TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES

Ziya Gökalp Göktolga

doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440

TR EN

ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİNİN TARIMSAL KİRLİLİK BAĞLAMINDA GEÇERLİLİĞİNİN TESTİ: G20 ÜLKELERİNDE PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ İLE BİR UYGULAMA

Abstract

Tarımsal kirlilik küresel ölçekte kritik seviyelere ulaşmış olup, tarımsal emisyonların ekonomik kalkınmayla nasıl değişeceğinin araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, tarımsal kirliliğin 1990-2020 dönemi boyunca G20 ülkeleri için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) yaklaşımını takip edip etmediğini deneysel olarak araştırmaktadır. Araştırma, özellikle karbondioksitten (CO2) önemli ölçüde daha yüksek küresel ısınma potansiyeline sahip olan azot oksit (N2O) ve metan (CH4) emisyonlarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve heterojenliği hesaba katan panel veri tekniklerini kullanmaktadır; CIPS birim kök ve Westerlund eş bütünleşme testleri kullanılmış ve katsayılar CCEMG tahmincisi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular, tarımsal N2O emisyonları için EKC hipotezini desteklemekte ve ters U şeklinde ilişki ortaya koymaktadır. N2O emisyonları için dönüm noktası, yaklaşık 1,377 trilyon dolarlık bir GSYİH eşiğinde belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, emisyonların azaltılmasında yenilenebilir ve fosil enerji tüketiminin rolleri de analiz edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, G20 ülkeleri için ekonomik büyüme, tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik ve enerji dönüşümü arasındaki dengeye ilişkin kritik politika çıkarımları sunmaktadır.

Keywords

TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES

Abstract

Agricultural pollution has reached critical levels globally, making it important to investigate how agricultural emissions will change with economic development. This study empirically investigates whether agricultural pollution follows the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework for G20 countries over the 1990-2020 period. Distinctively, the research focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, which possess significantly higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2). This study employs panel data techniques that account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, using CIPS unit root and Westerlund cointegration tests; coefficients were calculated using the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimator. The findings support the EKC hypothesis for agricultural N2O emissions and reveal inverted U-shaped relationship. The turning point for N2O emissions is identified at a GDP threshold of approximately $1.377 trillion. The findings do not support the EKC hypothesis for agricultural methane (CH4) emissions. Furthermore, the roles of renewable and fossil energy consumption in mitigating emissions are analyzed. These results provide critical policy implications for G20 nations regarding the balance between economic growth, agricultural sustainability, and energy transition.

Keywords

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Panel Data Analysis

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ziya Gökalp Göktolga ^*
0000-0003-4438-4096
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 26, 2026

Submission Date

April 29, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 27 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA23RF85AP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Göktolga, Z. G. (2026). TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 1090-1106. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440

AMA

1.Göktolga ZG. TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27(3):1090-1106. doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440

Chicago

Göktolga, Ziya Gökalp. 2026. “TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27 (3): 1090-1106. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440.

EndNote

Göktolga ZG (July 1, 2026) TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27 3 1090–1106.

IEEE

[1]Z. G. Göktolga, “TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1090–1106, July 2026, doi: 10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440.

ISNAD

Göktolga, Ziya Gökalp. “TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 27/3 (July 1, 2026): 1090-1106. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440.

JAMA

1.Göktolga ZG. TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27:1090–1106.

MLA

Göktolga, Ziya Gökalp. “TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 3, July 2026, pp. 1090-06, doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440.

Vancouver

1.Ziya Gökalp Göktolga. TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION: AN APPLICATION WITH PANEL DATA ANALYSIS IN G20 COUNTRIES. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2026 Jul. 1;27(3):1090-106. doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1940440