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Ticari ve Finansal Açıklığın Ekolojik Açık Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 654 - 666

İbrahim Özaytürk

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1676054

Abstract

Ekonomik gelişmelerin çevrede yarattığı etkiler çok uzun yıllardır araştırmacılar tarafından çalışmalarının konusu yapılmasına rağmen, küresel ısınmanın dikkat gerektiren seviyelere ulaşmasıyla birlikte daha çok üzerinde çalışılan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Küresel ısınmaya etki eden etmenler önceleri daha genel ifadelerle tanımlanırken, şimdilerde ısınmaya neden olan etmenler daha spesifik incelenmektedir. Küreselleşme genel itibariyle araştırılmaktayken zamanla hem ticari hem de finansal küreselleşmenin etkisi incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, G20 ülkeleri için ticari küreselleşme (TG) ve finansal küreselleşmenin (FG) çevresel bozulma üzerindeki kısa ve uzun dönem etkilerini 1997-2022 yılları arası dönemde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, ülkelerin çevresel etkilerinin göstergesi olan ekolojik açık kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada birden çok ülkenin çalışmaya dahil edilmesinden dolayı panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. İlk olarak ikinci nesil panel birim kök testlerinin (CADF ve CIPS) yapıldığı çalışmada, elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda ARDL sınır testi yapılması uygun görülmüştür. Yapılan testler neticesinde hem ticari hem de finansal küreselleşmenin ülkelerin çevresel etkilerinin göstergesi olan ekolojik açık üzerinde uzun dönemde arttırıcı bir etkisi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan bu etkinin genel itibariyle sadece uzun dönemle sınırlı kaldığı, etkinin kısa dönemde oluşmadığı görülmektedir. Bunlara ek olarak, seçilen ülkelerin küreselleşmeden etkilenmeleri ise farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Tüm bu elde edilen veriler çalışmanın sonuç kısmında detaylandırılmaktadır ve araştırmacılara ve konunun ilgililerine politika önerileri yapılmaktadır.

Keywords

Uluslararası İktisat Ekolojik Açık Küreselleşme

References

  • Agyekum, E. B., Altuntaş, M., Adebayo, T. S., Khudoyqulov, S., Zawbaa, H. M., & Kamel, S.(2022). Does Information and Communication Technology Impede Environmental Degradation? Fresh Insights from Non-parametric Approaches. Heliyon 8, e09108.
  • Ahmed, Z., Cary, M., & Le, H. P. (2021). Accounting Asymmetries in the Long-Run Nexus between Globalization and Environmental Sustainability in the United States: An Aggregated and Disaggregated Investigation. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 86, 106511.
  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling The Dynamic Linkages Between Eco-Innovation, Urbanization, Economic Growth and Ecological Footprints For G7 Countries: Does Financial Globalization Matter?. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881.
  • Aoki, M., & Patrick, H. (Eds.). (1995). The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Badami, M. G. (2005). Transport and urban air pollution in India. Environmental Management, 36(2), 195-204.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., & İlkay, S. Ç. (2020). Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 1087-1100.
  • Breusch, T.S., & A.R. Pagan (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • Chew, Sing C. (1997). For Nature: Deep Greening World-Systems Analysis for the 21st Century. Journal of World-Systems Research, 3(3), 381-402.
  • Clapp, J. (1998). Foreign Direct Investment in Hazardous Industries in Developing Countries: Rethinking the Debate. Environmental Politics, 7, 92-113.
  • Cortner, H. J., & Moote, M. A. (1992). Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Forces Shaping Political Agendas and Public Policy. In Proceedings of the... Society of American Foresters National Convention.
  • Destek, M. A. (2020). Investigation on the role of economic, social, and political globalization on environment: evidence from CEECs. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(27), 33601-33614.
  • Farooq, S., Ozturk, I., Majeed, M. T., & Akram, R. (2022). Globalization and CO2 emissions in the presence of EKC: a global panel data analysis. Gondwana Research, 106, 367-378.
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K., & Offermans, A. (2017). The Effects of Globalization on Ecological Footprints: An Empirical Analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 863-876.
  • Flath, D. (2022). The Japanese Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Friedman T. (1999). The Lexus and the Olive Tree. London: Harper Collins
  • Gallagher, K. P. (2009). Economic globalization and the environment. Annual review of environment and resources, 34(1), 279-304.
  • Gençoğlu, P., Kuşkaya, S., & Büyüknalbant, T. (2020). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Panel Birim Kök Testleri İle Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(4), 1283-1297.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2021). Çin’in Çevre Politikalarının Ekolojik Uygarlığa Doğru Gelişimi. Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi Dergisi, 2(3). 7-25.
  • Hamdi, F. M. (2013). The Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries. Developing Country Studies, 3(11), 142-144.
  • Jorgenson, A. K. (2006). The Transnational Organization of Production and Environmental Degradation: A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Foreign Capital Penetration on Organic Water Pollution Intensity, 1980– 1995. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 711-730.
  • Kentor, J., & Grimes, P. (2006). Foreign Investment Dependence and the Environment: A Global Perspective. In A. K. Jorgenson & E. Kick (Eds.). Globalization and the environment (pp. 61-78). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye Jr, J. S. (2000). Globalization: What's new? What is not? (And so what?). Foreign Policy, 104-119.
  • Kick, E., Burns, T., Davis, B., Murray, D., & Murray, D. (1996). Impacts of Domestic Population Dynamics and Foreign Wood Trade on Deforestation. Journal of Developing Societies, 12, 68-87.
  • Khan, M. B., Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Huobao, X. (2022). The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries. Energy & Environment, 33(1), 107-134.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal of environmental management, 250, 109460.
  • Lİ, X. (2004). Trade Liberalization and Real Exchange Rate Movement. IMF Staff Papers, Vol.51, No. 3, IMF, 2004, pp. 553-584.
  • Lockwood, W. W. (2015). Economic Development of Japan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2018). Is economic globalization good or bad for the environmental quality? New evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 340-343.
  • Milner, H. V., & Mukherjee, B. (2009). Democratization and Economic Globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 163-181.
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and Environment (No.53A). Center for International Development at Harvard University.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & R. Smith (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1997). Pooled estimation of long-run relationships in dynamic heterogeneous panels.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Rasool, H., Malik, M. A., & Tarique, M. (2020). The curvilinear relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth: Evidence from India. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(5), 891-910.
  • Rees, W. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3):195–215.
  • Rees, W., & Wackernagel, M. (2008). Urban Ecological Footprints: Why Cities Cannot Be Sustainable—And Why They Are A Key To Sustainability. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction between Humans and Nature, 537-555.
  • Rice, J. (2007). Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System. Social Forces, 85(3), 1369-1392.
  • Roberts, T., Parks, B., & Vasquez, A. (2004). Who Signs Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties. Global Environmental Politics, 4, 22-64.
  • Saint Akadiri, S., Alkawfi, M. M., Uğural, S., & Akadiri, A. C. (2019). Towards achieving environmental sustainability target in Italy. The role of energy, real income and globalization. Science of the total environment, 671, 1293- 1301.
  • Salman, M. & Wang, G. (2024) The Impact of National Environmental Policy on Pakistan’s Green Economic Development: Evidence from Regression Discontinuity Design. Environment Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04392-6
  • Shrivastava, R. K., Neeta, S., & Geeta, G. (2013). Air Pollution Due To Road Transportation in India: A Review on Assessment and Reduction Strategies. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(1), 69.
  • Steger, M. B. (2003). Globalization: A very short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Tobin, J. (2000). Financial globalization. World Development, 28(6), 1101-1104.
  • Ulucak, Z. Ş., İlkay, S. Ç., Özcan, B., & Gedikli, A. (2020). Financial globalization and environmental degradation nexus: evidence from emerging economies. Resources Policy, 67, 101698.
  • Wenlong, Z., Nawaz, M. A., Sibghatullah, A., Ullah, S. E., Chupradit, S., & Minh Hieu, V. (2023). Impact of Coal Rents, Transportation, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Globalization on Ecological Footprint in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 43040-43055.
  • Wiseley, R. A. (2020). Potentially Terminal Conditions: Economic Globalization and Ecological Footprint. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/944.
  • Zafar, M. W., Saud, S., & Hou, F. (2019). The impact of globalization and financial development on environmental quality: evidence from selected countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Environmental science and pollution research, 26, 13246-13262.

The Impact of Trade and Financial Openness on Ecological Deficit

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 654 - 666

İbrahim Özaytürk

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1676054

Abstract

While the impact of economic activities on the environment has been examined by researchers for many years, it has garnered more academic interest due to the escalating levels of global warming that necessitate intervention. The elements influencing global warming, once described in broad terms, are now being analyzed with greater specificity. The implications of both commercial and financial globalization have gradually been scrutinized throughout time, notwithstanding the broader investigation of globalization itself. This study seeks to analyze the immediate and enduring impacts of commercial globalization (TG) and financial globalization (FG) on environmental degradation in G20 nations from 1997 to 2022. The study utilized the ecological deficit, a measure of countries' environmental consequences. The study used a panel data analysis approach due to the inclusion of many countries. In the study, following the first execution of second-generation panel unit root tests (CADF and CIPS), it was considered suitable to conduct the ARDL bounds test in accordance with the findings obtained. The conducted experiments indicate that both commercial and financial globalization significantly exacerbate the ecological deficit, a long-term measure of nations' environmental consequences. This impact is predominantly observed in the long run and is not evident in the short term. The impacts of globalization on specific countries may vary. The study's conclusion comprehensively presents the acquired data and offers policy suggestions for academics and stakeholders in the field.

Keywords

International Economics Ecological Deficit Globalizations

References

  • Agyekum, E. B., Altuntaş, M., Adebayo, T. S., Khudoyqulov, S., Zawbaa, H. M., & Kamel, S.(2022). Does Information and Communication Technology Impede Environmental Degradation? Fresh Insights from Non-parametric Approaches. Heliyon 8, e09108.
  • Ahmed, Z., Cary, M., & Le, H. P. (2021). Accounting Asymmetries in the Long-Run Nexus between Globalization and Environmental Sustainability in the United States: An Aggregated and Disaggregated Investigation. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 86, 106511.
  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling The Dynamic Linkages Between Eco-Innovation, Urbanization, Economic Growth and Ecological Footprints For G7 Countries: Does Financial Globalization Matter?. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881.
  • Aoki, M., & Patrick, H. (Eds.). (1995). The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Badami, M. G. (2005). Transport and urban air pollution in India. Environmental Management, 36(2), 195-204.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., & İlkay, S. Ç. (2020). Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 1087-1100.
  • Breusch, T.S., & A.R. Pagan (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • Chew, Sing C. (1997). For Nature: Deep Greening World-Systems Analysis for the 21st Century. Journal of World-Systems Research, 3(3), 381-402.
  • Clapp, J. (1998). Foreign Direct Investment in Hazardous Industries in Developing Countries: Rethinking the Debate. Environmental Politics, 7, 92-113.
  • Cortner, H. J., & Moote, M. A. (1992). Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Forces Shaping Political Agendas and Public Policy. In Proceedings of the... Society of American Foresters National Convention.
  • Destek, M. A. (2020). Investigation on the role of economic, social, and political globalization on environment: evidence from CEECs. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(27), 33601-33614.
  • Farooq, S., Ozturk, I., Majeed, M. T., & Akram, R. (2022). Globalization and CO2 emissions in the presence of EKC: a global panel data analysis. Gondwana Research, 106, 367-378.
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K., & Offermans, A. (2017). The Effects of Globalization on Ecological Footprints: An Empirical Analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 863-876.
  • Flath, D. (2022). The Japanese Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Friedman T. (1999). The Lexus and the Olive Tree. London: Harper Collins
  • Gallagher, K. P. (2009). Economic globalization and the environment. Annual review of environment and resources, 34(1), 279-304.
  • Gençoğlu, P., Kuşkaya, S., & Büyüknalbant, T. (2020). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Panel Birim Kök Testleri İle Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(4), 1283-1297.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2021). Çin’in Çevre Politikalarının Ekolojik Uygarlığa Doğru Gelişimi. Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi Dergisi, 2(3). 7-25.
  • Hamdi, F. M. (2013). The Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries. Developing Country Studies, 3(11), 142-144.
  • Jorgenson, A. K. (2006). The Transnational Organization of Production and Environmental Degradation: A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Foreign Capital Penetration on Organic Water Pollution Intensity, 1980– 1995. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 711-730.
  • Kentor, J., & Grimes, P. (2006). Foreign Investment Dependence and the Environment: A Global Perspective. In A. K. Jorgenson & E. Kick (Eds.). Globalization and the environment (pp. 61-78). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye Jr, J. S. (2000). Globalization: What's new? What is not? (And so what?). Foreign Policy, 104-119.
  • Kick, E., Burns, T., Davis, B., Murray, D., & Murray, D. (1996). Impacts of Domestic Population Dynamics and Foreign Wood Trade on Deforestation. Journal of Developing Societies, 12, 68-87.
  • Khan, M. B., Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Huobao, X. (2022). The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries. Energy & Environment, 33(1), 107-134.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Are de jure and de facto globalization undermining the environment? Evidence from high and low globalized EU countries. Journal of environmental management, 250, 109460.
  • Lİ, X. (2004). Trade Liberalization and Real Exchange Rate Movement. IMF Staff Papers, Vol.51, No. 3, IMF, 2004, pp. 553-584.
  • Lockwood, W. W. (2015). Economic Development of Japan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2018). Is economic globalization good or bad for the environmental quality? New evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 340-343.
  • Milner, H. V., & Mukherjee, B. (2009). Democratization and Economic Globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 163-181.
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and Environment (No.53A). Center for International Development at Harvard University.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & R. Smith (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1997). Pooled estimation of long-run relationships in dynamic heterogeneous panels.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Rasool, H., Malik, M. A., & Tarique, M. (2020). The curvilinear relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth: Evidence from India. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(5), 891-910.
  • Rees, W. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3):195–215.
  • Rees, W., & Wackernagel, M. (2008). Urban Ecological Footprints: Why Cities Cannot Be Sustainable—And Why They Are A Key To Sustainability. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction between Humans and Nature, 537-555.
  • Rice, J. (2007). Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System. Social Forces, 85(3), 1369-1392.
  • Roberts, T., Parks, B., & Vasquez, A. (2004). Who Signs Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties. Global Environmental Politics, 4, 22-64.
  • Saint Akadiri, S., Alkawfi, M. M., Uğural, S., & Akadiri, A. C. (2019). Towards achieving environmental sustainability target in Italy. The role of energy, real income and globalization. Science of the total environment, 671, 1293- 1301.
  • Salman, M. & Wang, G. (2024) The Impact of National Environmental Policy on Pakistan’s Green Economic Development: Evidence from Regression Discontinuity Design. Environment Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04392-6
  • Shrivastava, R. K., Neeta, S., & Geeta, G. (2013). Air Pollution Due To Road Transportation in India: A Review on Assessment and Reduction Strategies. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(1), 69.
  • Steger, M. B. (2003). Globalization: A very short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Tobin, J. (2000). Financial globalization. World Development, 28(6), 1101-1104.
  • Ulucak, Z. Ş., İlkay, S. Ç., Özcan, B., & Gedikli, A. (2020). Financial globalization and environmental degradation nexus: evidence from emerging economies. Resources Policy, 67, 101698.
  • Wenlong, Z., Nawaz, M. A., Sibghatullah, A., Ullah, S. E., Chupradit, S., & Minh Hieu, V. (2023). Impact of Coal Rents, Transportation, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Globalization on Ecological Footprint in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 43040-43055.
  • Wiseley, R. A. (2020). Potentially Terminal Conditions: Economic Globalization and Ecological Footprint. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/944.
  • Zafar, M. W., Saud, S., & Hou, F. (2019). The impact of globalization and financial development on environmental quality: evidence from selected countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Environmental science and pollution research, 26, 13246-13262.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economic Theory (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

İbrahim Özaytürk 0000-0001-5292-6313

Early Pub Date October 22, 2025
Publication Date October 27, 2025
Submission Date April 14, 2025
Acceptance Date October 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özaytürk, İ. (2025). Ticari ve Finansal Açıklığın Ekolojik Açık Üzerine Etkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(4), 654-666. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1676054
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