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EVALUATION OF BODY COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND EATING ATTITUDES OF MALE INDIVIDUALS BASED ON EXERCISE ADDICTION BEHAVIOR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 25.03.2024

Gizem Helvacı Serap Balaban Asli Uçar

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1315591

Öz

In this study, we aimed to examine the body composition, supplement use and nutritional status of young adult males who attend the gym based on their level of exercise addiction. We also intended to determine if there was a link between exercise addiction and eating attitude. The study included 150 volunteers males aged 19 to 30 who had exercised at least three days a week for the last three months. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing questions about the general characteristics of individuals, an eating attitude test, an exercise addiction scale, and a food consumption record. The results of the exercise dependence scale showed that 23.3% of the participants were asymptomatic, 69.3% were non-dependent symptomatic, and 7.3% were addicts. 50% of individuals had an abnormal eating behavior disorder. There was a moderate positive correlation between exercise addiction and eating attitude scale scores (r=0.50 and p<0.05). The rate of using nutritional supplements is higher in addicted participants (p<0.05). While the body fat ratio was statistically higher in non-addicts than in addicts, the body water ratio was statistically lower in non-addicts than in addicts (p<0.05). Energy, protein, daily protein intake per body weight, percentage of energy derived from protein, carbohydrate intake, cholesterol, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc intake were statistically significantly higher in addicts than in non-addicts (p<0.05). The percentage of energy derived from dietary fat in addicts was statistically significantly lower than in non-addicts (p<0.05). As a result, eating disorders were much more common than exercise addiction in regularly exercising young men. In addition to a relationship was established between eating disorders and exercise addiction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eating attitude exercise addiction nutritional status

Kaynakça

  • Archer, T., & Garcıa, D. (2014). Physical exercise influences academic performance and well-being in children and adolescents. Int J Sch Cogn Psychol, 1, e102.
  • Berczık, K., Szabó, A., Griffiths, M.D., Kurimay, T., Kun, B., Urbán, R., & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Exercise addiction: symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Subst Use Misuse, 47, 403–417.
  • Bratland-Sanda, S., Martinsen, E.W., Rosenvinge, J.H., Rø, Ø., Hoffart, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2011). Exercise dependence score in patients with longstanding eating disorders and controls: The importance of affect regulation and physical activity intensity. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 19(3), 249–255.
  • Canpolat, E. (2018). Possible role of phase angle from bioelectric impedance analysis parameters as diagnostic criteria. Ann Health Sci Res, 7(1), 58-65.
  • De La Vega, R., Parastatidou, İ.S., Ruiz-Barquin, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. J Behav Addict, 5(2), 325–331.
  • Devran, B. (2014). An investigation of dietary habits, eating attitudes and behaviours in adolescents and adults from eastern anatolia region in Turkey. Başkent University, Institute of Health Science, Nutrition and Dietetic Master Degree Thesis, Ankara.
  • Edwards, C., Tod, D., & Molnar, G. (2014). A systematic review of the drive for muscularity research area. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 7, 18–41.
  • Esnaola, İ., Rodriguez, A., & Goni, A. (2010) Body dissatisfaction and perceived sociocultural pressures: gender and age differences. Salud Ment, 33, 21-29.
  • Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S.R. (2011). Clarifying Exercise addiction: differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8, 4069-4081.
  • Garner, D.M., Olmsted, M.P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1982). The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med, 12(4), 871-878.
  • Grgic J, Mikulic P, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, & Pedisic Z (2019) The influence of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise: a review. Sports Med, 49, 17.
  • Hausenblas, H.A., & Downs, D.S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Addiction scale. Psychol Health, 17, 387-404.
  • Huang, H., & Humphreys, B.R. (2012). Sports participation and happiness: Evidence from US microdata. J Econ Psychol, 33, 776–793.
  • Jee, Y.S., & Eun, D. (2017). Exercise Addiction and Psychophysiological Health in Korean Collegiate Students. Int J Ment Health Addict, 16(2), 451–465.
  • Kılpatrick M, Hebert E, & Bartholomew J (2005). College students’ motivation for physical activity: differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87–94.
  • Kohl, H.W., Craig, C.L., Lambert, E.V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J.R., Leetongin, G., & Kahlmeier, S. (2012) The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet, 380, 294-305.
  • Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Anderson, L.B. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 380, 219-29.
  • Lukacs, A., Sasvari, P., Varga, B., Mayer, K. (2019). Exercise addiction and its related factors in amateur runners. J Behav Addict, 8, 343–349.
  • Macfarlane, L., Owens, G., & Del Pozo Cruz, B. (2016) Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study. J Behav Addict, 5, 474–484.
  • Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Júdice, P. B., Magalhães, J. P., Minderico, C. S., Fields, D. A., Lukaski, H., Sardinha, L.B., & Silva, A. M. (2016). Estimation of total body water and extracellular water with bioimpedance in athletes: A need for athlete-specific prediction models. Clinical nutrition, 35(2), 468-474.
  • Muller, A., Loeber, S., Sochtig, J., Wildt, B.T., & Zwaan, M. (2015) Risk for exercise dependence, eating disorder pathology, alcohol use disorder and addictive behaviors among clients of fitness centers. J Behav Addict, 4, 273-280.
  • Nickerson, B. S., Snarr, R. L., & Ryan, G. A. (2019). Validity of foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance for estimating body composition in NCAA Division I male athletes: A 3-compartment model comparison. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3361-3366.
  • Pekcan, G. (2008). Detection of nutritional status. Turkish Ministry of Health. Publication No: 726 Ankara.
  • Rakıcıoğlu, N., Tek, N.A., Ayaz, A., & Pekcan, G. (2009). Food photo catalog. Ata Ofset printing.
  • Rodgers, R. F, Lowy, A. S, Halperin, D. M, & Franko, D. L. (2016). A meta-analysis examining the influence of pro-eating disorder websites on body image and eating pathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 24(1), 3–8
  • Rossi, L., & Tirapegui, J. (2016). Exercise dependence and its relationship with supplementation at gyms in Brazil. Nutr Hosp, 33, 431-436.
  • Schaenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2016). Effects of resistance training frequency on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1689-1697.
  • Segura, A. M., Castell, E. C., Baeza, M. M. R., & Guillen, V. F. G. (2015) Valoración de la dieta de usuarios de sala de musculación con dismorfia muscular (vigorexia). Nutr Hosp, 32(1), 324-329.
  • Segura-Garcia C, Ammendolia A, Procopia L, Papaianni MC, Sinopoli F, Bianco C, De Fazio P, & Capranica L (2010). Body uneasiness, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia in individuals who overexercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 3098-3104.
  • Soler, P.T., Fernandes, H.M., Damasceno, V.O., & Silva Novaes, J. (2013). Vigorexia and levels of exercise dependence in gym goers and bodybuilders. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 19(5), 343-346.
  • Szabo, A., Griffiths, M.D., De La Vega Marcos, R., Mervo, B., Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. Yale J Biol Med, 88(3), 303–308.
  • Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J. (2018). Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29-37.
  • Tod, D., & Edwards, C. (2015). A meta-analysis of the drive for muscularity’s relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 8(1), 185–203.
  • Torstveit, M.K., Fahrenholtz, I.L., Lichtenstein, M.B., Stenqvist, T.B., Melin, A.K. (2019). Exercise dependence, eating disorder symptoms and biomarkers of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) among male endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 5, e000439.
  • Turkey Nutritional Guide (Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi, TÜBER) 2015. Turkey Ministry of Health, Ankara.
  • Turocy, P. S., Depalma, B. F., Horswill, C. A., Laquale, K. M., Martin, T. J., Perry, A. C., Somova, M. J., & Utter, A. C. (2011). National athletic trainers' association position statement: safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise. J Athl Train, 46(3), 322-336.
  • Vasold, K. L., Parks, A. C., Phelan, D. M., Pontifex, M. B., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2019). Reliability and validity of commercially available low-cost bioelectrical impedance analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 29(4), 406-410.
  • Yeltepe, H., & İkizler, C. (2007). Validation and reliability study of exercise dependence scale-21 in Turkish. J Depend, 8(1), 29-35.
  • Yıldırım, İ., Yıldırım, Y., Ersöz, Y., Işık, Ö., Saraçlı, S., Karagöz, Ş., & Yağmur, R., (2017). Correlation Between Exercise Dependence and Eating Attitudes and Behaviors. Celal Bayar University J Physical Educ Sport Sci, 12, 43-54.
  • Yı Y, & Seo J (2018). The relationship between communication competence and exercise participation type: focusing on joining clubs and using fitness applications. J Exerc Rehabil.14(6),934-938.
  • Zmıjewskı, C.F., & Howard, M.O. (2003). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eat Behav, 4(2), 181–195.

ERKEK BİREYLERİN VÜCUT KOMPOZİSYONU, BESLENME DURUMU VE YEME TUTUMLARININ EGZERSİZ BAĞIMLILIĞI DAVRANIŞINA GÖRE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 25.03.2024

Gizem Helvacı Serap Balaban Asli Uçar

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1315591

Öz

Bu çalışmada spor salonlarına giden genç yetişkin erkeklerin egzersiz bağımlılık düzeylerine göre vücut kompozisyonları, takviye kullanımları ve beslenme durumları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca egzersiz bağımlılığı ile yeme tutumu arasında ilişki olup olmadığını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, son üç aydır haftada en az üç gün egzersiz yapan 19 ila 30 yaşları arasındaki 150 gönüllü erkekten oluşmaktadır. Veriler, bireylerin genel özelliklerine ilişkin soruları içeren anket formu, yeme tutum testi, egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği ve besin tüketim kaydı aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeğinin sonuçları, katılımcıların %23,3'ünün asemptomatik, %69,3'ünün bağımlı olmayan semptomatik ve %7,3'ünün bağımlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bireylerin %50'sinde anormal yeme davranışı bozukluğu bulunmuştur. Egzersiz bağımlılığı ile yeme tutum ölçeği puanları arasında orta düzeyde pozitif korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=0,50 ve p<0,05). Bağımlı katılımcılarda besin takviyesi kullanma oranı daha yüksektir (p<0,05). Vücut yağ oranı bağımlı olmayanlarda bağımlılara göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek bulunurken, vücut su oranı bağımlı olmayanlarda bağımlılara göre istatistiksel olarak daha düşüktür (p<0,05). Enerji, protein, vücut ağırlığı başına günlük protein alımı, enerjinin proteinlerden gelen yüzdesi, karbonhidrat alımı, kolesterol, tiamin, riboflavin, B6 vitamini, folat, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, fosfor, demir ve çinko alımı bağımlı olanlarda bağımlı olmayanlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Bağımlı katılımcıların diyetlerinin yağlardan gelen yüzdesi, bağımlı olmayanlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak düzenli egzersiz yapan genç erkeklerde yeme bozuklukları egzersiz bağımlılığından daha yaygındır. Ayrıca yeme bozukluğu ile egzersiz bağımlılığı arasında bir ilişki kurulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beslenme durumu egzersiz bağımlılığı yeme tutumu

Kaynakça

  • Archer, T., & Garcıa, D. (2014). Physical exercise influences academic performance and well-being in children and adolescents. Int J Sch Cogn Psychol, 1, e102.
  • Berczık, K., Szabó, A., Griffiths, M.D., Kurimay, T., Kun, B., Urbán, R., & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Exercise addiction: symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Subst Use Misuse, 47, 403–417.
  • Bratland-Sanda, S., Martinsen, E.W., Rosenvinge, J.H., Rø, Ø., Hoffart, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2011). Exercise dependence score in patients with longstanding eating disorders and controls: The importance of affect regulation and physical activity intensity. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 19(3), 249–255.
  • Canpolat, E. (2018). Possible role of phase angle from bioelectric impedance analysis parameters as diagnostic criteria. Ann Health Sci Res, 7(1), 58-65.
  • De La Vega, R., Parastatidou, İ.S., Ruiz-Barquin, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. J Behav Addict, 5(2), 325–331.
  • Devran, B. (2014). An investigation of dietary habits, eating attitudes and behaviours in adolescents and adults from eastern anatolia region in Turkey. Başkent University, Institute of Health Science, Nutrition and Dietetic Master Degree Thesis, Ankara.
  • Edwards, C., Tod, D., & Molnar, G. (2014). A systematic review of the drive for muscularity research area. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 7, 18–41.
  • Esnaola, İ., Rodriguez, A., & Goni, A. (2010) Body dissatisfaction and perceived sociocultural pressures: gender and age differences. Salud Ment, 33, 21-29.
  • Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S.R. (2011). Clarifying Exercise addiction: differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8, 4069-4081.
  • Garner, D.M., Olmsted, M.P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1982). The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med, 12(4), 871-878.
  • Grgic J, Mikulic P, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, & Pedisic Z (2019) The influence of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise: a review. Sports Med, 49, 17.
  • Hausenblas, H.A., & Downs, D.S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Addiction scale. Psychol Health, 17, 387-404.
  • Huang, H., & Humphreys, B.R. (2012). Sports participation and happiness: Evidence from US microdata. J Econ Psychol, 33, 776–793.
  • Jee, Y.S., & Eun, D. (2017). Exercise Addiction and Psychophysiological Health in Korean Collegiate Students. Int J Ment Health Addict, 16(2), 451–465.
  • Kılpatrick M, Hebert E, & Bartholomew J (2005). College students’ motivation for physical activity: differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87–94.
  • Kohl, H.W., Craig, C.L., Lambert, E.V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J.R., Leetongin, G., & Kahlmeier, S. (2012) The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet, 380, 294-305.
  • Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Anderson, L.B. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 380, 219-29.
  • Lukacs, A., Sasvari, P., Varga, B., Mayer, K. (2019). Exercise addiction and its related factors in amateur runners. J Behav Addict, 8, 343–349.
  • Macfarlane, L., Owens, G., & Del Pozo Cruz, B. (2016) Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study. J Behav Addict, 5, 474–484.
  • Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Júdice, P. B., Magalhães, J. P., Minderico, C. S., Fields, D. A., Lukaski, H., Sardinha, L.B., & Silva, A. M. (2016). Estimation of total body water and extracellular water with bioimpedance in athletes: A need for athlete-specific prediction models. Clinical nutrition, 35(2), 468-474.
  • Muller, A., Loeber, S., Sochtig, J., Wildt, B.T., & Zwaan, M. (2015) Risk for exercise dependence, eating disorder pathology, alcohol use disorder and addictive behaviors among clients of fitness centers. J Behav Addict, 4, 273-280.
  • Nickerson, B. S., Snarr, R. L., & Ryan, G. A. (2019). Validity of foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance for estimating body composition in NCAA Division I male athletes: A 3-compartment model comparison. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3361-3366.
  • Pekcan, G. (2008). Detection of nutritional status. Turkish Ministry of Health. Publication No: 726 Ankara.
  • Rakıcıoğlu, N., Tek, N.A., Ayaz, A., & Pekcan, G. (2009). Food photo catalog. Ata Ofset printing.
  • Rodgers, R. F, Lowy, A. S, Halperin, D. M, & Franko, D. L. (2016). A meta-analysis examining the influence of pro-eating disorder websites on body image and eating pathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 24(1), 3–8
  • Rossi, L., & Tirapegui, J. (2016). Exercise dependence and its relationship with supplementation at gyms in Brazil. Nutr Hosp, 33, 431-436.
  • Schaenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2016). Effects of resistance training frequency on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1689-1697.
  • Segura, A. M., Castell, E. C., Baeza, M. M. R., & Guillen, V. F. G. (2015) Valoración de la dieta de usuarios de sala de musculación con dismorfia muscular (vigorexia). Nutr Hosp, 32(1), 324-329.
  • Segura-Garcia C, Ammendolia A, Procopia L, Papaianni MC, Sinopoli F, Bianco C, De Fazio P, & Capranica L (2010). Body uneasiness, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia in individuals who overexercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 3098-3104.
  • Soler, P.T., Fernandes, H.M., Damasceno, V.O., & Silva Novaes, J. (2013). Vigorexia and levels of exercise dependence in gym goers and bodybuilders. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 19(5), 343-346.
  • Szabo, A., Griffiths, M.D., De La Vega Marcos, R., Mervo, B., Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. Yale J Biol Med, 88(3), 303–308.
  • Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J. (2018). Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29-37.
  • Tod, D., & Edwards, C. (2015). A meta-analysis of the drive for muscularity’s relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 8(1), 185–203.
  • Torstveit, M.K., Fahrenholtz, I.L., Lichtenstein, M.B., Stenqvist, T.B., Melin, A.K. (2019). Exercise dependence, eating disorder symptoms and biomarkers of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) among male endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 5, e000439.
  • Turkey Nutritional Guide (Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi, TÜBER) 2015. Turkey Ministry of Health, Ankara.
  • Turocy, P. S., Depalma, B. F., Horswill, C. A., Laquale, K. M., Martin, T. J., Perry, A. C., Somova, M. J., & Utter, A. C. (2011). National athletic trainers' association position statement: safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise. J Athl Train, 46(3), 322-336.
  • Vasold, K. L., Parks, A. C., Phelan, D. M., Pontifex, M. B., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2019). Reliability and validity of commercially available low-cost bioelectrical impedance analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 29(4), 406-410.
  • Yeltepe, H., & İkizler, C. (2007). Validation and reliability study of exercise dependence scale-21 in Turkish. J Depend, 8(1), 29-35.
  • Yıldırım, İ., Yıldırım, Y., Ersöz, Y., Işık, Ö., Saraçlı, S., Karagöz, Ş., & Yağmur, R., (2017). Correlation Between Exercise Dependence and Eating Attitudes and Behaviors. Celal Bayar University J Physical Educ Sport Sci, 12, 43-54.
  • Yı Y, & Seo J (2018). The relationship between communication competence and exercise participation type: focusing on joining clubs and using fitness applications. J Exerc Rehabil.14(6),934-938.
  • Zmıjewskı, C.F., & Howard, M.O. (2003). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eat Behav, 4(2), 181–195.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor ve Beslenme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gizem Helvacı 0000-0001-8654-9245

Serap Balaban 0000-0001-9433-2687

Asli Uçar 0000-0001-9724-9571

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Helvacı, G., Balaban, S., & Uçar, A. (2024). EVALUATION OF BODY COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND EATING ATTITUDES OF MALE INDIVIDUALS BASED ON EXERCISE ADDICTION BEHAVIOR. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1315591
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