan Sharma, and Russell Smyth. "Are fluctuations in energy consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries." Energy Policy 37.6 (2009): 2318-2326.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Russell Smyth. "Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries." Energy policy 35.1 (2007): 333-341.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, Seema Narayan, and Russell Smyth. "Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil and NGL production in 60 countries." Energy Economics 30.3 (2008): 919-936.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Stephan Popp. "A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time." Journal of Applied Statistics 37.9 (2010): 1425-1438.
  • Ozcan, Burcu, and Ilhan Ozturk. "A new approach to energy consumption per capita stationarity: Evidence from OECD countries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 65 (2016): 332-344.
  • Perron, Pierre. "The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis." Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society (1989): 1361-1401.
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad, Tiwari Aviral Kumar, Jam Farooq Ahmed and Ozturk Ilham "Are fluctuations in coal consumption per capita temporary? Evidence from developed and developing economies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014): 96-101.
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad, Khraief Naceur, Mahalik Mantu Kumar and Zaman Khair Uz. "Are fluctuations in natural gas consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from time series and panel unit root tests." Energy 78 (2014): 183-195.
  • Tiwari, Aviral. "Primary energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth: Evidence from India." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 6.2 (2011): 99- 117.
  • Yasar, Nermin. "Stationarity Properties of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Commonwealth of Independent States." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10.1 (2020): 155.
  • Zivot, Eric, and Donald W. K. Andrews. "Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis." Journal of business & economic statistics 20.1 (2002): 25-44.
  • https://www.dunyaenerji.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BP-2020-Du%CC%88nya- Enerji-Raporu-O%CC%88zeti.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 23/05/2021.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Eda Fendoğlu 0000-0003-4092-7137

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Fendoğlu, Eda. “ABD için Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemez Enerji Tüketimi Durağanlık Sınaması: Fourier Testlerden Kanıtlar”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/1 (Haziran 2021), 123-141.