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Evaluation of Circular Economy Production and Consumption Indicators in the EU: A MEREC Based MARCOS Application

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 364 - 391, 30.09.2023

Nazlı Seyhan

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1338423

Öz

In this study, with the help of MARCOS (Measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution) method based on MEREC (Method based on the removel effects of criteria) method, production and consumption indicators and circular economy performances of 27 EU member countries were evaluated with the data of 2020. In the study; many production and consumption indicators, such as material footprint, resource productivity, consumption footprint, material import dependency, recyclable raw material trade, greenhouse gas emissions from production activities are discussed. As a result of the MEREC method it is seen that the most important criterion obtained is the recyclable raw material trade, and this criterion is followed by private investment and gross value added and cyclic material utilization rate related to circular economy sectors, respectively. According to the results of the MARCOS method, the countries with high performance according to the production and consumption indicators in the circular economy are Netherlands, Germany, France and Spain, respectively; The countries with low performance are Luxembourg, Finland, Malta, Cyprus and Estonia. According to the findings, it is seen that some countries transform very quickly in the transition to the circular economy, while some countries achieve a slower transition. It will be possible to carry out the transition process in a more controlled manner with some measures such as high taxation on non-recyclable wastes that countries can take, specifying a net time for businesses in the process of change, and innovative business models, especially for greenhouse gas emissions, and recovery projects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

circular economy MEREC method MARCOS method EU

Kaynakça

  • Açcı, Y., Akarsu, G., & Cafrı, R. (2023). Döngüsel ekonomi ve yeşil büyüme çerçevesinde sürdürülebilir kalkınma göstergelerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Seçilmiş AB ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar. Verimlilik Dergisi, Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilirlik Özel Sayısı, 53-67.
  • Alamerew, Y. A., Kambanou, M. L., Sakao T., & Brissaud, D. (2020). A multicriteria evaluation method of product-level circularity strategies. Sustainability, 12(12), 5129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125129
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde atık yönetimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bir panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(1), 300-312.
  • Aravossis, K. G., Kapsalis, V. C., Kyriakopoulos, G. L., & Xouleis, T. G. (2019). Development of a holistic assessment framework for industrial organizations. Sustainability, 11(14), 3946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143946
  • Ateş, E. (2021). Döngüsel ekonomi kapsamında GSYİH ile geri dönüşüm ilişkisi: Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (67), 125-137.
  • Ay Türkmen, M., & Kılıç, F. (2020). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma anlayışına yönelik döngüsel ekonomi modeli. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(4), 2538-2556.
  • Balbay, Ş., Sarıhan, A., & Avşar, E. (2021). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de “Döngüsel ekonomi/endüstriyel sürdürülebilirlik” yaklaşımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (27), 557-569.
  • Bonciu, F. (2014). The European economy: From a linear to a circular economy. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 14(4), 78-91.
  • Busu, M., & Trica, C. L. (2019). Sustainability of circular economy indicators and their impact on economic growth of the European Union. Sustainability, 11(19), 5481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195481
  • Can, F. (2017). Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın yeni boyutları. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(10), 138-146.
  • Chauhan, A., Jakhar, S. K., & Chauhan, C. (2021). The interplay of circular economy with industry 4.0 enabled smart city drivers of healthcare waste disposal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123854
  • Erceg, O., & Margeta, J. (2019). Selection of food waste management option by PROMETHEE method. Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering, 10(19), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.13167/2019.19.9
  • European Commission (2015). EU Action for the Circular Economy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015DC0614 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2023).
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  • Friant, M. C., Vermeulen, W. J., & Salomone, R. (2021). Analysing European Union circular economy policies: Words versus actions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 337-353.
  • Fura, B., Stec, M., & Miś, T. (2020). Statistical evaluation of the level of development of circular economy in European Union member countries. Energies, 13(23), 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236401
  • Garcia-Bernabeu A., Hilario-Caballero A., Pla-Santamaria D., & SalasMolina F. (2020). A process oriented mcdm approach to construct a circular economy composite index. Sustainability, 12(2), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020618
  • Ghisellin, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: The expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007
  • Gomes, L. A., Santos, A. F., Pinheiro, C. T., Góis, J. C., & Quina, M. J. (2020). Screening of waste materials as adjuvants for drying sewage sludge based on environmental, technical and economic criteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120927
  • Gregson, N., Crang, M., Fuller, S., & Holmes, H. (2015). Interrogating the circular economy: the moral economy of resource recovery in the EU. Economy and Society, 44(2), 218-243.
  • Hartley, K., van Santen, R., & Kirchherr, J. (2020). Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU). Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104634
  • Hobson, K. (2016). Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy. Progress in Human Geography, 40(1), 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514566342
  • Hysa, E., Kruja, A., Rehman, N. U., & Laurenti, R. (2020). Circular economy innovation and environmental sustainability impact on economic growth: An integrated model for sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(12), 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124831
  • Institut Montaigne. (2016). The circular economy: Reconciling economic growth with the environment. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/publications-pdfs/circular-economy-policy-paper.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2023).
  • Kaya, S. K., Ayçin, E., & Pamucar, D. (2023). Evaluation of social factors within the circular economy concept for European countries. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 31(1), 73-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-022-00800-w
  • Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., & Antucheviciene, J. (2021). Determination of objective weights using a new method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC). Symmetry, 13(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
  • Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 127, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
  • Lieder, M., & Rashid, A. (2016). Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042
  • MacArthur, E., Zumwinkel, K., & Stuchtey, M. R. (2015). Growth within: a circular economy vision for a competitive Europe. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/growth-within-a-circular-economy-vision-for-a-competitive-europe (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2023).
  • Marino, A., & Pariso, P. (2020). Comparing European Countries' performances in the transition towards the circular economy. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138142
  • McDowall, W., Geng, Y., Huang, B., Barteková, E., Bleischwitz, R., Türkeli, S., Kemp, R., & Doménech, T. (2017). Circular economy policies in China and Europe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 651-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597
  • Mısır, A., & Arıkan, O. (2022). Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Türkiye’de döngüsel ekonomi ve sıfır atık yönetimi. Çevre İklim ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 23(1), 69-78.
  • Moraga, G., Huysveld, S., Mathieux, F., Blengini, G. A., Alaerts, L., Van Acker, K., de Meester, S., & Dewulf, J. (2019). Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.045
  • Murray, A., Skene, K., & Haynes, K. (2017). The circular economy: An interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global context. Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2
  • Önder, H. (2018). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma anlayışında yeni bir kavram: Döngüsel ekonomi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (57), 196-204.
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AB’de Döngüsel Ekonomi Üretim ve Tüketim Göstergelerinin Değerlendirilmesi: MEREC Temelli MARCOS Uygulaması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 364 - 391, 30.09.2023

Nazlı Seyhan

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1338423

Öz

Bu çalışmada, MEREC (Method based on the removel effects of criteria) temelli MARCOS (Measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution) yöntemi kullanılarak 2020 yılı için AB üyesi 27 ülkenin döngüsel ekonomideki üretim ve tüketim performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada; malzeme ayak izi, kaynak üretkenliği, tüketim ayak izi, malzeme ithalat bağımlılığı, geri dönüştürülebilir hammadde ticareti, üretim faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan sera gazı emisyonu gibi birçok üretim ve tüketim göstergeleri ele alınmıştır. MEREC yöntemiyle elde edilen bulgularda en önemli kriterin geri dönüştürülebilir hammadde ticareti olduğu ve bu kriteri sırasıyla döngüsel ekonomi sektörleriyle ilgili özel yatırım ve brüt katma değer ve döngüsel malzeme kullanım oranı kriterlerinin takip ettiği görülmektedir. MEREC yöntemiyle belirlenen kriter ağırlıklarının kullanıldığı MARCOS yöntemi uygulaması sonuçlarına göre, döngüsel ekonomide üretim ve tüketim göstergelerine göre performansı yüksek olan ülkelerin sırası ile Hollanda, Almanya, Fransa ve İspanya; performansı düşük olan ülkelerin ise, Lüksemburg, Finlandiya, Malta, Kıbrıs ve Estonya olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgularda döngüsel ekonomiye geçişte bazı ülkelerin çok hızlı dönüşüm gerçekleştirirken bazı ülkelerde bu geçişin daha yavaş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ülkelerin alabileceği bazı tedbirler (geri kazanımı olmayan atıklarda yüksek vergilendirme vb., değişim sürecinde olan işletmelere net süre belirtilmesi) ve desteklerle (özellikle sera gazı emisyonu için yenilikçi iş modelleri, geri kazanım projeleri vb.) geçiş sürecinin daha kontrollü yapılabilmesi mümkün olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

döngüsel ekonomi MEREC yöntemi MARCOS yöntemi AB

Kaynakça

  • Açcı, Y., Akarsu, G., & Cafrı, R. (2023). Döngüsel ekonomi ve yeşil büyüme çerçevesinde sürdürülebilir kalkınma göstergelerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Seçilmiş AB ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar. Verimlilik Dergisi, Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilirlik Özel Sayısı, 53-67.
  • Alamerew, Y. A., Kambanou, M. L., Sakao T., & Brissaud, D. (2020). A multicriteria evaluation method of product-level circularity strategies. Sustainability, 12(12), 5129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125129
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde atık yönetimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bir panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(1), 300-312.
  • Aravossis, K. G., Kapsalis, V. C., Kyriakopoulos, G. L., & Xouleis, T. G. (2019). Development of a holistic assessment framework for industrial organizations. Sustainability, 11(14), 3946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143946
  • Ateş, E. (2021). Döngüsel ekonomi kapsamında GSYİH ile geri dönüşüm ilişkisi: Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (67), 125-137.
  • Ay Türkmen, M., & Kılıç, F. (2020). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma anlayışına yönelik döngüsel ekonomi modeli. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(4), 2538-2556.
  • Balbay, Ş., Sarıhan, A., & Avşar, E. (2021). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de “Döngüsel ekonomi/endüstriyel sürdürülebilirlik” yaklaşımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (27), 557-569.
  • Bonciu, F. (2014). The European economy: From a linear to a circular economy. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 14(4), 78-91.
  • Busu, M., & Trica, C. L. (2019). Sustainability of circular economy indicators and their impact on economic growth of the European Union. Sustainability, 11(19), 5481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195481
  • Can, F. (2017). Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın yeni boyutları. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(10), 138-146.
  • Chauhan, A., Jakhar, S. K., & Chauhan, C. (2021). The interplay of circular economy with industry 4.0 enabled smart city drivers of healthcare waste disposal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123854
  • Erceg, O., & Margeta, J. (2019). Selection of food waste management option by PROMETHEE method. Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering, 10(19), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.13167/2019.19.9
  • European Commission (2015). EU Action for the Circular Economy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015DC0614 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2023).
  • European Commission. (2019). https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/circular-economy/terms/news/Circular+Economy.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2023).
  • Friant, M. C., Vermeulen, W. J., & Salomone, R. (2021). Analysing European Union circular economy policies: Words versus actions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 337-353.
  • Fura, B., Stec, M., & Miś, T. (2020). Statistical evaluation of the level of development of circular economy in European Union member countries. Energies, 13(23), 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236401
  • Garcia-Bernabeu A., Hilario-Caballero A., Pla-Santamaria D., & SalasMolina F. (2020). A process oriented mcdm approach to construct a circular economy composite index. Sustainability, 12(2), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020618
  • Ghisellin, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: The expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007
  • Gomes, L. A., Santos, A. F., Pinheiro, C. T., Góis, J. C., & Quina, M. J. (2020). Screening of waste materials as adjuvants for drying sewage sludge based on environmental, technical and economic criteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120927
  • Gregson, N., Crang, M., Fuller, S., & Holmes, H. (2015). Interrogating the circular economy: the moral economy of resource recovery in the EU. Economy and Society, 44(2), 218-243.
  • Hartley, K., van Santen, R., & Kirchherr, J. (2020). Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU). Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104634
  • Hobson, K. (2016). Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy. Progress in Human Geography, 40(1), 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514566342
  • Hysa, E., Kruja, A., Rehman, N. U., & Laurenti, R. (2020). Circular economy innovation and environmental sustainability impact on economic growth: An integrated model for sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(12), 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124831
  • Institut Montaigne. (2016). The circular economy: Reconciling economic growth with the environment. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/publications-pdfs/circular-economy-policy-paper.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2023).
  • Kaya, S. K., Ayçin, E., & Pamucar, D. (2023). Evaluation of social factors within the circular economy concept for European countries. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 31(1), 73-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-022-00800-w
  • Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., & Antucheviciene, J. (2021). Determination of objective weights using a new method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC). Symmetry, 13(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
  • Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 127, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
  • Lieder, M., & Rashid, A. (2016). Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042
  • MacArthur, E., Zumwinkel, K., & Stuchtey, M. R. (2015). Growth within: a circular economy vision for a competitive Europe. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/growth-within-a-circular-economy-vision-for-a-competitive-europe (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2023).
  • Marino, A., & Pariso, P. (2020). Comparing European Countries' performances in the transition towards the circular economy. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138142
  • McDowall, W., Geng, Y., Huang, B., Barteková, E., Bleischwitz, R., Türkeli, S., Kemp, R., & Doménech, T. (2017). Circular economy policies in China and Europe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 651-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597
  • Mısır, A., & Arıkan, O. (2022). Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Türkiye’de döngüsel ekonomi ve sıfır atık yönetimi. Çevre İklim ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 23(1), 69-78.
  • Moraga, G., Huysveld, S., Mathieux, F., Blengini, G. A., Alaerts, L., Van Acker, K., de Meester, S., & Dewulf, J. (2019). Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.045
  • Murray, A., Skene, K., & Haynes, K. (2017). The circular economy: An interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global context. Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2
  • Önder, H. (2018). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma anlayışında yeni bir kavram: Döngüsel ekonomi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (57), 196-204.
  • Pamucar, D., Ecer, F., & Deveci, M. (2021). Assessment of alternative fuel vehicles for sustainable road transportation of United States using integrated fuzzy FUCOM and neutrosophic fuzzy MARCOS methodology. Science of the Total Environment, 788, 147763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147763
  • Rizos, V., Behrens, A., Kafyeke, T., Hirschnitz-Garbers, M., & Ioannou, A. (2015). The circular economy: Barriers and opportunities for SMEs. CEPS Working Documents No. 412, 1-25.
  • Robaina, M., Villar, J., & Pereira, E. T. (2020). The determinants for a circular economy in Europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 12566-12578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07847-9
  • Sassanelli, C., Rosa, P., Rocca, R., & Terzi, S. (2019). Circular economy performance assessment methods: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 440-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.019
  • Škrinjarić, T. (2020). Empirical assessment of the circular economy of selected European Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, 120246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120246
  • Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., & Avdiushchenko, A. (2017). Circular economy indicators in relation to eco-innovation in European regions. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19, 669-678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1323-8
  • Stahel, W. R. (2016). The circular economy. Nature, 531, 435-438. https://doi.org/10.1038/531435a
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  • Sürmen, M., & Çokmutlu, M. E. (2022). Döngüsel ekonomi performans ölçümü üzerine bir araştirma. Ekonomi İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi, 6(2), 209-234.
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  • Tonini, D., Wandl, A., Meister, K., Unceta, P. M., Taelman, S. E., Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Dewulf, J., & Huygens, D. (2020). Quantitative sustainability assessment of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 160, 104854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104854
  • United Nations. (1987). Our Common Future. Oslo: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2023).
  • Veral, E. S. (2018). Döngüsel ekonomiye geçiş doğrultusunda yeni tedbirler ve AB üye ülkelerinin stratejileri. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17(2), 463-488.
  • Veral, E. S., & Yiğitbaşioğlu, H. (2018). Avrupa Birliği atık politikasında atık yönetiminden kaynak yönetimi yaklaşımına geçiş yönelimleri ve döngüsel ekonomi modeli. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-19.
  • Wierzbicka, M. E. (2021). Circular economy: Advancement of European Union countries. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00549-0
  • Yılmaz, V. (2019). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve döngüsel ekonominin bibliyometriği. Enderun, 3(2), 60-72.
  • Yılmaz, V. (2022). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin döngüsel ekonomi performansı. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 94-114.
  • Zhao, H., Zhao, H., & Guo, S. (2017) Evaluating the comprehensive benefit of eco-industrial parks by employing multi-criteria decision making approach for circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2262-2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.041
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nazlı Seyhan 0000-0003-0759-9119

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Seyhan, N. (2023). AB’de Döngüsel Ekonomi Üretim ve Tüketim Göstergelerinin Değerlendirilmesi: MEREC Temelli MARCOS Uygulaması. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(3), 364-391. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1338423
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