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THE COVID-19 CRISIS AND DEMOCRACY: AN INVESTIGATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL-ECONOMY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI, 197 - 220, 28.03.2022

Orhan Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1015503

Öz

The Covid-19, one of the biggest crises of the 21st century, has caused wide-ranging effects in a short time. One of the most critical aspects of the crisis in the environment of these developments is that nation-states are significant actors in the era of neoliberal globalization. The increasing role of nation-states has revealed an essential relationship between the Covid-19 and democracy. Two points become crucial in this relationship. The first is the failure to manage the crisis in many countries characterized as developed democracies, while relatively successful results are achieved in countries where democratic governance factors are weaker. Secondly, there is an increase in the practices that lead to moving away from democratic principles in the decision-making process to reduce the impacts of the Covid-19 crisis. In this study, it is aimed to examine the applications of the Covid-19 that led to the democracy-authoritarian dichotomy and the future of global democracies after the Covid-19 in the context of political economics. A comparative analysis method is used in the study under the constraint of accessibility to data and resources. The results obtained in the study can be summarized as follows: i)Political systems do not provide a clear perspective in measuring the performance of countries in the fight against the Covid-19; ii)In addition, the Covid-19 has revealed many dynamics that will lead to the transformation of democracy on a global scale.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Democracy Political Regimes Nation-state

Kaynakça

  • Alizada, N., Cole, R., Gastaldi, L., Grahn, S., Hellmeier, S., Kolvani, P., Lachapelle, J., Lührmann, A., Maerz, S. F. ve Pillai, S. (2021). Autocratization turns viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
  • Annaka, S. (2021a). Good democratic governance can combat COVID-19-excess mortality analysis. APSA Preprints. doi: 10.33774/apsa-2021-l8k5x-v4
  • Annaka, S. (2021b). An empirical analysis of political regimes in the COVID-19 pandemic: Is democracy inferior to authoritarianism?. Japan Foreign Policy Forum, No. 66.
  • Atlı, A. (2020). Covid-19 küreselleşmenin sonunu mu getirecek?. Ufuk Ulutaş (Der.), Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: Eski sorunlar, yeni trendler içinde (54-57. ss.). Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Bayerlein, M., Boese, V. A., Gates, S., Kamin, K. ve Murshed, S. M. (2021). Populism and COVID-19: How populist governments (mis)handle the pandemic, Kiel Working Paper, No. 2192, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), 1-44.
  • Belin, C. ve De Maio, G. (2020). Democracy after coronavirus: Five challenges for the 2020s. Brookings Report, 1-14.
  • Brown, F. Z., Brechenmacher, S. ve Carothers, T. (2020). How will the coronavirus reshape democracy and governance globally?. Carnegie. Erişim adresi https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshapedemocracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470
  • Brown, G. ve Susskind, D. (2020). International cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(S1), S64-S76.
  • Brzechczyn, K. (2020). The coronavirus in liberal and illiberal democracies and the future of the globalized world. Society Register, 4(2), 83-94.
  • Bunyavejchewin, P. ve Sirichuanjun, K. (2021). How regime type and governance quality affect policy responses to COVID-19: A preliminary analysis. Heliyon, 7(e06349). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06349
  • Caratas, M. A., Spătariu, E. C. ve Gheorghiu, G. (2020). Does Covid-19 threaten global democracy?. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 1, 44-49.
  • Cepaluni, G., Dorsch, M. T. ve Branyiczki, R. (2021). Political regimes and deaths in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice, 1-27.
  • Cepaluni, G., Dorsch, M. T. ve Dzebo, S. (2021). Populism, political regimes, and COVID-19 deaths. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3816398
  • Diamond, L. (2020). Democracy versus the pandemic: The coronavirus is emboldening autocrats the world over. Foreign Affairs. Erişim adresi https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-13/democracy-versus-pandemic
  • Elstub, S., Liu, S. J. S. ve Lühiste, M. (2020). Coronavirus and representative democracy. Representation, 56(4), 431-434.
  • Engler, S., Brunner, P., Loviat, R., Abou-Chadi, T., Leemann, L., Glaser, A. ve Kübler, D. (2021). Democracy in times of the pandemic: Explaining the variation of Covid-19 policies across European democracies. West European Politics, 44(5-6), 1077-1102. DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2021.1900669.
  • Foa, R. S., Klassen, A., Slade, M., Rand, A. ve Collins, R. (2020). The global satisfaction with democracy report 2020. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Centre for the Future of Democracy.
  • Frey, C. B., Chen, C. ve Presidente, G. (2020). Democracy, culture, and contagion: Political regimes and countries responsiveness to Covid-19. Covid Economics, 18, 222-238.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2020). The pandemic and political order. Foreign Affairs, 99(4), 26-32.
  • Guasti, P. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in central and eastern Europe: The rise of autocracy and democratic resilience. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 47-60.
  • Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T. Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S. ve Tatlow, H. (2021). A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker). Nature Human Behaviour, 529-538.
  • IMF (2021, April). World economic outlook: Managing divergent recoveries. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • IMF (2022, January). World economic outlook update: Rising caseloads, a disrupted recovery, and higher inflation. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund,
  • International IDEA (2022). Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections. Erişim adresi https://www.idea.int/news-media/multimedia-reports/global-overview-covid-19-impact-elections
  • Jaishankar, D. (2020). What does Covid-19 tell us about democracy vs authoritarianism?. Aarshi Tirkey (Ed.), Uncharted territory: Emerging world order post Covid-19 içinde (23-27. ss.). New Delhi: ORF and Global Policy Journal.
  • Jiang, N. (2018). The influence of population aging on chinese economy. Wang Jing, Xin Ning ve Zhou Huiyu (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Management, Education and Information (MEICI 2018) içinde (1025-1030. ss.). Atlantis Press.
  • Kamali-Chirani, F. ve Khalid, I. S. (2020). Covid-19 and change in global political order. Sustainable Development Policy Institute Policy Review, 1-13.
  • Karabulut, G., Zimmermann, K. F., Bilgin, M. H. ve Doker, A. C. (2021). Democracy and Covid-19 outcomes. Economics Letters, 203(109840), 1-4.
  • Kleinfeld, R. (2020). Do authoritarian or democratic countries handle pandemics better?. Carnegie. Erişim adresi https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/31/do-authoritarian-or-democratic-countries-handle-pandemics-better-pub-81404
  • Lamond, J. (2020). Authoritarian regimes seek to take advantage of the coronavirus pandemic. Center for American Progress. Erişim adresi https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2020/04/06/482715/authoritarian-regimes-seek-take-advantage-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • Leandro, Á. ve Ruiz, Á. (2021). Democracy and Covid-19: The decisive moment. Dossier: Democracies in times of pandemic. CaixaBank Research, Monthly Report Number 453.
  • Mao, G., Lu, F., Fan, X. ve Wu, D. (2020). China’s ageing population: The present situation and prospects. Jacques Poot ve Matthew Roskruge (Ed.), Population change and impacts in Asia and the Pacific içinde (269-287. ss.). Springer: Singapore.
  • Matuszak, P. (2021). Democracy and COVID-19 outcomes revisited. Erişim adresi https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3929738
  • McMann, K. M. ve Tisch, D. (2021). Democratic regimes and epidemic deaths. University of Gothenburg, The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Working Paper, No. 126, 1-78.
  • Our World in Data (2021a). Coronavirus (Covid-19) deaths. Erişim adresi https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths
  • Our World in Data (2021b). Covid-19: Stringency index. Erişim adresi https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-stringency-index
  • Petersen, G. (2020). Democracy, authoritarianism, and Covid-19 pandemic management: The case of SARS-CoV-2 Testing. APSA Preprints. doi: 10.33774/apsa-2020-wbhfk-v2, 1-32.
  • Pew Research Center (2021). Citizens in advanced economies want significant changes to their political systems. Erişim adresi https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/10/21/citizens-in-advanced-economies-want-significant-changes-to-their-political-systems/
  • Rapeli, L. ve Saikkonen, I. (2020). How will the Covid-19 pandemic affect democracy?. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 25-32. doi: 10.3167/dt.2020.070204.
  • Repucci, S. ve Slipowitz, A. (2020). Democracy under lockdown: The impact of Covid-19 on the global struggle for freedom. Freedom House Report.
  • Repucci, S. ve Slipowitz, A. (2021). Freedom in the world 2021: Democracy under siege. Freedom House Report.
  • Ruiz, J. (2021). A last stand for freedom: Global democracy and Covid-19. Harvard Political Review. Erişim adresi https://harvardpolitics.com/a-last-stand-for-freedom-global-democracy-and-covid-19/
  • Sharfuddin, S. (2020). The world after Covid-19. The Round Table, 109(3), 247-257. DOI: 10.1080/00358533.2020.1760498.
  • Singh, P. (2020). Beyond the Covid-19 pandemic: Gauging neoliberal capitalism and the unipolar world order. International Critical Thought, 10(4), 635-654. DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2020.1869995.
  • Stasavage, D. (2020). Democracy, autocracy, and emergency threats: Lessons for Covid-19 from the last thousand years. International Organization 74 Supplement, E1-E17.
  • The Economist (2021). Global democracy has a very bad year. Erişim adresi https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year
  • Torreblanca, J. I. (2020). Covid-19’un etkileri. Ufuk Ulutaş (Ed.), Covid-19 sonrası dünya: İşbirliği mi rekabet mi? içinde (138-140. ss.). Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi & Antalya Diplomasi Forumu Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Trein, P. (2020). The paradox of prevention: Authoritarian past and liberal democracy in times of crisis. Available at SSRN 3625523, 1-7.
  • World Bank (2022). World development indicator. Erişim adresi https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Youngs, R. ve Panchulidze, E. (2020). Global democracy & Covid-19: Upgrading international support. Erişim adresi https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/globaldemocracy-and-covid-19.pdf

COVID-19 KRİZİ VE DEMOKRASİ: ULUSLARARASI POLİTİK-EKONOMİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI, 197 - 220, 28.03.2022

Orhan Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1015503

Öz

21. yüzyılın en büyük krizlerinden birisi olan Covid-19, kısa süre içerisinde geniş kapsamlı etkilere yol açmıştır. Bu gelişmelerin yaşandığı ortamda krizin ortaya çıkardığı en kritik hususlardan birisi, ulus-devletlerin neoliberal küreselleşme çağında önemli aktörler olduğudur. Ulus-devletlerin rollerinin artması, Covid-19 ile demokrasi arasındaki önemli bir ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu ilişkide iki nokta çok önemli hâle gelmiştir. Bunlardan birincisi, gelişmiş demokrasiler olarak nitelendirilen birçok yerde krizin yönetilmesinde başarısız olunması, buna karşılık demokratik yönetişim unsurlarının daha zayıf olduğu ülkelerde nispeten başarılı sonuçların elde edilmesidir. İkinci olarak, Covid-19 krizinin etkilerinin azaltılması için karar alma sürecinde demokratik ilkelerden uzaklaşılmasına yol açan uygulamaların artış göstermesidir. Bu çalışmada, demokrasi-otoriterlik ikilemine yol açan Covid-19 uygulamalarının ve Covid-19 sonrası küresel demokrasilerin geleceğinin politik ekonomi bağlamında incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada veri ve kaynaklara erişilebilirlik kısıtı altında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ulaşılan sonuçlar şu şekilde özetlenebilir: i)Politik rejimler, ülkelerin Covid-19 ile mücadeledeki performansını ölçmede net bir bakış açısı sunmamaktadır; ii)Bunun yanında Covid-19, küresel ölçekte demokrasinin dönüşümüne yol açacak pek çok dinamiği de ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Demokrasi Politik Rejimler Ulus-devlet

Kaynakça

  • Alizada, N., Cole, R., Gastaldi, L., Grahn, S., Hellmeier, S., Kolvani, P., Lachapelle, J., Lührmann, A., Maerz, S. F. ve Pillai, S. (2021). Autocratization turns viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
  • Annaka, S. (2021a). Good democratic governance can combat COVID-19-excess mortality analysis. APSA Preprints. doi: 10.33774/apsa-2021-l8k5x-v4
  • Annaka, S. (2021b). An empirical analysis of political regimes in the COVID-19 pandemic: Is democracy inferior to authoritarianism?. Japan Foreign Policy Forum, No. 66.
  • Atlı, A. (2020). Covid-19 küreselleşmenin sonunu mu getirecek?. Ufuk Ulutaş (Der.), Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: Eski sorunlar, yeni trendler içinde (54-57. ss.). Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Bayerlein, M., Boese, V. A., Gates, S., Kamin, K. ve Murshed, S. M. (2021). Populism and COVID-19: How populist governments (mis)handle the pandemic, Kiel Working Paper, No. 2192, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), 1-44.
  • Belin, C. ve De Maio, G. (2020). Democracy after coronavirus: Five challenges for the 2020s. Brookings Report, 1-14.
  • Brown, F. Z., Brechenmacher, S. ve Carothers, T. (2020). How will the coronavirus reshape democracy and governance globally?. Carnegie. Erişim adresi https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshapedemocracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470
  • Brown, G. ve Susskind, D. (2020). International cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(S1), S64-S76.
  • Brzechczyn, K. (2020). The coronavirus in liberal and illiberal democracies and the future of the globalized world. Society Register, 4(2), 83-94.
  • Bunyavejchewin, P. ve Sirichuanjun, K. (2021). How regime type and governance quality affect policy responses to COVID-19: A preliminary analysis. Heliyon, 7(e06349). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06349
  • Caratas, M. A., Spătariu, E. C. ve Gheorghiu, G. (2020). Does Covid-19 threaten global democracy?. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 1, 44-49.
  • Cepaluni, G., Dorsch, M. T. ve Branyiczki, R. (2021). Political regimes and deaths in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice, 1-27.
  • Cepaluni, G., Dorsch, M. T. ve Dzebo, S. (2021). Populism, political regimes, and COVID-19 deaths. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3816398
  • Diamond, L. (2020). Democracy versus the pandemic: The coronavirus is emboldening autocrats the world over. Foreign Affairs. Erişim adresi https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-13/democracy-versus-pandemic
  • Elstub, S., Liu, S. J. S. ve Lühiste, M. (2020). Coronavirus and representative democracy. Representation, 56(4), 431-434.
  • Engler, S., Brunner, P., Loviat, R., Abou-Chadi, T., Leemann, L., Glaser, A. ve Kübler, D. (2021). Democracy in times of the pandemic: Explaining the variation of Covid-19 policies across European democracies. West European Politics, 44(5-6), 1077-1102. DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2021.1900669.
  • Foa, R. S., Klassen, A., Slade, M., Rand, A. ve Collins, R. (2020). The global satisfaction with democracy report 2020. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Centre for the Future of Democracy.
  • Frey, C. B., Chen, C. ve Presidente, G. (2020). Democracy, culture, and contagion: Political regimes and countries responsiveness to Covid-19. Covid Economics, 18, 222-238.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2020). The pandemic and political order. Foreign Affairs, 99(4), 26-32.
  • Guasti, P. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in central and eastern Europe: The rise of autocracy and democratic resilience. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 47-60.
  • Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T. Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S. ve Tatlow, H. (2021). A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker). Nature Human Behaviour, 529-538.
  • IMF (2021, April). World economic outlook: Managing divergent recoveries. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • IMF (2022, January). World economic outlook update: Rising caseloads, a disrupted recovery, and higher inflation. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund,
  • International IDEA (2022). Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections. Erişim adresi https://www.idea.int/news-media/multimedia-reports/global-overview-covid-19-impact-elections
  • Jaishankar, D. (2020). What does Covid-19 tell us about democracy vs authoritarianism?. Aarshi Tirkey (Ed.), Uncharted territory: Emerging world order post Covid-19 içinde (23-27. ss.). New Delhi: ORF and Global Policy Journal.
  • Jiang, N. (2018). The influence of population aging on chinese economy. Wang Jing, Xin Ning ve Zhou Huiyu (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Management, Education and Information (MEICI 2018) içinde (1025-1030. ss.). Atlantis Press.
  • Kamali-Chirani, F. ve Khalid, I. S. (2020). Covid-19 and change in global political order. Sustainable Development Policy Institute Policy Review, 1-13.
  • Karabulut, G., Zimmermann, K. F., Bilgin, M. H. ve Doker, A. C. (2021). Democracy and Covid-19 outcomes. Economics Letters, 203(109840), 1-4.
  • Kleinfeld, R. (2020). Do authoritarian or democratic countries handle pandemics better?. Carnegie. Erişim adresi https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/31/do-authoritarian-or-democratic-countries-handle-pandemics-better-pub-81404
  • Lamond, J. (2020). Authoritarian regimes seek to take advantage of the coronavirus pandemic. Center for American Progress. Erişim adresi https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2020/04/06/482715/authoritarian-regimes-seek-take-advantage-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • Leandro, Á. ve Ruiz, Á. (2021). Democracy and Covid-19: The decisive moment. Dossier: Democracies in times of pandemic. CaixaBank Research, Monthly Report Number 453.
  • Mao, G., Lu, F., Fan, X. ve Wu, D. (2020). China’s ageing population: The present situation and prospects. Jacques Poot ve Matthew Roskruge (Ed.), Population change and impacts in Asia and the Pacific içinde (269-287. ss.). Springer: Singapore.
  • Matuszak, P. (2021). Democracy and COVID-19 outcomes revisited. Erişim adresi https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3929738
  • McMann, K. M. ve Tisch, D. (2021). Democratic regimes and epidemic deaths. University of Gothenburg, The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Working Paper, No. 126, 1-78.
  • Our World in Data (2021a). Coronavirus (Covid-19) deaths. Erişim adresi https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths
  • Our World in Data (2021b). Covid-19: Stringency index. Erişim adresi https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-stringency-index
  • Petersen, G. (2020). Democracy, authoritarianism, and Covid-19 pandemic management: The case of SARS-CoV-2 Testing. APSA Preprints. doi: 10.33774/apsa-2020-wbhfk-v2, 1-32.
  • Pew Research Center (2021). Citizens in advanced economies want significant changes to their political systems. Erişim adresi https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/10/21/citizens-in-advanced-economies-want-significant-changes-to-their-political-systems/
  • Rapeli, L. ve Saikkonen, I. (2020). How will the Covid-19 pandemic affect democracy?. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 25-32. doi: 10.3167/dt.2020.070204.
  • Repucci, S. ve Slipowitz, A. (2020). Democracy under lockdown: The impact of Covid-19 on the global struggle for freedom. Freedom House Report.
  • Repucci, S. ve Slipowitz, A. (2021). Freedom in the world 2021: Democracy under siege. Freedom House Report.
  • Ruiz, J. (2021). A last stand for freedom: Global democracy and Covid-19. Harvard Political Review. Erişim adresi https://harvardpolitics.com/a-last-stand-for-freedom-global-democracy-and-covid-19/
  • Sharfuddin, S. (2020). The world after Covid-19. The Round Table, 109(3), 247-257. DOI: 10.1080/00358533.2020.1760498.
  • Singh, P. (2020). Beyond the Covid-19 pandemic: Gauging neoliberal capitalism and the unipolar world order. International Critical Thought, 10(4), 635-654. DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2020.1869995.
  • Stasavage, D. (2020). Democracy, autocracy, and emergency threats: Lessons for Covid-19 from the last thousand years. International Organization 74 Supplement, E1-E17.
  • The Economist (2021). Global democracy has a very bad year. Erişim adresi https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year
  • Torreblanca, J. I. (2020). Covid-19’un etkileri. Ufuk Ulutaş (Ed.), Covid-19 sonrası dünya: İşbirliği mi rekabet mi? içinde (138-140. ss.). Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi & Antalya Diplomasi Forumu Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Trein, P. (2020). The paradox of prevention: Authoritarian past and liberal democracy in times of crisis. Available at SSRN 3625523, 1-7.
  • World Bank (2022). World development indicator. Erişim adresi https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Youngs, R. ve Panchulidze, E. (2020). Global democracy & Covid-19: Upgrading international support. Erişim adresi https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/globaldemocracy-and-covid-19.pdf
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Orhan Cengiz 0000-0002-1883-4754

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI

Kaynak Göster

APA Cengiz, O. (2022). COVID-19 KRİZİ VE DEMOKRASİ: ULUSLARARASI POLİTİK-EKONOMİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR İNCELEME. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 23(COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI), 197-220. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1015503
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