Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2023, , 292 - 301, 19.04.2023

Çağla Mavruk , Ali Gök

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1230878

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mercenaries Private Military Companies Ukraine Syria

Kaynakça

  • Akhiyadov, M. (2022). Özel Askerî Şirketler: Rusya Örneği, İNSAMER Analiz, https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/ozel-askeri-sirketler-rusya-ornegi-pdf.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Baum, J. AC and McGahan, A. M. (2009). Outsourcing War: The Evolution of the Private Military Industry after the Cold War. Rotman School of Management.
  • Bayrak, E. (2019). Şiddet Tekelinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Bugüne Dair Notlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 68, 57-82
  • Bellingcat. (2020). Putin Chef’s Kisses of Death: Russia’s Shadow Army’s State-Run Structure Exposed, Bellingcat, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2020/08/14/pmc-structure-exposed/. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Berzins, J. (2014). Russia’ New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy. https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/New-Generation-Warfare.pdf. Accessed: 28.10.2022
  • Beyani, C. and Lilly, D. (2001). Regulating Private Military Companies: Options for the UK Government. International Alert.
  • Bowen, A.S. (2022). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects, Congressional Research Service, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47068. Accessed: 01.11.2022
  • Brooks, D. (2000). Messiahs or mercenaries? The future of international private military services, International Peacekeeping, 7 (4), 129-144.
  • Erkmen, S. (2019). Silahlı Güçler; Ordular, Para-Militer Yapılar, Özel Askeri Şirketler. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, No.39, https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/SilahliGucler_SerhatErkmen_v.1.pdf. Accessed: 29.09.2022
  • Galeotti, M. (2017). The Modern Russian Army 1992–2016, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gerasimov, V. (2016). The Value of Science Is in the Foresight New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations. Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/military-review/archives/english/militaryreview_20160228_art008.pdf . Accessed 10.10.2022
  • Gerasimov, V. (2013). Military-Industrial Kurier, VPK News, Feb. 27, (translation: Coalson, Robert, “Top Russian General Lays Bare Putin’s Plan for Ukraine”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-coalson/valery-gerasimov-putin-ukraine_b_5748480. html,%20F. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Gilsinan, K. (2015). The Return of the Mercenary. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/return-of-the-mercenary/388616/. Accessed: 10.09.2022
  • Görücü, K. and Bünyad, A. (2020). Rus Hayalet Ordusu Wagner, SETA Analiz, No 311, https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/02/A311.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gusarov, V. (2015). Russian Private Military Companies As Licensed Tool of Terror, https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-private-military-companies-as-licensed-tool-of-terror/. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gülşen, H. (2017). Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesinde Özel Askerî Şirketlerin Rolü, ORSAM, NO:64, http://orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/64TR.pdf . Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Higgins, A. and Bigg, M.M. (2022). Russia Looks to Private Militia to Secure a Victory in Eastern Ukraine, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/06/world/europe/russia-bakhmut-wagner-group.html. Accessed: 30.10.2022
  • Ilyushina, M. (2022). In Ukraine, a Russian mercenary group steps out of the shadows, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/ukraine-russia-wagner-group-mercenaries/. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karacaoğlu, M. B., Misto, M. and Musa, E. (2022). Rusya, Ukrayna'da savaştırmak üzere Suriye'den binlerce paralı asker topladı, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusya-ukraynada-savastirmak-uzere-suriyeden-binlerce-parali-asker-topladi/2531858. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karaman, M. (2020). Dış Politikada Bir Enstrüman: Vekalet Savaşı Uygulayıcısı Olarak Özel Askeri Şirketler, https://stratejikortak.com/2020/01/vekalet-savasi-ozel-askeri-sirketler.html. Accessed: 17.10.2022
  • Kurtdarcan, B. R. (2017). Muharebe Alanının Yeni Aktörleri: Askeri Yükleniciler Devletin Kuvvet Kullanma Tekeli ve Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku Açısından Bir İnceleme. İstanbul, Beta Yayınları.
  • McFate, S. (2020). Mercenaries and Privatized Warfare Current Trends and Developments. The United Nations Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  • McFate, S. (2019). Mercenaries and War: Understanding Private Armies Today. Washington: National Defense University Press.
  • Mehra LL.M, T. and Thorley, A. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Foreign Volunteers and Mercenaries in the Ukrainian Armed Conflict, https://icct.nl/publication/foreign-fighters-volunteers-mercenaries-in-ukraine/. Accessed: 24.10.2022
  • NATO. (2014). Wales Summit Declaration, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm. Accessed: 22.10.2022
  • Öz, T. and Çalışkanlar, T. M. (2020). Paralı Askerlerden Özel Askerî Şirketlere Savunma Yönetimi Teknolojileri Uygulamaları. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 16 (34), 309-339.
  • Percy, S. (2007). Mercenaries The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Pukhov, R. (2015). Nothing 'Hybrid' About Russia's War in Ukraine. The Moscow Times: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/nothing-hybrid-about-russias-war-inukraine-46913. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Razek, H. and Barabanov, I. (2022). War in Ukraine: How Russia is recruiting mercenaries, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60711211. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Reynolds, N. (2019). Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/GlobalRussia_NateReynolds_Vagner.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Shearer, D. (1998). Mercenary or military company?, Adelphi Papers, 38 (316), 11-22.
  • Singer, P. W. (2008). Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornell University Press.
  • Stoltenberg, J. (2017). The geography of danger has shifted, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_148125.htm. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Sukhankin, S. (2019). Unleashing the PMCs and Irregulars in Ukraine: Crimea and Donbas. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Paper-4-Irregulars-in-Ukraine-2.pdf. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Şahin, G. and Aydın, A. (2021). Suriye’deki Rus Vatandaşı Yabancı Terörist Savaşçıların Rusya’nın İç Güvenliğine Etkileri. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 23 (2), 158-177.
  • Taulbee, J.L. (1998). Reflections on the mercenary option, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 9 (2), 145-163.
  • The Soufan Center. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Volunteers, And Mercenaries: Non-State Actors and Narratives in Ukraine, https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/TSC-Special-Report_Ukraine_April-2022.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Tugwell, M. (1989). Adapt or perish: The forms of Evolution in Warfare. In: David Charters and Tugwell Maurice (eds.), Armies in Low-İntensity Conflict, London, Brassey’s.
  • United Nations (1989). International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-against-recruitment-use-financing-and. Accessed: 25.11.2022
  • Uyar, M. (2022). Paralı askerlik, özel askeri şirketler ve savaşın özelleştirilmesi, Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/512706/t. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Vandoorne, S., Bell, M., Ataman, J. and Bertini, R. (2022). Morale is plummeting in Putin’s private army as Russia’s war in Ukraine falters, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/06/europe/wagner-ukraine-struggles-marat-gabidullin-cmd-intl/index.html. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Waters, G. (2022). Will Russia deploy Syrian fighters to Ukraine?, https://www.mei.edu/publications/will-russia-deploy-syrian-fighters-ukraine. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Weinthal, B. and Evansky, B. (2022). Russia's Putin looks to import Syrian mercenaries to do the 'dirty tricks' against Ukraine’s population. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/world/putin-syrian-mercenaries-dirty-tricks-ukraine. Accessed: 26.12.2022
  • Yalçınkaya, H. (2006). Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61 (3), 247-277.

Armies of War Without Uniforms: Mercenaries and Private Military Companies in Russia’s Interventions in Syria and Ukraine

Yıl 2023, , 292 - 301, 19.04.2023

Çağla Mavruk , Ali Gök

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1230878

Öz

In the struggle for influence and power between states, states tend to use mercenaries and PMCs due to reasons such as the economic cost of the regular army, the negative reactions to be received from many actors in an official intervention in the target state, the sanctions of international law and the indignation caused by a possible loss of official soldiers, especially in the society. The history of mercenaries dates back to ancient times. However, they were used extensively in conflicts in many regions after the Cold War. The changing perception of security is the main reason for the resurgence of mercenary activities. Factors at the center of the changing perception of security are the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a privatized military industry. Considering the interventions where mercenaries were deployed, Russia’s interventions in Ukraine in 2014 and then in 2022 and in Syria in 2015 come into prominence. The overarching purpose of this research is to explain how these actors affect the character of the war by explaining the reasons for their use, duties and effects on the battlefield. The study concludes that Russia used mercenaries in Ukraine for secrecy and reasonable deniability and aimed to prevent the reaction of the world public opinion. On the other hand, Russia used mercenaries in Syria to prevent the reaction of the Russian public by hiding casualties and reflecting the operation as a successful operation without any casualties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mercenaries Private Military Companies Ukraine Syria

Kaynakça

  • Akhiyadov, M. (2022). Özel Askerî Şirketler: Rusya Örneği, İNSAMER Analiz, https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/ozel-askeri-sirketler-rusya-ornegi-pdf.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Baum, J. AC and McGahan, A. M. (2009). Outsourcing War: The Evolution of the Private Military Industry after the Cold War. Rotman School of Management.
  • Bayrak, E. (2019). Şiddet Tekelinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Bugüne Dair Notlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 68, 57-82
  • Bellingcat. (2020). Putin Chef’s Kisses of Death: Russia’s Shadow Army’s State-Run Structure Exposed, Bellingcat, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2020/08/14/pmc-structure-exposed/. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Berzins, J. (2014). Russia’ New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy. https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/New-Generation-Warfare.pdf. Accessed: 28.10.2022
  • Beyani, C. and Lilly, D. (2001). Regulating Private Military Companies: Options for the UK Government. International Alert.
  • Bowen, A.S. (2022). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects, Congressional Research Service, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47068. Accessed: 01.11.2022
  • Brooks, D. (2000). Messiahs or mercenaries? The future of international private military services, International Peacekeeping, 7 (4), 129-144.
  • Erkmen, S. (2019). Silahlı Güçler; Ordular, Para-Militer Yapılar, Özel Askeri Şirketler. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, No.39, https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/SilahliGucler_SerhatErkmen_v.1.pdf. Accessed: 29.09.2022
  • Galeotti, M. (2017). The Modern Russian Army 1992–2016, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gerasimov, V. (2016). The Value of Science Is in the Foresight New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations. Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/military-review/archives/english/militaryreview_20160228_art008.pdf . Accessed 10.10.2022
  • Gerasimov, V. (2013). Military-Industrial Kurier, VPK News, Feb. 27, (translation: Coalson, Robert, “Top Russian General Lays Bare Putin’s Plan for Ukraine”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-coalson/valery-gerasimov-putin-ukraine_b_5748480. html,%20F. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Gilsinan, K. (2015). The Return of the Mercenary. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/return-of-the-mercenary/388616/. Accessed: 10.09.2022
  • Görücü, K. and Bünyad, A. (2020). Rus Hayalet Ordusu Wagner, SETA Analiz, No 311, https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/02/A311.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gusarov, V. (2015). Russian Private Military Companies As Licensed Tool of Terror, https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-private-military-companies-as-licensed-tool-of-terror/. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gülşen, H. (2017). Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesinde Özel Askerî Şirketlerin Rolü, ORSAM, NO:64, http://orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/64TR.pdf . Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Higgins, A. and Bigg, M.M. (2022). Russia Looks to Private Militia to Secure a Victory in Eastern Ukraine, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/06/world/europe/russia-bakhmut-wagner-group.html. Accessed: 30.10.2022
  • Ilyushina, M. (2022). In Ukraine, a Russian mercenary group steps out of the shadows, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/ukraine-russia-wagner-group-mercenaries/. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karacaoğlu, M. B., Misto, M. and Musa, E. (2022). Rusya, Ukrayna'da savaştırmak üzere Suriye'den binlerce paralı asker topladı, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusya-ukraynada-savastirmak-uzere-suriyeden-binlerce-parali-asker-topladi/2531858. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karaman, M. (2020). Dış Politikada Bir Enstrüman: Vekalet Savaşı Uygulayıcısı Olarak Özel Askeri Şirketler, https://stratejikortak.com/2020/01/vekalet-savasi-ozel-askeri-sirketler.html. Accessed: 17.10.2022
  • Kurtdarcan, B. R. (2017). Muharebe Alanının Yeni Aktörleri: Askeri Yükleniciler Devletin Kuvvet Kullanma Tekeli ve Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku Açısından Bir İnceleme. İstanbul, Beta Yayınları.
  • McFate, S. (2020). Mercenaries and Privatized Warfare Current Trends and Developments. The United Nations Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  • McFate, S. (2019). Mercenaries and War: Understanding Private Armies Today. Washington: National Defense University Press.
  • Mehra LL.M, T. and Thorley, A. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Foreign Volunteers and Mercenaries in the Ukrainian Armed Conflict, https://icct.nl/publication/foreign-fighters-volunteers-mercenaries-in-ukraine/. Accessed: 24.10.2022
  • NATO. (2014). Wales Summit Declaration, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm. Accessed: 22.10.2022
  • Öz, T. and Çalışkanlar, T. M. (2020). Paralı Askerlerden Özel Askerî Şirketlere Savunma Yönetimi Teknolojileri Uygulamaları. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 16 (34), 309-339.
  • Percy, S. (2007). Mercenaries The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Pukhov, R. (2015). Nothing 'Hybrid' About Russia's War in Ukraine. The Moscow Times: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/nothing-hybrid-about-russias-war-inukraine-46913. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Razek, H. and Barabanov, I. (2022). War in Ukraine: How Russia is recruiting mercenaries, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60711211. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Reynolds, N. (2019). Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/GlobalRussia_NateReynolds_Vagner.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Shearer, D. (1998). Mercenary or military company?, Adelphi Papers, 38 (316), 11-22.
  • Singer, P. W. (2008). Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornell University Press.
  • Stoltenberg, J. (2017). The geography of danger has shifted, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_148125.htm. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Sukhankin, S. (2019). Unleashing the PMCs and Irregulars in Ukraine: Crimea and Donbas. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Paper-4-Irregulars-in-Ukraine-2.pdf. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Şahin, G. and Aydın, A. (2021). Suriye’deki Rus Vatandaşı Yabancı Terörist Savaşçıların Rusya’nın İç Güvenliğine Etkileri. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 23 (2), 158-177.
  • Taulbee, J.L. (1998). Reflections on the mercenary option, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 9 (2), 145-163.
  • The Soufan Center. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Volunteers, And Mercenaries: Non-State Actors and Narratives in Ukraine, https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/TSC-Special-Report_Ukraine_April-2022.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Tugwell, M. (1989). Adapt or perish: The forms of Evolution in Warfare. In: David Charters and Tugwell Maurice (eds.), Armies in Low-İntensity Conflict, London, Brassey’s.
  • United Nations (1989). International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-against-recruitment-use-financing-and. Accessed: 25.11.2022
  • Uyar, M. (2022). Paralı askerlik, özel askeri şirketler ve savaşın özelleştirilmesi, Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/512706/t. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Vandoorne, S., Bell, M., Ataman, J. and Bertini, R. (2022). Morale is plummeting in Putin’s private army as Russia’s war in Ukraine falters, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/06/europe/wagner-ukraine-struggles-marat-gabidullin-cmd-intl/index.html. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Waters, G. (2022). Will Russia deploy Syrian fighters to Ukraine?, https://www.mei.edu/publications/will-russia-deploy-syrian-fighters-ukraine. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Weinthal, B. and Evansky, B. (2022). Russia's Putin looks to import Syrian mercenaries to do the 'dirty tricks' against Ukraine’s population. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/world/putin-syrian-mercenaries-dirty-tricks-ukraine. Accessed: 26.12.2022
  • Yalçınkaya, H. (2006). Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61 (3), 247-277.

Savaşın Üniformasız Orduları: Rusya’nın Suriye ve Ukrayna Müdahalelerinde Paralı Askerler ve Özel Askeri Şirketler

Yıl 2023, , 292 - 301, 19.04.2023

Çağla Mavruk , Ali Gök

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1230878

Öz

Devletler arası etki ve güç mücadelesi meselesinde devletlerin paralı asker ve özel askeri şirketleri kullanma eğilimlerine etki eden bir çok faktör bulunmaktadır. Bu faktörler, düzenli ordunun ekonomik maliyeti, hedef devlete resmi bir müdahalede birçok aktörden alınacak olumsuz reaksiyonlar, uluslararası hukukun yaptırımları ve olası bir resmi asker kaybının özellikle toplumda yarattığı infial şeklinde sıralanabilir. Paralı askerlerin tarihsel açıdan çok eski bir geçmişi bulunmasına karşın, Soğuk Savaş sonrası birçok bölgede tekrar yoğun bir şekilde aktif çatışmalarda kullanılmışlardır. Değişen güvenlik algısı, paralı askerlik faaliyetlerinin yeniden canlanmasının ana nedenidir. Değişen güvenlik algısının merkezindeki faktörler ise Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi ve özelleştirilmiş bir askeri sanayinin ortaya çıkması şeklinde ifade edilebilir. Söz konusu kullanım örnekleri değerlendirildiğinde Rusya’nın 2014 ve 2022 Ukrayna ve Arap Baharı süreci sonrası Suriye müdahaleleri ön plana çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı Rusya’nın Suriye ve Ukrayna müdahalelerinde paralı askerlerin kavramsal açıdan sınıflandırmasını yapabilmek ve bu aktörlerin muharebe sahasında neden kullanıldıklarını, görev ve etkilerini ifade ederek savaşın karakterine nasıl etki edebildiklerini ortaya koyabilmektir. Çalışma, Rusya’nın paralı askerleri Ukrayna’da gizlilik ve makul inkâr için kullandığı ve dünya kamuoyunun tepkisini önlemeyi amaçladığı sonucuna varmaktadır. Öte yandan çalışma Rusya’nın Suriye’de paralı askerleri, kayıpları gizleyerek Rus halkının tepkisini önlemek ve operasyonu herhangi bir zayiat vermeden başarılı bir operasyon olarak yansıtmak için kullandığını iddia etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paralı Askerler Özel Askeri Şirketler Ukrayna Suriye Mercenaries Private Military Companies Ukraine Syria

Kaynakça

  • Akhiyadov, M. (2022). Özel Askerî Şirketler: Rusya Örneği, İNSAMER Analiz, https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/ozel-askeri-sirketler-rusya-ornegi-pdf.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Baum, J. AC and McGahan, A. M. (2009). Outsourcing War: The Evolution of the Private Military Industry after the Cold War. Rotman School of Management.
  • Bayrak, E. (2019). Şiddet Tekelinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Bugüne Dair Notlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 68, 57-82
  • Bellingcat. (2020). Putin Chef’s Kisses of Death: Russia’s Shadow Army’s State-Run Structure Exposed, Bellingcat, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2020/08/14/pmc-structure-exposed/. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Berzins, J. (2014). Russia’ New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy. https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/New-Generation-Warfare.pdf. Accessed: 28.10.2022
  • Beyani, C. and Lilly, D. (2001). Regulating Private Military Companies: Options for the UK Government. International Alert.
  • Bowen, A.S. (2022). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects, Congressional Research Service, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47068. Accessed: 01.11.2022
  • Brooks, D. (2000). Messiahs or mercenaries? The future of international private military services, International Peacekeeping, 7 (4), 129-144.
  • Erkmen, S. (2019). Silahlı Güçler; Ordular, Para-Militer Yapılar, Özel Askeri Şirketler. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, No.39, https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/SilahliGucler_SerhatErkmen_v.1.pdf. Accessed: 29.09.2022
  • Galeotti, M. (2017). The Modern Russian Army 1992–2016, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gerasimov, V. (2016). The Value of Science Is in the Foresight New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations. Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/military-review/archives/english/militaryreview_20160228_art008.pdf . Accessed 10.10.2022
  • Gerasimov, V. (2013). Military-Industrial Kurier, VPK News, Feb. 27, (translation: Coalson, Robert, “Top Russian General Lays Bare Putin’s Plan for Ukraine”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-coalson/valery-gerasimov-putin-ukraine_b_5748480. html,%20F. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Gilsinan, K. (2015). The Return of the Mercenary. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/return-of-the-mercenary/388616/. Accessed: 10.09.2022
  • Görücü, K. and Bünyad, A. (2020). Rus Hayalet Ordusu Wagner, SETA Analiz, No 311, https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2020/02/A311.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gusarov, V. (2015). Russian Private Military Companies As Licensed Tool of Terror, https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-private-military-companies-as-licensed-tool-of-terror/. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Gülşen, H. (2017). Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesinde Özel Askerî Şirketlerin Rolü, ORSAM, NO:64, http://orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/64TR.pdf . Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Higgins, A. and Bigg, M.M. (2022). Russia Looks to Private Militia to Secure a Victory in Eastern Ukraine, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/06/world/europe/russia-bakhmut-wagner-group.html. Accessed: 30.10.2022
  • Ilyushina, M. (2022). In Ukraine, a Russian mercenary group steps out of the shadows, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/17/ukraine-russia-wagner-group-mercenaries/. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karacaoğlu, M. B., Misto, M. and Musa, E. (2022). Rusya, Ukrayna'da savaştırmak üzere Suriye'den binlerce paralı asker topladı, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusya-ukraynada-savastirmak-uzere-suriyeden-binlerce-parali-asker-topladi/2531858. Accessed: 07.11.2022
  • Karaman, M. (2020). Dış Politikada Bir Enstrüman: Vekalet Savaşı Uygulayıcısı Olarak Özel Askeri Şirketler, https://stratejikortak.com/2020/01/vekalet-savasi-ozel-askeri-sirketler.html. Accessed: 17.10.2022
  • Kurtdarcan, B. R. (2017). Muharebe Alanının Yeni Aktörleri: Askeri Yükleniciler Devletin Kuvvet Kullanma Tekeli ve Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku Açısından Bir İnceleme. İstanbul, Beta Yayınları.
  • McFate, S. (2020). Mercenaries and Privatized Warfare Current Trends and Developments. The United Nations Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  • McFate, S. (2019). Mercenaries and War: Understanding Private Armies Today. Washington: National Defense University Press.
  • Mehra LL.M, T. and Thorley, A. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Foreign Volunteers and Mercenaries in the Ukrainian Armed Conflict, https://icct.nl/publication/foreign-fighters-volunteers-mercenaries-in-ukraine/. Accessed: 24.10.2022
  • NATO. (2014). Wales Summit Declaration, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm. Accessed: 22.10.2022
  • Öz, T. and Çalışkanlar, T. M. (2020). Paralı Askerlerden Özel Askerî Şirketlere Savunma Yönetimi Teknolojileri Uygulamaları. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 16 (34), 309-339.
  • Percy, S. (2007). Mercenaries The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Pukhov, R. (2015). Nothing 'Hybrid' About Russia's War in Ukraine. The Moscow Times: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/nothing-hybrid-about-russias-war-inukraine-46913. Accessed: 29.10.2022
  • Razek, H. and Barabanov, I. (2022). War in Ukraine: How Russia is recruiting mercenaries, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60711211. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Reynolds, N. (2019). Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/GlobalRussia_NateReynolds_Vagner.pdf. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Shearer, D. (1998). Mercenary or military company?, Adelphi Papers, 38 (316), 11-22.
  • Singer, P. W. (2008). Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornell University Press.
  • Stoltenberg, J. (2017). The geography of danger has shifted, NATO, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_148125.htm. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Sukhankin, S. (2019). Unleashing the PMCs and Irregulars in Ukraine: Crimea and Donbas. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Paper-4-Irregulars-in-Ukraine-2.pdf. Accessed: 28.11.2022
  • Şahin, G. and Aydın, A. (2021). Suriye’deki Rus Vatandaşı Yabancı Terörist Savaşçıların Rusya’nın İç Güvenliğine Etkileri. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 23 (2), 158-177.
  • Taulbee, J.L. (1998). Reflections on the mercenary option, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 9 (2), 145-163.
  • The Soufan Center. (2022). Foreign Fighters, Volunteers, And Mercenaries: Non-State Actors and Narratives in Ukraine, https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/TSC-Special-Report_Ukraine_April-2022.pdf. Accessed: 27.10.2022
  • Tugwell, M. (1989). Adapt or perish: The forms of Evolution in Warfare. In: David Charters and Tugwell Maurice (eds.), Armies in Low-İntensity Conflict, London, Brassey’s.
  • United Nations (1989). International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-against-recruitment-use-financing-and. Accessed: 25.11.2022
  • Uyar, M. (2022). Paralı askerlik, özel askeri şirketler ve savaşın özelleştirilmesi, Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/512706/t. Accessed: 17.11.2022
  • Vandoorne, S., Bell, M., Ataman, J. and Bertini, R. (2022). Morale is plummeting in Putin’s private army as Russia’s war in Ukraine falters, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/06/europe/wagner-ukraine-struggles-marat-gabidullin-cmd-intl/index.html. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Waters, G. (2022). Will Russia deploy Syrian fighters to Ukraine?, https://www.mei.edu/publications/will-russia-deploy-syrian-fighters-ukraine. Accessed: 27.12.2022
  • Weinthal, B. and Evansky, B. (2022). Russia's Putin looks to import Syrian mercenaries to do the 'dirty tricks' against Ukraine’s population. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/world/putin-syrian-mercenaries-dirty-tricks-ukraine. Accessed: 26.12.2022
  • Yalçınkaya, H. (2006). Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61 (3), 247-277.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağla Mavruk 0000-0003-1079-8442

Ali Gök 0000-0002-0734-459X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Mavruk, Ç., & Gök, A. (2023). Armies of War Without Uniforms: Mercenaries and Private Military Companies in Russia’s Interventions in Syria and Ukraine. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1230878

Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.