Araştırma Makalesi
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Rusya’nın Deniz Hukuku Bağlamında Azak Denizi ve Kerç Boğazı’nda Ukrayna’ya Karşı Uluslararası Hukuk İhlalleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 691 - 712, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1111849

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu ve Ukrayna arasında Kerç Boğazı’ndan gemilerin geçişinin ve Azak Denizi’nin hukuki statüsünün düzenlediği 2003 tarihli Azak Denizi ve Kerç Boğazı’nın Kullanımına İlişkin İşbirliği Antlaşması mevcuttur. Ukrayna’ya ait Kırım’ın Rusya Federasyonu tarafından ilhak edilmesinin ardından 2018 yılında Kerç Boğazı’ndan geçişe ilişkin Rusya ve Ukrayna arasında bir olay meydana gelmiştir. Söz konusu olayda Rusya Federasyonu Kırım’ı çevreleyen deniz alanının Rusya’nın karasularını oluşturduğunu, 2003 tarihli İşbirliği Antlaşması’nı tek taraflı olarak uygulamaması ve Ukrayna’ya ait savaş gemilerine el koyması uyuşmazlık konularını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada belirtilen ihlaller, Rusya Federasyonu ve Ukrayna arasındaki uyuşmazlığın barış döneminde gerçekleştiği kabulü bağlamında incelenmiştir. Kerç Boğazı krizi deniz hukuku kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Deniz hukukuna ilişkin hukuk kurallarının uygulanması gerektiği ve bu kapsamda Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya ait savaş gemilerinin yargı bağışıklığına sahip olduğuna ve Rusya’nın eylemlerinin deniz hukukuna ilişkin kuralları ihlal ettiği belirtilmektedir.

Teşekkür

Kısa sürede iletişime geçtiğiniz için teşekkür eder, iyi çalışmalar dilerim.

Kaynakça

  • Åtland, K., “Redrawing Borders, Reshaping Orders: Russia’s Quest for Dominance in The Black Sea Region”, European Security, Volume: 30, Number:2, 2021, ss.305-324.
  • Address of Ukraine’s Ambassador to UN Security Council on Kerch Strait Incident, Kyiv Post, 2018, https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine–politics/address–of–ukraine–to–theun–security–council–on–kerch–strait–incident–html (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Bentzen, N., Russia-Ukraine Conflict Flares Up in The Azov Sea, European Parliamentary Research Service, European Parliament, 2018, ss.1-2, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/630307/EPRS_ATA(2018)630307_EN.pdf (e.t.11.12.2021).
  • Boulegue, M., “In Sea of Azov Russia again tests its strength,” Chatham House, 2018, https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/sea–azov–russia–again–tests–itsstrength (e.t.12.12.2021).
  • Cruickshank, M., “Investigating the Kerch Strait Incident,” Bellingcat, 2018, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk–and–europe/2018/11/30/investigating–the–kerch–straitincident/ (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, with Commentaries, Report of the International Law Commission on The Work of Its Sixty-third Session, United Nations, 2011, ss.108-130, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf (e.t.31.01.2022).
  • European Parliament Resolution, Situation in the Sea of Azov, (2018/2870(RSP)), P8_TA(2018)0435, 25 October 2018, European Parliament, 2014-2019, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0435_EN.pdf?redirect (e.t.15.02.2022).
  • Huang, M. V., “The Kerch Strait Incident: Is There a Breach of International Law?”, Legal Standing: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Volume:4, Number:1, 2020, ss.57-75.
  • International Tribunal for The Law of The Sea, 25 June 2019, https://www.itlos.org/cases/list-of-cases/ case-no-26/ (e.t.12.01.2022).
  • International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 16 April 2019, https://www.itlos.org/cases/list-of-cases/case-no-26/ (e.t.12.01.2022).
  • Kerch Crisis: Ukraine Insists that Russia Violated Fundamental Principle of Maritime Law, Ukrainian Multimedia Platform for Broadcasting, Ukrinform, 2021, https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3331742-kerch-crisis-ukraine-insists-that-russia-violated-fundamental-principle-of-maritime-law.html (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • Koyuncu, Hüseyin, Rusya ile Ukrayna'yı Savaşın Eşiğine Getiren 'Kerç Boğazı Krizi' Nedir, Nasıl Başladı?, Euronews, 2018, https://tr.euronews.com/2018/11/29/rusya-ile-ukrayna-arasinda-cikan-kerc-bogazi-krizi-hakkinda-bilmeniz-gerekenler (e.t.13.12.2021).
  • Kraska, J., “The Kerch Strait Incident: Law of the Sea or Law of Naval Warfare?”, Ejiltalk, 2018, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-kerch-strait-incident-law-of-the-sea-or-law-of-naval-warfare/ (e.t.07.03.2021).
  • Larter, David, Experts Say Russia’s Actions in The Kerch Strait Were Illegal, Defence News, 2018, https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/11/30/even-if-you-believe-russias-story-its-actions-in-the-kerch-strait-were-illegal-experts-say/ (e.t.22.01.2022).
  • Lott, A., “The Passage Regimes of the Kerch Strait—To Each Their Own?”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume:52, Number:1, 2021, ss.64-92.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, “Foreign Ministry Statement,” 26 November 2018, http://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/maps/ua/-/asset_publisher/ktn0ZLTvbbS3/ content/id/3420678 (e.t.20.12.2021).
  • Nick, Andreas, The Escalation of Tensions Around The Sea of Azov and The Kerch Strait and Threats to European Security, Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy, Parliamentary Assembly, Report Doc. 14811, 2019, https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=25348&lang=en (e.t.05.12.2021).
  • Oral, N., “Ukraine v. The Russian Federation: Navigating Conflict over Sovereignty under UNCLOS”, International Law Studies, Stockton Center for International Law, Volume:97, 2021, ss.478-508.
  • Parmley, C. J. and Pedrozo, R. P., Russia’s Illegal Restriction of Navigation in The Black Sea, 2021, https://www.lawfareblog.com/russias-illegal-restriction-navigation-black-sea (e.t.10.03.2022).
  • Passage Through Kerch Strait Opens for Civilian Vessels After Ukraine Standoff, TASS, 2018, http://tass.com/world/1032467 (e.t.02.02.2022).
  • Raina, H., Legal Aspects of the 25th November, 2018 Kerch Strait Incident, National Maritime Foundation, 2018, ss.161-169.
  • Russia and Ukraine Involved in Black Sea Naval Standoff, Reuters, 2018, https://in.reuters.com/article/ukraine–crisis–russia/russia–and–ukraine–involved–in–black–seanaval–standoff–idINL8N1Y00C2 (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • Rusya ve Ukrayna arasında Kerç Boğazı gerilimi tırmanıyor, Deutche Welle Türkçe, 2018, https://www.dw.com/tr/rusya-ve-ukrayna-aras%C4%B1nda-ker%C3%A7-bo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1-gerilimi-t%C4%B1rman%C4%B1yor/a-46448991 (e.t.03.03.2021).
  • Rusya, Kerç Boğazı’nı Altı Aylığına Kapatıyor, Lojiport, 2021, https://www.lojiport.com/rusya-kerc-bogazini-alti-ayligina-kapatiyor-110306h.htm (e.t.20.02.2022).
  • Rusya-Ukrayna krizi: Neler yaşandı?, BBC Türkçe, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-46342877 (e.t.03.03.2022).
  • Schatz, V. J. and Koval, D., “Russia’s Annexation of Crimea and the Passage of Ships Through Kerch Strait: A Law of the Sea Perspective”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume:50, Number:2-3, 2019, ss.275-297, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00908320.2019.1605677?casa_token=gGPWHiPaBKoAAAAA:3Rpm2szRn6yAkhHsfTuuCvpvOnpIyJHOh-OZOgHgQnjSUsZF614gzLJDYH-UW43RB6DSGqgjIcy_Ix4 (e.t.05.03.2021)
  • Schatz, V. J. and Koval, D., Ukraine v. Russia: Passage through Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, Part I: The Legal Status of Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, Völkerrechtsblog, 2018, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/ukraine-v-russia-passage-through-kerch-strait-and-the-sea-of-azov/ (e.t.15.03.2021).
  • Schatz, Valentin J. and Koval, Dmytro, Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, Unofficial Translation, https://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/die-fakultaet/professuren/proelss/dateien-valentin/agreement-sea-of-azov (e.t.10.03.2021).
  • Sen, A. K., Russia-Ukraine Conflict Heats Up The Sea of Azov: Echoes of Russia’s War With Georgia?, 2018, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/russia-ukraine-feud-heats-up-the-sea-of-azov/ (e.t.05.12.2021).
  • Socor, V., Azov Sea, “Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part One)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume:15 Issue:169, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-one/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Socor, V., “Azov Sea, Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part Two)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume:15, Issue:171, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-two/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Socor, V., “Azov Sea, Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part Three)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 15 Issue: 173, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-three/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on Russia’s armed provocation in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, November 25, 2018, https://mfa.gov.ua/en/press–center/news/68875–zajava–mzs–shhodo–zbrojnoji–provokacijirosiji–u–chornomu–ta–azovsykomu–mori (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • Szénási, E., The Kerch Strait Incident: Why the 2003 Treaty Regulation the Azov Sea Rights has not been Terminated by Russia, 2018, ss.1-5, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329403410_(e.t.15.01.2022).
  • Talmon, S., Germany Mistakenly Considers Russia’s Restrictions on Navigation of Warships in The Black Sea to Be “Very Problematic” and “Contrary to International Law”, German Practice in International Law, 2021, https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2021/05/germany-mistakenly-considers-russias-restrictions-on-navigation-of-warships-in-the-black-sea-to-be-very-problematic-and-in-part-contrary-to-international-law/ (e.t.02.02022).
  • Tensions Between Ukraine and Russia Boil Over in Sea of Azov as Chances for War Escalate, The Drive, 2018, http://www.thedrive.com/the–war–zone/25101/tensions–betweenukraine–and–russia–boil–over–in–sea–of–azov–as–chances–for–war–escalate (e.t.15.12.2021).
  • Ukraine Says Counterintelligence Officer Wounded in Sunday’s Russia Clash, Reuters, 2018, https://in.reuters.com/article/ukraine–crisis–russia–sbu/ukraine–sayscounterintelligence–officer–wounded–in–sundays–russia–clash–idINKCN1NW0PZ (e.t.10.12.2021).
  • Ukraine-Russia Sea Clash: Who Controls The Territorial Waters Around Crimea?, BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46345317 (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX) Definition of Aggression, A/RES/29/3314, Twenty-ninth Session, 14.12.1974, A/RES/29/3314 - Definition of Aggression - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements (un-documents.net) (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262, A/RES68/262, April 1, 2014, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/262 (e.t.15.02.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/66/99, 27.02.2012, https://undocs.org/en/%20A/RES/66/99 (e.t.12.12.2021).

Russia’s Violations of International Law against Ukraine in The Sea of Azov and The Kerch Strait in the Context of the Law of The Sea

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 691 - 712, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1111849

Öz

There is an Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait in 2003, regulating the navigation of ships through the Kerch Strait and the legal status of the Sea of Azov. An incident occurred between Russia and Ukraine regarding the navigation through the Kerch Strait after the the Crimea which is belonging to Ukraine was annexed by the Russian Federation. In this case, the Russian Federation’s territorial area surrounding Crimea constitutes Russian territorial waters, the failure to unilaterally implement the 2003 Co-operation Agreement and to seize Ukrainian military vessels and to take ships to Russia’s port are the subjects of dispute. The violations set out in this study were examined in the context of that the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine took place in peacetime. The Kerch Strait crisis has been evaluated under the law of the sea. It is stated that the rules of law regarding the law of the sea should be applied, and in this context, warships belonging to Ukraine have immunity from jurisdiction and Russia’s actions violate the rules of the law of the sea.

Kaynakça

  • Åtland, K., “Redrawing Borders, Reshaping Orders: Russia’s Quest for Dominance in The Black Sea Region”, European Security, Volume: 30, Number:2, 2021, ss.305-324.
  • Address of Ukraine’s Ambassador to UN Security Council on Kerch Strait Incident, Kyiv Post, 2018, https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine–politics/address–of–ukraine–to–theun–security–council–on–kerch–strait–incident–html (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Bentzen, N., Russia-Ukraine Conflict Flares Up in The Azov Sea, European Parliamentary Research Service, European Parliament, 2018, ss.1-2, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/630307/EPRS_ATA(2018)630307_EN.pdf (e.t.11.12.2021).
  • Boulegue, M., “In Sea of Azov Russia again tests its strength,” Chatham House, 2018, https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/sea–azov–russia–again–tests–itsstrength (e.t.12.12.2021).
  • Cruickshank, M., “Investigating the Kerch Strait Incident,” Bellingcat, 2018, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk–and–europe/2018/11/30/investigating–the–kerch–straitincident/ (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, with Commentaries, Report of the International Law Commission on The Work of Its Sixty-third Session, United Nations, 2011, ss.108-130, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf (e.t.31.01.2022).
  • European Parliament Resolution, Situation in the Sea of Azov, (2018/2870(RSP)), P8_TA(2018)0435, 25 October 2018, European Parliament, 2014-2019, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0435_EN.pdf?redirect (e.t.15.02.2022).
  • Huang, M. V., “The Kerch Strait Incident: Is There a Breach of International Law?”, Legal Standing: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Volume:4, Number:1, 2020, ss.57-75.
  • International Tribunal for The Law of The Sea, 25 June 2019, https://www.itlos.org/cases/list-of-cases/ case-no-26/ (e.t.12.01.2022).
  • International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 16 April 2019, https://www.itlos.org/cases/list-of-cases/case-no-26/ (e.t.12.01.2022).
  • Kerch Crisis: Ukraine Insists that Russia Violated Fundamental Principle of Maritime Law, Ukrainian Multimedia Platform for Broadcasting, Ukrinform, 2021, https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3331742-kerch-crisis-ukraine-insists-that-russia-violated-fundamental-principle-of-maritime-law.html (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • Koyuncu, Hüseyin, Rusya ile Ukrayna'yı Savaşın Eşiğine Getiren 'Kerç Boğazı Krizi' Nedir, Nasıl Başladı?, Euronews, 2018, https://tr.euronews.com/2018/11/29/rusya-ile-ukrayna-arasinda-cikan-kerc-bogazi-krizi-hakkinda-bilmeniz-gerekenler (e.t.13.12.2021).
  • Kraska, J., “The Kerch Strait Incident: Law of the Sea or Law of Naval Warfare?”, Ejiltalk, 2018, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-kerch-strait-incident-law-of-the-sea-or-law-of-naval-warfare/ (e.t.07.03.2021).
  • Larter, David, Experts Say Russia’s Actions in The Kerch Strait Were Illegal, Defence News, 2018, https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/11/30/even-if-you-believe-russias-story-its-actions-in-the-kerch-strait-were-illegal-experts-say/ (e.t.22.01.2022).
  • Lott, A., “The Passage Regimes of the Kerch Strait—To Each Their Own?”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume:52, Number:1, 2021, ss.64-92.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, “Foreign Ministry Statement,” 26 November 2018, http://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/maps/ua/-/asset_publisher/ktn0ZLTvbbS3/ content/id/3420678 (e.t.20.12.2021).
  • Nick, Andreas, The Escalation of Tensions Around The Sea of Azov and The Kerch Strait and Threats to European Security, Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy, Parliamentary Assembly, Report Doc. 14811, 2019, https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=25348&lang=en (e.t.05.12.2021).
  • Oral, N., “Ukraine v. The Russian Federation: Navigating Conflict over Sovereignty under UNCLOS”, International Law Studies, Stockton Center for International Law, Volume:97, 2021, ss.478-508.
  • Parmley, C. J. and Pedrozo, R. P., Russia’s Illegal Restriction of Navigation in The Black Sea, 2021, https://www.lawfareblog.com/russias-illegal-restriction-navigation-black-sea (e.t.10.03.2022).
  • Passage Through Kerch Strait Opens for Civilian Vessels After Ukraine Standoff, TASS, 2018, http://tass.com/world/1032467 (e.t.02.02.2022).
  • Raina, H., Legal Aspects of the 25th November, 2018 Kerch Strait Incident, National Maritime Foundation, 2018, ss.161-169.
  • Russia and Ukraine Involved in Black Sea Naval Standoff, Reuters, 2018, https://in.reuters.com/article/ukraine–crisis–russia/russia–and–ukraine–involved–in–black–seanaval–standoff–idINL8N1Y00C2 (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • Rusya ve Ukrayna arasında Kerç Boğazı gerilimi tırmanıyor, Deutche Welle Türkçe, 2018, https://www.dw.com/tr/rusya-ve-ukrayna-aras%C4%B1nda-ker%C3%A7-bo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1-gerilimi-t%C4%B1rman%C4%B1yor/a-46448991 (e.t.03.03.2021).
  • Rusya, Kerç Boğazı’nı Altı Aylığına Kapatıyor, Lojiport, 2021, https://www.lojiport.com/rusya-kerc-bogazini-alti-ayligina-kapatiyor-110306h.htm (e.t.20.02.2022).
  • Rusya-Ukrayna krizi: Neler yaşandı?, BBC Türkçe, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-46342877 (e.t.03.03.2022).
  • Schatz, V. J. and Koval, D., “Russia’s Annexation of Crimea and the Passage of Ships Through Kerch Strait: A Law of the Sea Perspective”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume:50, Number:2-3, 2019, ss.275-297, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00908320.2019.1605677?casa_token=gGPWHiPaBKoAAAAA:3Rpm2szRn6yAkhHsfTuuCvpvOnpIyJHOh-OZOgHgQnjSUsZF614gzLJDYH-UW43RB6DSGqgjIcy_Ix4 (e.t.05.03.2021)
  • Schatz, V. J. and Koval, D., Ukraine v. Russia: Passage through Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, Part I: The Legal Status of Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, Völkerrechtsblog, 2018, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/ukraine-v-russia-passage-through-kerch-strait-and-the-sea-of-azov/ (e.t.15.03.2021).
  • Schatz, Valentin J. and Koval, Dmytro, Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, Unofficial Translation, https://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/die-fakultaet/professuren/proelss/dateien-valentin/agreement-sea-of-azov (e.t.10.03.2021).
  • Sen, A. K., Russia-Ukraine Conflict Heats Up The Sea of Azov: Echoes of Russia’s War With Georgia?, 2018, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/russia-ukraine-feud-heats-up-the-sea-of-azov/ (e.t.05.12.2021).
  • Socor, V., Azov Sea, “Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part One)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume:15 Issue:169, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-one/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Socor, V., “Azov Sea, Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part Two)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume:15, Issue:171, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-two/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Socor, V., “Azov Sea, Kerch Strait: Evolution of Their Purported Legal Status (Part Three)”, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 15 Issue: 173, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/azov-sea-kerch-strait-evolution-of-their-purported-legal-status-part-three/ (e.t.02.03.2021).
  • Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on Russia’s armed provocation in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, November 25, 2018, https://mfa.gov.ua/en/press–center/news/68875–zajava–mzs–shhodo–zbrojnoji–provokacijirosiji–u–chornomu–ta–azovsykomu–mori (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • Szénási, E., The Kerch Strait Incident: Why the 2003 Treaty Regulation the Azov Sea Rights has not been Terminated by Russia, 2018, ss.1-5, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329403410_(e.t.15.01.2022).
  • Talmon, S., Germany Mistakenly Considers Russia’s Restrictions on Navigation of Warships in The Black Sea to Be “Very Problematic” and “Contrary to International Law”, German Practice in International Law, 2021, https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2021/05/germany-mistakenly-considers-russias-restrictions-on-navigation-of-warships-in-the-black-sea-to-be-very-problematic-and-in-part-contrary-to-international-law/ (e.t.02.02022).
  • Tensions Between Ukraine and Russia Boil Over in Sea of Azov as Chances for War Escalate, The Drive, 2018, http://www.thedrive.com/the–war–zone/25101/tensions–betweenukraine–and–russia–boil–over–in–sea–of–azov–as–chances–for–war–escalate (e.t.15.12.2021).
  • Ukraine Says Counterintelligence Officer Wounded in Sunday’s Russia Clash, Reuters, 2018, https://in.reuters.com/article/ukraine–crisis–russia–sbu/ukraine–sayscounterintelligence–officer–wounded–in–sundays–russia–clash–idINKCN1NW0PZ (e.t.10.12.2021).
  • Ukraine-Russia Sea Clash: Who Controls The Territorial Waters Around Crimea?, BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46345317 (e.t.02.03.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX) Definition of Aggression, A/RES/29/3314, Twenty-ninth Session, 14.12.1974, A/RES/29/3314 - Definition of Aggression - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements (un-documents.net) (e.t.15.03.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262, A/RES68/262, April 1, 2014, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/262 (e.t.15.02.2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/66/99, 27.02.2012, https://undocs.org/en/%20A/RES/66/99 (e.t.12.12.2021).
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Firdes Şeyda Kahraman 0000-0002-6169-9420

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kahraman, Firdes Şeyda. “Rusya’nın Deniz Hukuku Bağlamında Azak Denizi Ve Kerç Boğazı’nda Ukrayna’ya Karşı Uluslararası Hukuk İhlalleri”. Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 10/2 (Aralık 2022), 691-712. https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1111849.

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