KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Hakan Saraç; İlkay Noyan Yalman; Hakan Türkay

doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006

TR EN

KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Abstract

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının tüketimi, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanmasının yanı sıra ekonomik büyüme ve istihdam düzeyleri üzerinde de belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılıklarını azaltmak amacıyla yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını artırma çalışmaları, istihdam piyasasında yeni fırsatlar ve risklere sebep olmaktadır. Diğer yandan ekonomik büyüme, üretim kapasitesinin genişlemesi ve yatırımların artması aracılığıyla istihdamı teşvik edebileceği gibi, büyümenin yapısına bağlı olarak işsizliği azaltma etkisi farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Yani, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişkinin yönü ve büyüklüğü ülkelere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, 1991-2022 yılları arasında “Kırılgan Beşli” ülkelerinde Panel Veri analizi kullanılarak yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin işsizlik oranı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin uzun vadede işsizlik üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı, ancak kısa vadede negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ekonomik büyümenin ise uzun dönemde işsizliği azaltıcı (negatif) etkisi tespit edilerek Okun Yasası doğrulanmıştır. Bu bulgular ışığında politika yapıcıların, yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını yalnızca çevresel bir araç olarak değil, aynı zamanda kısa vadeli işsizlikle mücadele stratejisinin bir parçası olarak değerlendirmeleri önerilmektedir. Özellikle Kırılgan Beşli ülkelerinde büyümenin istihdam dostu bir yapıya kavuşturulması amacıyla, yeşil enerji projelerine yönelik finansal teşviklerin artırılması ve bu alanda yeşil dönüşüme uygun iş gücü yetkinliklerini artıracak eğitim politikalarının önceliklendirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN FRAGILE FIVE COUNTRIES

Abstract

The consumption of renewable energy sources plays a decisive role not only in ensuring sustainable development but also in economic growth and employment levels. Efforts by developed and developing countries to increase renewable energy investments in order to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels create new opportunities and risks in the employment market. On the other hand, economic growth can stimulate employment through the expansion of production capacity and increased investment, but its effect on reducing unemployment may vary depending on the structure of growth. In other words, the direction and magnitude of the relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and unemployment vary across countries. This study examines the effect of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on the unemployment rate in the “Fragile Five” countries between 1991 and 2022 using panel data analysis. The findings indicate that renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on unemployment in the long term but has a negative and statistically significant effect in the short term. The negative effect of economic growth on unemployment in the long term was identified, confirming Okun's Law. In light of these findings, policymakers should consider renewable energy investments not only as an environmental tool but also as part of a short-term strategy to combat unemployment. Particularly in the Fragile Five countries, to ensure that growth is employment-friendly, it is crucial to increase financial incentives for labor-intensive green energy projects and prioritize education policies that will enhance workforce competencies suitable for green transformation in this field.

Keywords

References

Abdul-Khaliq, S., Soufan, T., & Shihab, R. A. (2014). The relationship between unemployment and economic growth rate in Arab Country. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(9), 56-59.
Agyeman, J. K., Ameyaw, B., Li, Y., Appiah-Kubi, J., Annan, A., Oppong, A., & Twumasi, M.A. (2020). Modeling the long-run drivers of total renewable energy consumption: Evidence from top five heavily polluted countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123292.
Ahmed, M. M., & Shimada, K. (2019). The effect of renewable energy consumption on sustainable economic development: Evidence from emerging and developing economies. Energies, 12(15), 2954.
Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., Syed, Q. R., & Alola, A. A. (2021). Exploring a new perspective of sustainable development drive through environmental Phillips curve in the case of the BRICST countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(35), 48112-48122.
Apergis, N., & Salim, R. (2015). Renewable energy consumption and unemployment: evidence from a sample of 80 countries and nonlinear estimates. Applied economics, 47(52), 5614-5633.
Bali Swain, R., Karimu, A., & Grad, E. (2022). Sustainable development, renewable energy transformation and employment impact in the EU. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 29(8), 695-708.
Bean, C., Layard, R. and Nickell, S. (1986), The Rise in Unemployment: A Multi-country Study, Economica, 53, 1-22.
Borhan, H., Ridzuan, A. R., Razak, M. I. M., & Mohamed, R. N. (2023). The dynamic relationship between energy consumption and level of unemployment rates in Malaysia: a time series analysis based on ARDL estimation. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 207-214.

Cantarero, M. M. V. (2020). Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101716
Chadwick, M. G. (2019). Dependence of the “Fragile Five” and “Troubled Ten” emerging market financial systems on US monetary policy and monetary policy uncertainty. Research in International Business and Finance, 49, 251-268.
Chand, K., Tiwari, R., & Phuyal, M. (2017). Economic growth and unemployment rate: An empirical study of Indian economy. Pragati: Journal of Indian Economy, 4(2), 130-137.
Chudik A. ve Pesaran M. H. (2015a). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: A survey. In The Oxford Handbook Of Panel Data, ed. Baltagi B. H., 2–45. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199940042.013.0001.
Chudik, A. ve Pesaran, M. H. (2015b). Common Correlated Effects Estimation of Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Data Models with Weakly Exogenous Regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393-420.
Çoban, M. N. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: ASEAN-5 ülkeleri için ekonometrik bir uygulama. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimleri Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(14), 1-10.
Daştan, M. (2024). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Gaziantep University Journal of Socia Sciences, 23(2), 633-653.
de Lima, F. R. S., & Marques, J. B. (2019). Macroeconomic determinants of unemployment in Brazil: an ARDL approach. Modern Economy, 10(7), 1744-1758.
El Moummy, C., Salmi, Y., & Baddih, H. (2021). The role of renewable energy sector in reducing unemployment: The Moroccan case. In E3S Web of Conferences, 234, EDP Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400101.
Güler, İ., Atan, M., & Adalı, Z. (2024). The effect of economic growth, investment, and unemployment on renewable energy transition: evidence from OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(39), 52001-52016.
He, Y., & Huang, P. (2022). Exploring the forms of the economic effects of renewable energy consumption: evidence from China. Sustainability, 14(13), 8212.
Howes, M., Wortley, L., Potts, R., Dedekorkut-Howes, A., Serrao-Neumann, S., Davidson, J., ...& Nunn, P. (2017). Environmental sustainability: a case of policy implementation failure?. Sustainability, 9(2), 165.
Kashem, M. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental Phillips curve: OECD and Asian NICs perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 31153-31170.
Kasperowicz, R., Bilan, Y., & Štreimikienė, D. (2020). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in European countries. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1086-1093.
Kaya, H. (2020). Yenilenebilir Enerji İstihdamında Küresel Durumun Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2020 Sonbahar Özel Sayı I/II), 10-21.
Khalid, W., Akalpler, E., Khan, S., & Shah, N. H. (2021). The Relationship Between Unemployment and Economic Growth in South Africa: VAR Analysis. Forman Journal of Economic Studies, 17(1).
Khobai, H., Kolisi, N., Moyo, C., Anyikwa, I., & Dingela, S. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and unemployment in South Africa. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2), 170-178.
Khodeir, A. N. (2016). The relationship between the generation of electricity from renewable resources and unemployment: an empirical study on the Egyptian economy. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 11(1), 16-30.
Koşaroğlu, Ş. M., & Kaya, H. İ. (2022). Analysis Of The Relationship Between Renewable Energy And Foreign Direct İnvestments For Turkey. Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 52-56.
Lehr, U., Nitsch, J., Kratzat, M., Lutz, C., & Edler, D. (2008). Renewable energy and employment in Germany. Energy Policy, 36(1), 108-117.
Lei, W., Liu, L., Hafeez, M., & Sohail, S. (2022). Do economic policy uncertainty and financial development influence the renewable energy consumption levels in China?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
Long, H., Prasad, B., Krishna, V., Tang, K., & Chang, C. P. (2024). Understanding the key determinants of Fiji's renewable energy. Economic Analysis and Policy, 82, 1144-1157.
Makaringe, S. C., & Khobai, H. (2018). The effect of unemployment on economic growth in South Africa (1994-2016). MPRA Paper No. 85305.
Memiş, O. B., & Sapancalı, F. (2024). Impact of Global Climate Change on The Labour Market: Evidence from Türkiye. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(2), 361-374.
Mohammadi, H., Saghaian, S., & Zandi Dareh Gharibi, B. (2023). Renewable and non renewable energy consumption and its impact on economic growth. Sustainability, 15(4), 3822.
Musa, K. S., & Maijama’a, R. (2020). Causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and unemployment in Nigeria: Evidence from Toda and Yamamoto causality technique. Energy Economics Letters, 7(1), 46-60.
Naqvi, S., Wang, J., & Ali, R. (2022). Towards a green economy in Europe: does renewable energy production has asymmetric effects on unemployment?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
Ng, C. F., Yii, K. J., Lau, L. S., & Go, Y. H. (2022). Unemployment rate, clean energy, and ecological footprint in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 42863–42872
Nteegah, A., & Dinyelu, T. M. (2025). Does Energy Utilisation Reduce Unemployment? The Nigeria Experience. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(2), 3859-3873.
Okumus, I., Guzel, A. E., & Destek, M. A. (2021). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in G7: fresh evidence from CS-ARDL. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56595-56605.
Omarova, A., Abubakirova, A., Saimagambetova, G., Amaniyazova, G., & Yerkulova, G. (2025). The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Unemployment in Developed Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 15(3), 446.
Pesaran M.H. (2007), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
Pesaran, MH.. (2008) Yamagata, T. Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. J. Econometrics. 142, 50–93.
Polat, B., & Kızılkan, Ö. (2022). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Örnek Bir Çalışma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3), 1983-1992.
Qudrat-Ullah, H., & Nevo, C. M. (2021). The impact of renewable energy consumption and environmental sustainability on economic growth in Africa. Energy Reports, 7, 3877-3886.
Rafiq, S., Salim, R., & Sgro, P. (2018). Energy, unemployment and trade. Applied Economics, 50, 5122-5134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1472741.
Rahman, M. R., Rahman, M. M., & Akter, R. (2023). Renewable energy development, unemployment and GDP growth: South Asian evidence. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 42(3), 1044–1059.
Rivers, N. (2013). Renewable energy and unemployment: A general equilibrium analysis. Resource and Energy Economics, 35(4), 467-485.
Rokhim, F. (2023). Factors influencing unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 2(1), 122-131
Saad, W., & Taleb, A. (2018). The causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from Europe. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20, 127-136.
Saboori, B., Gholipour, H. F., Rasoulinezhad, E., & Ranjbar, O. (2022). Renewable energy sources and unemployment rate: Evidence from the US states. Energy Policy, 168, 113155.
Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions and economic growth in 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries. Environmental Research, 186, 109567.
Sohail MT, Xiuyuan Y, Usman A, Majeed MT, Ullah S (2021) Renewable energy and non renewable energy consumption: assessing the asymmetric role of monetary policy uncertainty in energy consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28, 31575–31584.
Soylu, Ö. B., Çakmak, İ., & Okur, F. (2018). Economic growth and unemployment issue: Panel data analysis in Eastern European Countries. Journal of International Studies, 11(1).
Ukpere, W. I., & Slabbert, A. D. (2009). A relationship between current globalisation, unemployment, inequality and poverty. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 37-46.
Unver, M., & Dogru, B. (2015). The Determinants of Economic Fragility: Case of the Fragile Five Countries. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 15(31), 1-24.
Valadkhani, A., & Nguyen, J. (2019). Long-run effects of disaggregated renewable and non renewable energy consumption on real output. Applied Energy, 255, 113796.
Wahyudi, H., & Palupi, W. A. (2023). What is the short-term and long-term relationship between renewable energy and investment in economic growth?. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(3), 46-55.
Word Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/ Erişim Tarihi (12.06.2025)
Yılancı, V., İslamoğlu, E., Yıldırımalp, S., & Candan, G. (2020). The relationship between unemployment rates and renewable energy consumption: Evidence from Fourier ADL cointegration test. Alphanumeric Journal, 8(1), 17-28.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Panel Data Analysis, Economic Theory (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Hakan Saraç ^*
0000-0001-5322-513X
Türkiye

İlkay Noyan Yalman
0000-0003-2999-5374
Türkiye

Hakan Türkay
0000-0001-8048-5332
Türkiye

Publication Date

April 26, 2026

Submission Date

November 13, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 17, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 27 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA84LD79UA

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Saraç, H., Noyan Yalman, İ., & Türkay, H. (2026). KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 490-506. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006

AMA

1.Saraç H, Noyan Yalman İ, Türkay H. KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27(2):490-506. doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006

Chicago

Saraç, Hakan, İlkay Noyan Yalman, and Hakan Türkay. 2026. “KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27 (2): 490-506. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006.

EndNote

Saraç H, Noyan Yalman İ, Türkay H (April 1, 2026) KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27 2 490–506.

IEEE

[1]H. Saraç, İ. Noyan Yalman, and H. Türkay, “KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 490–506, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006.

ISNAD

Saraç, Hakan - Noyan Yalman, İlkay - Türkay, Hakan. “KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27/2 (April 1, 2026): 490-506. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006.

JAMA

1.Saraç H, Noyan Yalman İ, Türkay H. KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27:490–506.

MLA

Saraç, Hakan, et al. “KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 2, Apr. 2026, pp. 490-06, doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006.

Vancouver

1.Hakan Saraç, İlkay Noyan Yalman, Hakan Türkay. KIRILGAN BEŞLİ ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN İŞSİZLİK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026 Apr. 1;27(2):490-506. doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1823006

Cited By

Determinants of renewable energy investment in Turkey: A wavelet-based quantile regression and causality approach

International Journal of Energy Studies

https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1954610