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Kapitalizm, Küreselleşme ve Covid-19 Sonrası Yeni Dünya Düzeni

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 35 - 57, 31.08.2021

Orhan Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2021.7.2.03

Öz

Covid-19 krizi, sadece içinde bulunduğumuz dönemi biçimlendirecek sonuçlara yol açmamış, bunun yanında küresel sistemde ekonomik, politik, kültürel, teknolojik gelişmeleri değiştirecek ve dönüştürecek dinamikleri de yaratmıştır. Covid-19 krizi her ne kadar sağlık alanında meydana gelen bir gelişme olsa da sadece bu bağlamda ele alınamayacak kadar yapısal bir derinliğe sahiptir. Her şeyin “en çoklaştırılması” mantığına göre işleyen kapitalizmde, üretim tarzının çalışma koşulları üzerindeki etkisi, en fazla sağlık alanında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunun yanında üretimin, doğanın tahribatı pahasına gerçekleşmesi, sağlık alanında yaşanan krizleri tetiklemektedir. Küreselleşme, yaşanan bu tür krizlerin kısa sürede tüm dünyaya yayılmasını çok kolay hâle getirmektedir. Covid-19 krizi, kapitalizmin ve bununla iç içe geçen küreselleşmenin yol açtığı yıkıcı tablo yanında küresel sistemin işleyişine yönelik yeni bir düzenin nasıl şekilleneceği tartışmalarını da şiddetlendirmiştir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Covid-19’un küresel sistemin işleyişi üzerinde yarattığı etkilerden yola çıkarak, Covid-19 sonrası dünya düzeninin nasıl şekilleneceğinin analiz edilmesidir. Çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu temel sonuçlar şu şekildedir: i) Covid-19 krizi, her şeyden önce küreselleşmenin yeniden sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır. Bununla bağlantılı olarak, neoliberal sistemde serbestleşmenin kendiliğinden işleyen düzeni sağlamada başarısız olduğu ve ulus-devletlerin rollerinin hayati öneme sahip olduğu öne çıkmıştır. ii) Krizle mücadelede devletin müdahale alanlarının genişlemesi, otoriterlikle ilgili endişeleri de artırmıştır. Gelişmiş demokratik ülkelerin birçoğunun krizin yönetiminde başarısız olması ve bu ülkelerin bazılarında otoriter eğilimlerin artması bahsedilen durumu tetiklemiştir. iii) ABD ile Çin arasındaki rekabet krizle beraber daha da derinleşmiştir. Covid-19 sonrası yeni düzenin şekillenmesinde, iki aktör arasındaki mücadelenin belirleyici güçlerinin artacağı; fakat bunun iki kutuplu bir dünya düzeni yerine çok kutuplu bir düzeninde gerçekleşeceği öngörülmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Kapitalizm Kriz Küreselleşme Yeni Dünya Düzeni

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar******************************************************************************************************************
  • Amin, S. (2017), Kapitalizmden Uygarlığa: Sosyalist Perspektifin Yeniden İnşası, Çev. Yağmur Dönmez ve Naim Atabağsoy, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Atlı, A. (2020), “Covid-19 Küreselleşmenin Sonunu Mu Getirecek?”, Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar, Yeni Trendler, Editör: Ufuk Ulutaş, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Aydın, M. (2020), “Covid-19 ve Uluslararası Düzen”, Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar, Yeni Trendler, Editör: Ufuk Ulutaş, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Caron, J. F. (2021), A Sketch of the World After the Covid-19 Crisis: Essays on Political Authority, The Future of Globalization, and the Rise of China, Palgrave Macmillan, Gateway East.
  • Chanda, N. (2014), Küreselleşmenin Sıradışı Öyküsü, Çev. Dilek Cenkçiler, 2. Baskı, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Giddens, A. (2018), Kapitalizm ve Modern Sosyal Teori, 7. Baskı, Çev. Ümit Tatlıcan, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Saran, S. (2020), “Order at the Gates: Globalisation, Techphobia and The World Order”, Uncharted Territory: Emerging World Order Post Covid-19, Editor: Aarshi Tirkey, ORF and Global Policy Journal, New Delhi.
  • Strange, S. (2014), “Devletlerin Azalan Otoritesi”, Çev. Cemil Boyraz, Küresel Dönüşümler: Büyük Küreselleşme Tartışması, Hazırlayanlar: David Held ve Anthony McGrew, Phoenix, Ankara.
  • Makaleler**************************************************************************************************************
  • Akon, M. S. ve Rahman, M. (2020), “Reshaping the Global Order in the Post Covid-19 Era: A Critical Analysis”, Chinese Journal of International Review, Volume: 2, Issue: 1, p. 1-15.
  • Bhusal, M. K. (2020), “The World After Covid-19: An Opportunity for a New Beginning”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume: 10, Issue: 5, p. 735-741.
  • Bieber, F. (2020), “Global Nationalism in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic”, Nationalities Papers, p. 1-13. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.35.
  • Buckley, P. J. (2020), “China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the Covid-19 Crisis”, Journal of International Business Policy, Volume: 3, p. 311-314.
  • Caruso, R. (2020), “What Post Covid-19? Avoiding A Twenty First Century General Crisis”, Peace Econ. Peace Sci. Pub. Pol., p. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-9013.
  • Dunford, M. ve Qi, B. (2020), “Global Reset: Covid-19, Systemic Rivalry and the Global Order”, Research in Globalization, Volume: 2, Issue: 100021, p. 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100021.
  • Enderwick, P. ve Buckley, P. (2020), “Rising Regionalization: Will the Post-Covid-19 World See A Retreat from Globalization?”, Transnational Corporations, Volume: 27, Issue: 2, p. 99-112.
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  • Gehrke. T. (2020), “After Covid-19: Economic Security in EU-Asia Connectivity”, Asia Europe Journal, Volume: 18, p. 239-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-020-00579-y.
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  • Raporlar****************************************************************************************************************
  • ILO (International Labour Organization) (2021), “ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the World of Work”, Seventh Edition, Genève, Switzerland.
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Capitalism, Globalization, and the New World Order After Covid-19

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 35 - 57, 31.08.2021

Orhan Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2021.7.2.03

Öz

The Covid-19 crisis, not only caused the consequences that will shape the current period, but also created the dynamics that will change and transform economic, political, cultural, and technological developments in the global system. Although the Covid-19 crisis is a development in health, it has a deep structural depth that cannot be addressed only in this context. In capitalism, which operates according to the logic of ‘maximizing’ of everything, the impact of the mode of production on working conditions emerges the most in health. Besides, the fact that production takes place at the expense of nature triggers health crises. Globalization, an integral part of modern capitalism, makes it very easy for such crises to spread to the whole world quickly.
In addition to the destructive picture caused by the capitalist system and the intertwined globalization, the Covid-19 crisis has also intensified the discussions on how to shape a new order for the global system's functioning. The aim of this study is to analyze how the world order will be shaped after Covid-19, based on the impacts of Covid-19 on the process of the global system. The basic results revealed by the study are as follows: i) First of all, the Covid-19 crisis has led to a requestion of globalization. In connection with this, it has emerged that liberalization in the neoliberal system has failed to maintain a self-functioning order and that nation-states’ roles are vital. ii) The widening of the state’s intervention in the struggle the crisis has also increased authoritarianism concerns. Many developed democratic countries’ failure to manage the crisis and the increase in authoritarian tendencies in some of these countries triggered this situation. iii) The competition between the USA and China has deepened with the crisis. In shaping the new order after Covid-19, the determining forces of the struggle between the two actors will increase; however, it is predicted that this will occur in a multipolar order instead of a bipolar world order.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Capitalism Crisis Globalization New World Order

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar******************************************************************************************************************
  • Amin, S. (2017), Kapitalizmden Uygarlığa: Sosyalist Perspektifin Yeniden İnşası, Çev. Yağmur Dönmez ve Naim Atabağsoy, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Atlı, A. (2020), “Covid-19 Küreselleşmenin Sonunu Mu Getirecek?”, Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar, Yeni Trendler, Editör: Ufuk Ulutaş, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Aydın, M. (2020), “Covid-19 ve Uluslararası Düzen”, Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Sistem: Eski Sorunlar, Yeni Trendler, Editör: Ufuk Ulutaş, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Caron, J. F. (2021), A Sketch of the World After the Covid-19 Crisis: Essays on Political Authority, The Future of Globalization, and the Rise of China, Palgrave Macmillan, Gateway East.
  • Chanda, N. (2014), Küreselleşmenin Sıradışı Öyküsü, Çev. Dilek Cenkçiler, 2. Baskı, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Giddens, A. (2018), Kapitalizm ve Modern Sosyal Teori, 7. Baskı, Çev. Ümit Tatlıcan, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Saran, S. (2020), “Order at the Gates: Globalisation, Techphobia and The World Order”, Uncharted Territory: Emerging World Order Post Covid-19, Editor: Aarshi Tirkey, ORF and Global Policy Journal, New Delhi.
  • Strange, S. (2014), “Devletlerin Azalan Otoritesi”, Çev. Cemil Boyraz, Küresel Dönüşümler: Büyük Küreselleşme Tartışması, Hazırlayanlar: David Held ve Anthony McGrew, Phoenix, Ankara.
  • Makaleler**************************************************************************************************************
  • Akon, M. S. ve Rahman, M. (2020), “Reshaping the Global Order in the Post Covid-19 Era: A Critical Analysis”, Chinese Journal of International Review, Volume: 2, Issue: 1, p. 1-15.
  • Bhusal, M. K. (2020), “The World After Covid-19: An Opportunity for a New Beginning”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume: 10, Issue: 5, p. 735-741.
  • Bieber, F. (2020), “Global Nationalism in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic”, Nationalities Papers, p. 1-13. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.35.
  • Buckley, P. J. (2020), “China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the Covid-19 Crisis”, Journal of International Business Policy, Volume: 3, p. 311-314.
  • Caruso, R. (2020), “What Post Covid-19? Avoiding A Twenty First Century General Crisis”, Peace Econ. Peace Sci. Pub. Pol., p. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-9013.
  • Dunford, M. ve Qi, B. (2020), “Global Reset: Covid-19, Systemic Rivalry and the Global Order”, Research in Globalization, Volume: 2, Issue: 100021, p. 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100021.
  • Enderwick, P. ve Buckley, P. (2020), “Rising Regionalization: Will the Post-Covid-19 World See A Retreat from Globalization?”, Transnational Corporations, Volume: 27, Issue: 2, p. 99-112.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2020), “The Pandemic and Political Order”, Foreign Affairs, Volume: 99, Issue: 4, p. 26-32.
  • Gehrke. T. (2020), “After Covid-19: Economic Security in EU-Asia Connectivity”, Asia Europe Journal, Volume: 18, p. 239-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-020-00579-y.
  • Harilal, K. N. (2020), “Capitalism and Covid-19”, Economic & Political Weekly, Volume: LV, Issue: 18, p. 14-22.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2020), “The Next Liberal Order: The Age of Contagion Demands More Internationalism, Not Less”, Foreign Affairs, Volume: 99, Issue: 4, p. 133-142.
  • Kamali-Chirani, F. ve Khalid, I. S. (2020), “Covid-19 and Change in Global Political Order”, Sustainable Development Policy Institute Policy Review, p. 1-13.
  • Klasing, M. J. ve Milionis, P. (2014), “Quantifying the Evolution of World Trade, 1870-1949”, Journal of International Economics, Volume: 92, Issue: 1, p. 185-197.
  • Lawrence, P. (2020), “Global Capitalism and Africa After Covid-19”, Review of African Political Economy, Volume: 47, Issue: 165, p. 351-362. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2020.1839274.
  • McNamara, K. R. ve Newman, A. L. (2020), “The Big Reveal: Covid-19 and Globalization’s Great Transformations”, International Organization 74, Supplement, p. 1-19.
  • Mengzi, F. (2020), “The Future of Globalization Under the Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic”, CIR, Volume: 30, Issue: 4, p. 15-25.
  • Mouritz, F. (2020), “Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic on China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, Connections: The Quarterly Journal, Volume: 19, Issue: 2, p. 115-124. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.19.2.09.
  • Nelson, A. (2020), “Covid-19: Capitalist and Postcapitalist Perspectives”, Human Geography, Volume: 13, Issue: 3, p. 305-309.
  • Nunes, J. (2020), “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Securitization, Neoliberal Crisis, and Global Vulnerabilization”, Cad. Saúde Pública, Volume: 36, Issue: 4, 1-4. doi: 10.1590/0.
  • Sell, S. K. (2020), “What Covid 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity”, Development, Volume: 63, p. 150-156.
  • Sell, S. K. ve Williams, O. D. (2020), “Health Under Capitalism: A Global Political Economy of Structural Pathogenesis”, Review of International Political Economy, Volume: 27, Issue: 1, p. 1-25. DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2019.1659842.
  • Singh, P. (2021), “Beyond the Covid-19 Pandemic: Gauging Neoliberal Capitalism and the Unipolar World Order”, International Critical Thought, Published Online: 01 Feb 2021, p. 1-20. DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2020.1869995.
  • Soysa, I. D. ve Vadlamannati, K. C. (2020), “Does Free-Market Capitalism Drive Unequal Access to Health? An Empirical Analysis, 1970-2015”, Global Public Health, DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1849350.
  • Valiyeva, K. (2020), “Covid-19 ile Ulus Devleti Yeniden Düşünmek”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, Sayı: 37, Bahar (Özel Ek), s. 390-403.
  • Raporlar****************************************************************************************************************
  • ILO (International Labour Organization) (2021), “ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the World of Work”, Seventh Edition, Genève, Switzerland.
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2021), “World Economic Outlook UpDate”, Washington, United States.
  • Samant, H. (2020), “Post Covid-19 World Order: An Overview”, Vivekananda International Foundation 2020.
  • UN (United Nations) (2020), “Brief#2: Putting the Un Framework for Socio-Economic Response to Covid-19 Into Action: Insights”, New York, United States.
  • World Bank (2020), “Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune”, Washington, DC: United States.
  • İnternet Yayınları*******************************************************************************************************
  • Avais, T. “Covid-19 and the Changing Global Order”, Modern Diplomacy, 13 Haziran 2020. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/06/13/covid-19-and-the-changing-global-order/ (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Şubat 2021).
  • “Fransa büyük şirketlerini korumak için “kamulaştırmaya” hazır”, Bloomberg, 17 Mart 2020. https://www.bloomberght.com/fransa-buyuk-sirketlerini-korumak-icin-kamulastirmaya-hazir-2250022 (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Şubat 2021).
  • Campbell, K. M. ve Doshi, R. “The Coronavirus Could Reshape Global Order”, Foreign Affairs, 18 Mart 2020. https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/the-coronavirus-could-reshape-global-order (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Şubat 2021).
  • Dempsey, J. “Europe’s Missing Coronavirus Exit Strategy”, Carnegie Europe, 14 Nisan 2020. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/81549 (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Şubat 2021).
  • Du, J., Delis, A., Douch, M. ve Shepotylo, O. “Coronavirus Won’t Kill Globalisation-But A Shakeup Is Inevitable”, The Conversation, 23 Mayıs 2020. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-wont-kill-globalisation-but-a-shakeup-is-inevitable-137847 (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Ocak 2021).
  • Farrel, H. ve Newman, A. “Will the Coronavirus End Globalization As We Know It?”, Foreign Affairs, 16 Mart 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2020-03-16/will-coronavirus-end-globalization-we-know-it (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Şubat 2021).
  • Free, C. (2020), “The Resurgence of the Nation State”, Sydney Business Insights, 19 Ağustos 2020. https://sbi.sydney.edu.au/the-resurgence-of-the-nation-state/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27 Ocak 2021).
  • Herszenhorn, D. M., Barigazzi, J. ve Momtaz, R. “Virtual Summit, Real Acrimony: EU Leaders Clash Over ‘Corona Bonds’”, Politico, 27 Mart 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/virtual-summit-real-acrimony-eu-leaders-clash-over-corona-bonds/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2021).
  • “Japonya yatırımını Çin’den çıkarmak isteyen şirketlere mali yardımda bulunacak”, Euronews., 11 Nisan 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/04/11/japonya-yat-r-m-n-cin-den-c-karmak-isteyen-sirketlere-mali-yard-mda-bulunacak (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mart 2021).
  • Irwin, D. “The Pandemic Adds Momentum to the Deglobalisation Trend”, VOXEU, 5 Mayıs 2020. https://voxeu.org/article/pandemic-adds-momentum-deglobalisation-trend (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2021).
  • Kaplan, R. D. “Coronavirus Ushers in the Globalization We Were Afraid Of”, Bloomberg Opinion, 20 Mart 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-03-20/coronavirus-ushers-in-the-globalization-we-were-afraid-of (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Şubat 2021).
  • Kissinger, H. A. “The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order”, The Wall Street Journal, 3 Nisan 2020. https://www.henryakissinger.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order/ (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Şubat 2021).
  • La Fonta, T. “The Covid-19 Crisis and the Come-Back of the Nation-State in Europe”, RPP Group, 7 Ekim 2020. https://rpp-group.com/rpp-blog/news-articles/the-covid-19-crisis-and-the-come-back-of-the-nation-state-in-europe/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Ocak 2021).
  • Lent, J. “Coronavirus Spells the End of the Neoliberal Era. What’s Next?”, Open Democracy, 12 Nisan 2020. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/coronavirus-spells-the-end-of-the-neoliberal-era-whats-next/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Ocak 2021).
  • LePan, N. “Visualizing the History of Pandemics”, Visual Capitalist, 14 Mart 2020. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/ (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Şubat 2021).
  • Mazzucato, M. “The Covid-19 Crisis Is a Chance to Do Capitalism Differently”, The Guardian, 18 Mart 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/the-covid-19-crisis-is-a-chance-to-do-capitalism-differently (Erişim Tarihi: 24 Ocak 2021).
  • “Pandemic Crisis Confirms Importance of Nation State-Polish PM”, Thefirstnews, 5 Ekim 2020. https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/pandemic-crisis-confirms-importance-of-nation-state---polish-pm-16394 (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Ocak 2021).
  • Nye, J. “Covid-19 and the Future Global Order”, Institut für Sicherheitspolitik, 2 Mayıs 2020. https://www.institutfuersicherheit.at/covid-19-and-the-future-global-order/ (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Şubat 2021).
  • Our World in Data (2021), https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/globalization-over-5-centuries, 22.01.2021. Pallini, T. “Italy Just Took Full Ownership of Its National Airline Alitalia to Save It from Collapse Amid the Coronavirus Crisis. Here’s The Carrier's Full Troubled History”, Business Insider Australia, 21 Mart 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/alitalia-nationalized-by-italy-history-2020-3 (Erişim Tarihi: 02 Şubat 2021).
  • Payne, A. “Spain Has Nationalized All of Its Private Hospitals as the Country Goes Into Coronavirus Lockdown”, Business Insider Australia, 16 Mart 2020. https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/spain-has-nationalised-all-of-its-private-hospitals-as-the-country-goes-into-coronavirus-lockdown/articleshow/74658200.cms (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Şubat 2021).
  • Pew Research Center (2020), “Majorities in the European Union Have Favorable Views of the Bloc”, www.pewresearch.org (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Şubat 2021).
  • Press Conference-Australian Parliament House (2020), https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-australian-parliament-house-6 (Erişim Tarihi: 24 Ocak 2021).
  • “UK Partial Rail Nationalisation to Battle Coronavirus”, Railfreight, 3 Mart 2020. https://www.railfreight.com/policy/2020/03/23/uk-partial-rail-nationalisation-to-battle coronavirus/?gdpr=accept (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Şubat 2021).
  • Shiller, R. J. “Wartime Atmosphere Has Opened a Window for Change”, Financial Review, 20 Nisan 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/15/how-the-economy-will-look-after-the-coronavirus-pandemic/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Ocak 2021).
  • Stiglitz, J. E. “We Need a Better Balance Between Globalisation and Self-Reliance”, Financial Review, 20 Nisan 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/15/how-the-economy-will-look-after-the-coronavirus-pandemic/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Ocak 2021).
  • Ullah, A. “Covid-19: Is this the End of Western Liberalism?”, Modern Diplomacy, 7 Mayıs 2020. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/05/07/covid-19-is-this-the-end-of-western-liberalism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Ocak 2021).
  • Van Kemseke, P. “How Covid-19 Is Changing the European Union”, EUobserver, 18 Ağustos 2020. https://euobserver.com/opinion/149167 (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Şubat 2021).
  • Wallerstein, I. “Ekonomik Krize Uzun Vadeli Bakış”, Çev. Açalya Temel, Sendika.org.tr, 28 Ekim 2008. https://sendika.org/2008/10/ekonomik-krize-uzun-vadeli-bakis-immanuel-wallerstein-25143/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Şubat 2021).
  • Walt, S. M. “A World Less Open, Prosperous, and Free”, Foreign Policy, 20 Mart 2020a. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2021). Walt, S. M. “The Realist’s Guide to the Coronavirus Outbreak”, Foreign Policy, 9 Mart 2020b. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/realists-guide-coronavirus-outbreak (Erişim Tarihi: 27 Ocak 2021).
  • Webber, D. “Capitalism and the Coronavirus Crisis: The Coming Transformation(s)”, The Conversation, 28 Ekim 2020. https://theconversation.com/capitalism-and-the-coronavirus-crisis-the-coming-transformation-s-149027 (Erişim Tarihi: 26 Ocak 2021).
  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2021), WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://www.who.int/, 06.06.2021.
  • Yip, G. “Does COVID-19 really mean the death of globalisation?”, Imperial College Business School, 5 Ağustos 2020. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/ib-knowledge/strategy-leadership/does-covid-19-really-mean-the-death-globalisation (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Nisan 2021).
  • Yip, G. “Does Covid-19 Mean the End for Globalization?”, Forbes, 8 Ocak 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/imperialinsights/2021/01/08/does-covid-19-mean-the-end-for-globalization/?sh=401ebb4671e4 (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Şubat 2021).
  • Zürn, M. “The Death of Globalization? Covid 19 and the Nation-State”, The Globalist, 23 Nisan 2020. https://www.theglobalist.com/globalization-coronavirus-pandemic-deglobalization-society-digitalization-commerce/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Ocak 2021).
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Orhan Cengiz 0000-0002-1883-4754

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Cengiz, O. (2021). Kapitalizm, Küreselleşme ve Covid-19 Sonrası Yeni Dünya Düzeni. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2021.7.2.03
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