The Social Significance of Vaccination and Infodemia in the Context of COVID-19

Vasfiye Bayram Değer

doi:10.17942/sted.1034560

Derleme

The Social Significance of Vaccination and Infodemia in the Context of COVID-19

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 5, 380 - 387, 18.11.2022

Vasfiye Bayram Değer

https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1034560

Öz

The most important preventive health services for the individuals, one of the fundamental steps in protection and promotion of public health, is immunization. Vaccination has many benefits for both public health and socioeconomic aspects. Vaccines rank at the top of the most important breakthroughs in public health in the twentieth century. Currently, humanity is afflicted with a new pandemic. Today, humanity is in trouble with a new pandemic. There is no medication known to cure COVID-19 completely. It is currently treated symptomatically. Besides the social struggle such as social isolation, hygiene, mask, distancing, our sole weapon is vaccination and herd immunity. In countries succeeding in vaccinating against Covid-19 in the world, the rates of infection, need for intensive care and hospitalization and death toll are decreased with increases in vaccination rates above a certain level. However, recently, anti-vaccine attitudes, discourses and behaviors have started to constitute the agenda. It is vital to be vaccinated to protect the population from vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccine hesitancy, anti-vaccine and infodemic must be combated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine, Anti-vaccine, COVID-19, Infection, Herd Immunity, Infodemic

Kaynakça

1. Kutlu R. Childhood Vaccinations. Turkey Clinics J Fam Med-Special Topics. 2017;8(5):311–318.
2. Kader Ç. Anti-vaccine Movements: Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Objection. ESTÜDAM Journal of Public Health. 2019;4(3):377-388. https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.590304
3. Okyay RA, Akbaba M, Kirkit E. Informed Consent and Vaccination. Turk J Public Health. 2015;13(2):155-159.
4. Yüksel GH, Topuzoğlu A. Increasing Vaccine Objections and Factors Affecting Vaccine Opposition. ESTÜDAM Journal of Public Health. 2019;4(2):244-58.
5. WHO, UNICEF, World Bank. State of the World’s Vaccines And İmmunization, 3rd Ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.
6. Kasapoğlu Turhan M. Mandatory Vaccination in the Context of Administrative Law Enforcement Hacettepe HFD. 2019;9(1):1 – 40.
7. Erkekoğlu P, Erdemli Köse SB, Balcı A, Yirün A. Vaccine Hesitancy and Impacts of COVID-19. J Lit Pharm Sci. 2020;9(2):208-20.
8. Yapıcı G, Yeniocak Tunç A. Evaluation of Elimination and Eradication Programs for Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Turkey. Lokman Hekim Journal. 2019;9(2):171-183. DOI: 10.31020/mutftd.552
9. Turkish Thorax Society. COVID-19 Task Force Opinion Report. 2020. https://istabip.org.tr/site_icerik/2020/aralik/TTD%20COVID-19%20Go%CC%88ru%CC%88s%CC%A7%20raporu%2021.12%20SON..pdf#page=4
10. Eskiocak M, Zencir M. The Role of Immunization Services on the Path to a Healthy Community. Turkish Medical Association. Status of Covid-19 Vaccination and Immunization Services in Turkey During the New Coronavirus Pandemics. 2021;4. https://sendika.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/yeni_koronavirus_pandemisi_surecinde_turkiyede_covid19_asilamasi_ve_bagisiklama_hizmetlerinin_durumu.pdf#page=78
11. Vaccine means Life, Vaccine Keeps You Alive! The New Coronavirus Disease is aVaccine Preventable Disease! Date of Access: 05.11.2021. https://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/files/asi_candir_asi_yasatir.pdf
12. Badur S. Anti-Vaccination Groups and False Accusations Against Vaccines. ANKEM Journal. 2011;25(Ek 2):82-86.
13. Spier RE. Perception of risk of vaccine adverse events: a historical perspective. Vaccine. 2001; 20: 78–84.
14. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Antivaccinationists past and present. Brit Med J. 2002;325(7361):430-432.
15. Williamson S. One hundred years ago: AntiVaccination Leagues. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984; 59: 1195-1196.
16. UNICEF. Expanding immunization coverage. Available from: www.unicef.org/immunization/index_coverage.html
17. Burton A, Monasch R, Lautenbach B, et al. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes. Bull World Health Orga.n 2014;87:535-41
18. Baker J. Mercury, vaccines, and autism. One controversy, three histories. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(2):244-53
19. Olpinski M. Anti-vaccination movement and parental refusals of immunization of children in USA. Pediatra Polska. 2012;87:381-385
20. Kulenkampff M, Schwartzman J, Wilson J. Neurological complications of pertussis inoculation. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:46-9
21. Baker JP. The pertussis vaccine controversy in Great Britain, 1974-1986. Vaccine. 2003;21(25-26):4003-10
22. Tafuri S, Gallone M, Cappelli M, et al. Addressing the anti-vaccination movement and the role of HCWs. Vaccine. 2013;32(38):4860-5
23. Miller D, Wadsworth J, Ross E. Severe neurological illness: Further analyses of the British National Childhood Encephalopathy Study. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1998;13(Suppl):144-55
24. Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, et al. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story. The Lancet. 1998;351:356-61
25. Kimura M, Kuno-Sakai H. Pertussis vaccines in Japan – a clue toward understanding of Japanese attitude to vaccines. J Trop Pediatr. 1991;37:45-7
26. Kanai K. Japan’s experience in pertussis epidemiology and vaccination in the past thirty years. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1980;33(3):107-43
27. Greco D, Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P, et al. A controlled trial of two acellular vaccines and one whole-cell vaccine against pertussis. N Eng J Med. 1996;334(6):341-8
28. Cherry J. Pertussis : the trials and tribulations of old and new pertussis vaccines. Vaccine. 1992;10(14):1033-8
29. Robinson A, Irons L, Ashworth L. Pertussis vaccine: present status and future prospects. Vaccine. 1985;3:11-22
30. Kirkland A. The legitimacy of vaccine critics: what is left after the autism hypothesis? J Health Polit Policy Law. 2012;37(1):69-97
31. Wallace A. A short history of vaccine panic. Wired Magazine 2009 .
32. Screening and Immunisations Team; Health and Social Care Information Centre. NHS Immunisation Statistics, England 2013-3, Health and Social Care Information Center. 2013.
33. McBrien J, Murphy J, Gill D, et al. Measles outbreak in Dublin, 2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(7):580-4
34. State the world’s vaccines and immunization. Third Edition. Executive Summary. URL: https://vaccine-safetytraining.org/tl_files/vs/pdf/who_ivb_09_10_eng.pdf
35. Colgrove J, Bayer R. Could it happen here? Vaccine risk controversies and the specter of derailment. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24(3):729-39
36. Poland GA, Jacobson RM. The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):97-9
37. Ernst E. Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination. Vaccine. 2001;20(Suppl 1):S90-3.discussion S89
38. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspesific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998; 351: 637-41
39. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2011;342:c7452
40. Retraction – Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 2010;375(9713):445
41. Deer B. Secrets of the MMR scare. How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. Br Med J. 2011;342:c5347
42. Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(6):572-9
43. Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H. Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case–control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ. 2002;325:419-21
44. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, et al. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. BMJ. 2002;324:393-6
45. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1477-82
46. Hobson-West P. ‘Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all’: organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(2):198-215
47. Kitta A. Vaccinations and public concern in history - legend, rumor, and risk perception. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group; New York, NY, USA: 2012
48. Davies P, Chapman S, Leask J. Antivaccination activists on the world wide web. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87(1):22-5
49. Zimmerman R, Wolfe R, Fox D, et al. Vaccine criticism on the world wide web. J Med Internet Res. 2005;7(2):e17
50. Keelan J, Pavri V, Balakrishnan R, Wilson K. An analysis of the human papilloma virus vaccine debate on myspace blogs. Vaccine. 2010;28(6):1535-40
51. Scullard P, Peacock C, Davies P. Googling children’s health: reliability of medical advice on the internet. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(8):580-2
52. Witteman HO, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. The defining characteristics of Web 2.0 and their potential influence in the online vaccination debate. Vaccine 2012;30(25):3734-40
53. Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012;30(25):3778-89.
54. Chou W, Hunt Y, Beckjord E, et al. Social Media Use in the United States: Implications for Health Communication. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(4):e48
55. Lau A, Siek K, Fernandez-Luque L, et al. The role of social media for patients and consumer health. Contribution of the IMIA Consumer Health Informatics Working Group. Yearb Med Inform. 2011;6(1):131-8
56. Stefanoff P, Mamelund SE, Robinson M, et al. Tracking parental attitudes on vaccination across European countries: the Vaccine Safety, Attitudes, Training and Communication Project (VACSATC). Vaccine. 2010;28(35):5731-7
57. Ekos Research Associates Inc. Survey of parents on key issues related to immunization. Ottawa: 2011
58. Schwartz JL, Caplan A. Vaccination refusal: ethics, individual rights, and the common good. Primary Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38:717-28
59. Betsch C. Innovations in communication: the internet and the psychology of vaccination decisions. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(17):1-6
60. Betsch C, Brewer NT, Brocard P, et al. Opportunities and challenges of Web 2.0 for vaccination decisions. Vaccine. 2012;30(25):3727-33
61. Smith J, Appleton M, Macdonald N. Building confidence in vaccines. In: Curtis N, Finn A, Pollard A, editors. Hot topics in infection and immunity children IX. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2013. p. 81-98
62. Nan X, Madden K. HPV vaccine information in the blogosphere: how positive and negative blogs influence vaccine-related risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Health Commun. 2012;27(8):829-36
63. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Haase N. Effect of Narrative Reports about Vaccine Adverse Events and Bias-Awareness Disclaimers on Vaccine Decisions: a Simulation of an Online Patient Social Network. Med Decis Making. 2013;33(1):14-25
64. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Betsch T, Ulshofer C. The Influence of Vaccine-Critical Websites on Perceiving Vaccination Risks. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(3):446-55
65. Blume S. Anti-vaccination movements and their interpretations. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(3):628-42
66. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine. 2010;28(7):1709-16
67. Offit PA. Deadly choice, how the anti-vaccine movement threatens us all. Basic Books; New York, NY, USA: 2010
68. News V. Vaccination news. Available from: www.vaccinationnews.com/[Last accessed 9 May 2014]
69. National Vaccine Information Center. Your health, your family, your choice. Available from: www.nvic.org/
70. Dubé E, Vivion M, MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015 Jan;14(1):99-117. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.964212.

Günümüz Pandemisi Özelinde Aşılamanın Toplumsal Önemi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 5, 380 - 387, 18.11.2022

Vasfiye Bayram Değer

https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1034560

Öz

Toplum sağlığının korunmasında ve yükseltilmesinde önemli basamaklardan biri olan kişiye yönelik koruyucu sağlık hizmetlerinin en önemlisi bağışıklama ve dolayısıyla da aşılamadır. Aşılamanın sadece toplum sağlığı alanında değil, sosyoekonomik açıdan da pek çok faydaları söz konusudur. Aşılar 20. yüzyılda halk sağlığı alanında gerçekleştirilmiş en önemli başarılar listesinde ilk sıradadır. Dünyamız ve insanlık tarihi günümüze değin pek çok pandemi deneyimlemiştir. Günümüzde ise insanlığın başı yeni bir pandemiyle derttedir. COVID-19’u kesin olarak tedavi ettiği bilinen bir ilaç henüz piyasada yoktur. Toplumsal mücadelenin yanı sıra (sosyal izolasyon, hijyen, maske, mesafe gibi) tek silahımız aşılama ve toplumsal bağışıklığın sağlanmasıdır. Dünyada Covid-19’a karşı aşılamada yol almış ülkelerde, aşı oranlarında belli bir düzeyin üzerine çıkan artışlarla, enfeksiyon, hastaneye yatış, yoğun bakım ihtiyacı ve ölüm oranlarında bir azalma etkisinin başladığı görülmektedir. Hal böyleyken son zamanlarda aşı karşıtı tutumlar, söylemler, davranışlar gündemi meşgul etmeye başlamıştır. Sonuç olarak aşılanmak ya da aşılanmamak bireysel bir karar değildir. Toplumu aşı ile önlenebilir bulaşıcı hastalıklardan korumak için aşılanmak önemlidir. Dolayısıyla aşı tereddüdü, aşı karşıtlığı ve infodemiyle mücadele edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşı, Aşı Karşıtlığı, Covid 19, Enfeksiyon, Toplumsal Bağışıklık

Kaynakça

1. Kutlu R. Childhood Vaccinations. Turkey Clinics J Fam Med-Special Topics. 2017;8(5):311–318.
2. Kader Ç. Anti-vaccine Movements: Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Objection. ESTÜDAM Journal of Public Health. 2019;4(3):377-388. https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.590304
3. Okyay RA, Akbaba M, Kirkit E. Informed Consent and Vaccination. Turk J Public Health. 2015;13(2):155-159.
4. Yüksel GH, Topuzoğlu A. Increasing Vaccine Objections and Factors Affecting Vaccine Opposition. ESTÜDAM Journal of Public Health. 2019;4(2):244-58.
5. WHO, UNICEF, World Bank. State of the World’s Vaccines And İmmunization, 3rd Ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.
6. Kasapoğlu Turhan M. Mandatory Vaccination in the Context of Administrative Law Enforcement Hacettepe HFD. 2019;9(1):1 – 40.
7. Erkekoğlu P, Erdemli Köse SB, Balcı A, Yirün A. Vaccine Hesitancy and Impacts of COVID-19. J Lit Pharm Sci. 2020;9(2):208-20.
8. Yapıcı G, Yeniocak Tunç A. Evaluation of Elimination and Eradication Programs for Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Turkey. Lokman Hekim Journal. 2019;9(2):171-183. DOI: 10.31020/mutftd.552
9. Turkish Thorax Society. COVID-19 Task Force Opinion Report. 2020. https://istabip.org.tr/site_icerik/2020/aralik/TTD%20COVID-19%20Go%CC%88ru%CC%88s%CC%A7%20raporu%2021.12%20SON..pdf#page=4
10. Eskiocak M, Zencir M. The Role of Immunization Services on the Path to a Healthy Community. Turkish Medical Association. Status of Covid-19 Vaccination and Immunization Services in Turkey During the New Coronavirus Pandemics. 2021;4. https://sendika.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/yeni_koronavirus_pandemisi_surecinde_turkiyede_covid19_asilamasi_ve_bagisiklama_hizmetlerinin_durumu.pdf#page=78
11. Vaccine means Life, Vaccine Keeps You Alive! The New Coronavirus Disease is aVaccine Preventable Disease! Date of Access: 05.11.2021. https://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/files/asi_candir_asi_yasatir.pdf
12. Badur S. Anti-Vaccination Groups and False Accusations Against Vaccines. ANKEM Journal. 2011;25(Ek 2):82-86.
13. Spier RE. Perception of risk of vaccine adverse events: a historical perspective. Vaccine. 2001; 20: 78–84.
14. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Antivaccinationists past and present. Brit Med J. 2002;325(7361):430-432.
15. Williamson S. One hundred years ago: AntiVaccination Leagues. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984; 59: 1195-1196.
16. UNICEF. Expanding immunization coverage. Available from: www.unicef.org/immunization/index_coverage.html
17. Burton A, Monasch R, Lautenbach B, et al. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes. Bull World Health Orga.n 2014;87:535-41
18. Baker J. Mercury, vaccines, and autism. One controversy, three histories. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(2):244-53
19. Olpinski M. Anti-vaccination movement and parental refusals of immunization of children in USA. Pediatra Polska. 2012;87:381-385
20. Kulenkampff M, Schwartzman J, Wilson J. Neurological complications of pertussis inoculation. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:46-9
21. Baker JP. The pertussis vaccine controversy in Great Britain, 1974-1986. Vaccine. 2003;21(25-26):4003-10
22. Tafuri S, Gallone M, Cappelli M, et al. Addressing the anti-vaccination movement and the role of HCWs. Vaccine. 2013;32(38):4860-5
23. Miller D, Wadsworth J, Ross E. Severe neurological illness: Further analyses of the British National Childhood Encephalopathy Study. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1998;13(Suppl):144-55
24. Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, et al. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story. The Lancet. 1998;351:356-61
25. Kimura M, Kuno-Sakai H. Pertussis vaccines in Japan – a clue toward understanding of Japanese attitude to vaccines. J Trop Pediatr. 1991;37:45-7
26. Kanai K. Japan’s experience in pertussis epidemiology and vaccination in the past thirty years. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1980;33(3):107-43
27. Greco D, Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P, et al. A controlled trial of two acellular vaccines and one whole-cell vaccine against pertussis. N Eng J Med. 1996;334(6):341-8
28. Cherry J. Pertussis : the trials and tribulations of old and new pertussis vaccines. Vaccine. 1992;10(14):1033-8
29. Robinson A, Irons L, Ashworth L. Pertussis vaccine: present status and future prospects. Vaccine. 1985;3:11-22
30. Kirkland A. The legitimacy of vaccine critics: what is left after the autism hypothesis? J Health Polit Policy Law. 2012;37(1):69-97
31. Wallace A. A short history of vaccine panic. Wired Magazine 2009 .
32. Screening and Immunisations Team; Health and Social Care Information Centre. NHS Immunisation Statistics, England 2013-3, Health and Social Care Information Center. 2013.
33. McBrien J, Murphy J, Gill D, et al. Measles outbreak in Dublin, 2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(7):580-4
34. State the world’s vaccines and immunization. Third Edition. Executive Summary. URL: https://vaccine-safetytraining.org/tl_files/vs/pdf/who_ivb_09_10_eng.pdf
35. Colgrove J, Bayer R. Could it happen here? Vaccine risk controversies and the specter of derailment. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24(3):729-39
36. Poland GA, Jacobson RM. The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):97-9
37. Ernst E. Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination. Vaccine. 2001;20(Suppl 1):S90-3.discussion S89
38. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspesific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998; 351: 637-41
39. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2011;342:c7452
40. Retraction – Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 2010;375(9713):445
41. Deer B. Secrets of the MMR scare. How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. Br Med J. 2011;342:c5347
42. Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(6):572-9
43. Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H. Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case–control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ. 2002;325:419-21
44. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, et al. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. BMJ. 2002;324:393-6
45. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1477-82
46. Hobson-West P. ‘Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all’: organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(2):198-215
47. Kitta A. Vaccinations and public concern in history - legend, rumor, and risk perception. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group; New York, NY, USA: 2012
48. Davies P, Chapman S, Leask J. Antivaccination activists on the world wide web. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87(1):22-5
49. Zimmerman R, Wolfe R, Fox D, et al. Vaccine criticism on the world wide web. J Med Internet Res. 2005;7(2):e17
50. Keelan J, Pavri V, Balakrishnan R, Wilson K. An analysis of the human papilloma virus vaccine debate on myspace blogs. Vaccine. 2010;28(6):1535-40
51. Scullard P, Peacock C, Davies P. Googling children’s health: reliability of medical advice on the internet. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(8):580-2
52. Witteman HO, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. The defining characteristics of Web 2.0 and their potential influence in the online vaccination debate. Vaccine 2012;30(25):3734-40
53. Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012;30(25):3778-89.
54. Chou W, Hunt Y, Beckjord E, et al. Social Media Use in the United States: Implications for Health Communication. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(4):e48
55. Lau A, Siek K, Fernandez-Luque L, et al. The role of social media for patients and consumer health. Contribution of the IMIA Consumer Health Informatics Working Group. Yearb Med Inform. 2011;6(1):131-8
56. Stefanoff P, Mamelund SE, Robinson M, et al. Tracking parental attitudes on vaccination across European countries: the Vaccine Safety, Attitudes, Training and Communication Project (VACSATC). Vaccine. 2010;28(35):5731-7
57. Ekos Research Associates Inc. Survey of parents on key issues related to immunization. Ottawa: 2011
58. Schwartz JL, Caplan A. Vaccination refusal: ethics, individual rights, and the common good. Primary Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38:717-28
59. Betsch C. Innovations in communication: the internet and the psychology of vaccination decisions. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(17):1-6
60. Betsch C, Brewer NT, Brocard P, et al. Opportunities and challenges of Web 2.0 for vaccination decisions. Vaccine. 2012;30(25):3727-33
61. Smith J, Appleton M, Macdonald N. Building confidence in vaccines. In: Curtis N, Finn A, Pollard A, editors. Hot topics in infection and immunity children IX. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2013. p. 81-98
62. Nan X, Madden K. HPV vaccine information in the blogosphere: how positive and negative blogs influence vaccine-related risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Health Commun. 2012;27(8):829-36
63. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Haase N. Effect of Narrative Reports about Vaccine Adverse Events and Bias-Awareness Disclaimers on Vaccine Decisions: a Simulation of an Online Patient Social Network. Med Decis Making. 2013;33(1):14-25
64. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Betsch T, Ulshofer C. The Influence of Vaccine-Critical Websites on Perceiving Vaccination Risks. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(3):446-55
65. Blume S. Anti-vaccination movements and their interpretations. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(3):628-42
66. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine. 2010;28(7):1709-16
67. Offit PA. Deadly choice, how the anti-vaccine movement threatens us all. Basic Books; New York, NY, USA: 2010
68. News V. Vaccination news. Available from: www.vaccinationnews.com/[Last accessed 9 May 2014]
69. National Vaccine Information Center. Your health, your family, your choice. Available from: www.nvic.org/
70. Dubé E, Vivion M, MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015 Jan;14(1):99-117. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.964212.

Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Vasfiye Bayram Değer 0000-0002-7714-9087
Yayımlanma Tarihi	18 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Bayram Değer V. The Social Significance of Vaccination and Infodemia in the Context of COVID-19. STED. 2022;31(5):380-7.

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